Chapter 3

Cells

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 History of Cell Theory
•Anton van
Leeuwenhoek – first to
look at water under a
microscope

•Robert Hooke – studied

cork under a
microscope, first to
describe cells
 History of Cell Theory cont.

•Matthias Schleiden –
determined plants are
made of cells

•Theodor Schwann –
determined animals
are made of cells
 All Organisms Are
Composed of Cells

A cell is the smallest unit of life

that can function independently.

Amoeba: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited

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 Cell Theory -Virchow
1. All organisms are
composed of one or
more cells.
The cell is the basic unit
of organization of
organisms.
2. All cells come from
preexisting cells.
 All Organisms Are
Composed of Cells

Most cells are too small to see

without a microscope.

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 All Organisms Are
Composed of Cells
A transmission electron microscope
is a very powerful tool for seeing
internal cell structures.

TEM: © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; Paramecium (TEM): © Microworks Color/Phototake

Section 3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figures 3.1, 3.2
 All Organisms Are
Composed of Cells
A scanning electron microscope is
also very powerful and reveals
details on cell surfaces.

SEM: © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; Paramecium (SEM): © Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Photo Researchers

Section 3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figures 3.1, 3.2
 All Organisms Are
Composed of Cells
Light microscopes are less powerful
than electron microscopes. They
generate color images of living cells.

Section 3.1 LM: © Comstock (RF)/Alamy; Paramecium (LM): © Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figures 3.1, 3.2
 Why Are Cells So Small?

Smaller cells have more

surface area relative to
their volume. High
surface area allows the
cell to quickly exchange
materials with its
surroundings.

Section 3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 3.3
 What Features Do Cells Have in
Common?

• DNA
• RNA
• Ribosomes
• Proteins
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane

Amoeba: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited

Section 3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 3.3
 Clicker Question #1

Which cell shape has the highest ratio of

surface area to volume?

A.

B.

C.

D.
© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Clicker Question #1

Which cell shape has the highest ratio of

surface area to volume?

A.

B.

C.

D.
© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.1 Mastering Concepts

Describe adaptations that increase the ratio

of surface area to volume in cells.

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 Different Cell Types Characterize
Life’s Three Domains

Prokaryotes are the most ancient

forms of life. They lack a nucleus.

Section 3.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Different Cell Types Characterize
Life’s Three Domains

Prokaryotes are the most ancient

forms of life. They lack a nucleus.

Eukaryotes have
cells with a nucleus
and other
membranous
organelles.

Amoeba: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited

Section 3.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Different Cell Types Characterize
Life’s Three Domains

Unique features distinguish the

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Section 3.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 3.4
 Two Basic Cell Types

•Prokaryotic cells – cells

lacking internal
membrane-bound
structures
•Most unicellular
organisms, such as
bacteria, are prokaryotes.
 The Anatomy of a Bacterium
Bacteria are
prokaryotic.
DNA is free in
the cytoplasm.

Section 3.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 3.5
 What They Look Like (cont…)
•All bacteria are
basically one of
three different
shapes:
–Rod- or stick-
shaped and
called bacilli
–Shaped like
little balls and
called cocci
–Helical or Spiral
in shape
 The Anatomy of an Animal Cell
Animal cells are
eukaryotic. They
have membrane
bounded
organelles.

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 The Anatomy of a Plant Cell
Plant cells are
also eukaryotic,
but notice the
cell wall and
chloroplasts.

Section 3.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 3.7
 Clicker Question #2

How many of these features does a typical

bacterial cell have?

DNA, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes,

cell membrane

A. five
B. four
C. three
D. two
E. one

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Clicker Question #2

How many of these features does a typical

bacterial cell have?

DNA, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes,

cell membrane

A. five
B. four
C. three
D. two
E. one

© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.