2ND order low pass filter

vout 1

vin
1    
2 2 n

Ist stage 2nd stage

2ND order high pass filter

vout 1

vin  1 
n

 1  2 2 
  

1
Cut-off frequency fc 
2 R1C1R2C2
Advantage/disadvantage of Active filters

• Active filters provide gain, hence no attenuation in the signal.

• Active filter are cost effective as wide variety of economical op-amp is available.
• Do not use Inductor, which are large, heavy and costly accordingly can be fabricated
on chip
• Easy to adjust over wide frequency range.
• Minimal loading problem due to high input impedance and low output impedance.

• Requires power supply

• Limited bandwidth of active component (op-amp) limit the highest attainable frequency
• The active element are more sensitive to temp. environmental changes
Active low pass filter Voltage Follower

vout 1

vin 1    
2 2

C1
R2
R2
R2 R1
R1
Equivalent circuits of
low pass filter
C1

Gain

vout R2 1

vin R1 1    
2 2
Active high pass filter Voltage Follower
C1

vout 1

vin  1 
 1  2 2 
R1
  

R2
R2
C1
R1 C1 R1

Equivalent circuits of
High pass filter
R1

Gain
vout R2 1

vin R1  1 
 1  2 2 
  
 Band pass filter

High pass filter Low pass filter

1 1
FL  FH  Band pass filter
2 R1C1 2 R2C2

f center  FL  FH

• A Band Pass Filter is a circuit which allows only particular

band of frequencies to pass through it. This Pass band is
mainly between the cut-off frequencies and they are fL and
fH, where fL is the lower cut-off frequency and fH is higher
cut-off frequency.
• The center frequency is denoted by ‘fC ’ and it is also called
as resonant frequency or peak frequency

FL FH
 R C2
Active Band Pass filter C1 R1 R
R2

1
Higher cutoff frequency FH  High pass filter Low pass filter
2 R2C2
Lower Low pass filter
1
Cutoff FL 
frequency 2 R1C1 Gain of the filter: Band width of filter
High pass filter  R2   FH  FL
  
 R1 
The difference between upper and lower cut-off
frequencies (at which gain is -3dB)
Example of Band pass filter
High pass
filter
FL=1/2πR1C1= 1/2π(1.5KΩ)(100nF)= 1061 Hz≈ 1KHz.
Low pass
filter
FH=1/2πR2C2= 1/2π(15KΩ)(3.3nF)= 3216Hz ≈ 3.2KHz

Gain of filter: Gain= -R2/R1=-10

the high-pass filter passes all frequencies above 1KHz and the low-
pass filters passes all frequencies below 3.2KHz. The passband,
therefore, is between 1KHz and 3.2KHz.

Band width=3.2KH-1KH=2.2KH
Band stop filter
Summer
Low pass

High pass
 Ex. of Band stop filter
Design a basic wide-band, RC band stop filter with a lower cut-
off frequency of 200Hz and a higher cut-off frequency of
800Hz. Assume c=0.1uF

1 1
FL   200 
2 R1C1 2 (0.1  106 ) R1

R1  7958  8

Similarly, based on higher cut-off frequency:

R 2  1990  2 K 

f center  FL  FH  200  800  400 HZ

Filter Gain: The two non-inverting voltage followers can
bandwidth  800  200  600 HZ
easily be converted into a basic non-inverting amplifier with
a gain of Av = 1 + Rƒ/Rin by the addition of input and
feedback resistors.