Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ADMModule - S11 12PS-IIIa-1 - 20200821 - 111448
ADMModule - S11 12PS-IIIa-1 - 20200821 - 111448
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Title: Formation of Light
Elements in the Universe
Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Formation of Light Elements in the Universe
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Formation
of Light Elements in the
Universe
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
2
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The
formation of light elements in the universe!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
3
process what you learned from the lesson.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the formation of light elements in the universe!
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
5
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What is the term referred to the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons , primarily protons and neutrons?
a. nuclear fusion
b. nuclear reaction
c. nuclear synthesis
d. nucleosynthesis
2. What is the term referred to the process by which light nuclei fuse together
to form a heavier nucleus?
a. nuclear fusion
b. nuclear reaction
c. nuclear synthesis
d. nucleosynthesis
3. It is a theory that explains that the universe started as a very dense and hot
“singularity” which eventually cooled and began to form different particles?
a. big bang theory
b. cosmic inflation theory
c. oscillating theory
d. steady state theory
5. What is formed when there is a fusion of a proton and neutron in big bang
nucleosynthesis??
a. deuterium
b. protium
c. tritium
d. hydrogen
6. What is formed when there is a fusion of two deuterium nuclei in big bang
nucleosynthesis?
a. Helium-3
b. Hydrogen
c. neutron
d. one neutron and helium-3
6
7. What are the conditions in the universe so that a nuclear fusion could
occur?
a. high energy
b. high energy and temperature
c. high temperature
d. moderate conditions
9. What is the term referred to form of an element that has the same atomic
number of the original element but with different atomic mass or mass
number?
a. elements
b. heavy elements
c. isotopes
d. light elements
10.The following light elements were formed in the big bang nucleosynthesis?
a. H, He, Be, C
b. He, H, Be, Li
c. Li, H, He, Na
d. Fe, H, He, Be
7
1 Elements in the Universe
The big bang theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began 13.8
billion years ago. This theory explains that the universe started as a very dense and
hot state that expanded rapidly.
This rapid expansion caused the universe to cool down and become less dense
forming new particles, the protons, neutrons and electrons. As it cooled down and
these particles formed, the universe entered the phase called nucleosynthesis.
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nucleus from preexisting
nucleons , primarily protons and neutrons.
What’s In
8
What’s New
9
came together to form different types of nuclei through the process called
nucleosynthesis and nuclear fusion.
d. Later on, electrons started to bind to ionize protons and nuclei forming neutral
atoms in a process called recombination. The bound particles no longer scattered
photons so light and energy moved freely across the space. This period is called
“dark ages”.
e. Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto one another to form stars and
galaxies and other matter. This still happens until today. Space continue to expand
at an accelerating rate.
Cosmic Inflation
This refers to the expansion of the universe. How does the universe expand? Could
you imagine if the earth is expanding meaning becoming bigger, would you think
we are now more nearer to the sun? If we go nearer to the sun, what will happen to
us? The expansion of the universe can be explained in an illustration in inflating a
balloon. Figure 1.2 below, illustrates how the universe expands, in what directions
it is going into and to how much bigger is the expansion.
In the figure, the circle is the balloon represents the universe, the stickers are the
galaxies. Galaxies are group or cluster of stars including planets. Our planet earth,
the solar system, belongs to one cluster or galaxy called the milky way. We belong
to milky way. There are so many billions of galaxies in the universe
1. Start with a balloon at its normal which means no air inside. Paste a small
rounded stickers in 1 cm or 2cm apart. Notice the distances from each other,
designate a letter to identify the reference points (ist circle).
2. Blow the balloon to at least half in size, notice the positioning of the stickers
from each other, notice the distances (2nd circle). Observe
3. Do the stickers appear to be moving away from each other? Are the stickers
moving across the balloons? Do the stickers grow in size?
4. Blow again the balloon to its fullest, notice again the positioning of the stickers
from each other, notice the distances 3rd circle).
5. Did the positioning of the stickers (galaxies) from each which varies? by how
much?
6. What is the direction of expansion?
7. Back to the question, would you think during the expansion the distances of the
planet changes? Like our distance to the sun Yes or No, why?
10
Figure 1.2
8. What can you conclude about the expansion of the universe based on the
activity?
9. Write your observation and answers in your notebook
1.Redshift is the first evidence of the big bang model. Using different instrument
can enable us to detect the light of other galaxies. It was found out that the light of
galaxies is found to be redshifted (the light looks “stretched”) which suggests that
galaxies are moving away from each other (red light has a longer wavelength which
shows going away compared to blue light we see in the skies with a shorter
wavelength which means nearer). It was later determined that they are not moving
away instead space itself is expanding in all directions causing all the galaxies to be
relatively farther apart.
2.The relative abundance of light elements in the universe is the second
evidence to prove. Through measurements, we find that around 24% of the
universe’s ordinary matter is currently comprised of helium, about 74% hydrogen
and 2% of other elements. These figures only make sense if nucleosynthesis in the
big bang model actually occurred since no chemical process significantly changes
these percentages.
3.Cosmic Microwave background or the energy (thermal radiation) that was left
as a result of recombination. Atoms became neutral due to the binding of nuclei
and electrons. The remaining radiation began to scatter. This is seen by scientists
as a faint microwave glow emitted by any object in space.
11
Figure 1.3 Composition of nuclei
Due to rapid cooling due to expansion, nucleosynthesis halted for about three
minutes after the big bang occurred which left mostly of hydrogen(H) isotopes
(P,D,T), helium (He) isotopes and a very tiny bit of other elements like lithium(Li)
and beryllium(Be). The relative abundance of He and H did not change much today.
The two equations reaction above shows a balanced equation of the reactants at
the left with the product at the right. Which means the no. of p and n on both sides
of the equation is the same.
Figure 1.4
Source: http://www.einstein-nline.info/images/spotlights/BBNI/pn_to_he3.gif
These are not the only reactions that occurred but these were the most significant
Nuclear Fusion
The energy and temperature of the universe are extremely high to cause the
neutrons and protons to combine and form species of atomic nuclei in a process
called nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction in which the
light nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus. When this happens, a
tremendous amount of energy is released.
12
An example of nuclear fusion (Figure 1.5): deuterium (with one neutron and one
proton) fuses with tritium (with one proton and two neutrons) producing a helium
nuclei and a neutron, and releasing energy.
4
In equation, D + T = He + n
(p + n) (p + 2n) (2p +2n)
Check: 2p + 3n = 2p + 3n
Figure 1.5
Source: https://chem.linretexts.org/bookshelves/…/Fission _and _Fusion
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.6 shows the nuclear equation for the fusion reactions that took place
during the big bang nucleosynthesis. These main nuclear reactions were
responsible for the abundance of lighter nuclei in the universe
13
What is It
The expansion of the universe means the expansion of space in between galaxies.
During expansion the galaxies are moving farther apart from each other
proportionately in all directions because it is the space in between them (galaxies)
that expands. While within the galaxy itself - stars, planets maintain its sizes and
distances from each other.
Three evidences proved that big bang existed as this is the most leading theory.
Three minutes after big bang, particles, electrons, protons and neutrons and other
particles combine to form different nuclei through nuclear fusion and
nucleosynthesis. Then this light nuclei combine again forming light elements such
as H, He, Be and Li.
14
What’s More
2. It refers to a process in the stages of the big bang model wherein the universe
rapidly expand?
a. big bang singularity
b. inflation
c. nucleosynthesis
d. recombination
3. It refers to the first stage of the big bang model wherein it begun as an
infinitely hot and dense?
a. big bang singularity
b. inflation
c. nucleosynthesis
d. recombination
4. It refers to a process in the stages of the big bang model wherein electrons
started to bind to ionize protons and nuclei forming neutral atoms?
a. big bang singularity
b. inflation
c. nucleosynthesis
d. recombination
15
d. Part of its proof is the amounts of H and He we have in the universe
today.
ACROSS
DOWN
16
Activity 1.3 Fill in the blanks
Answer the following in a separate answer sheet
1. What are the four light elements formed in the big bang nucleosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________ .
2. What is formed when a proton and a neutron fuse?
___________________________________________________________ .
3. What is formed when 2 deuterium nuclei combine?
__________________________________________________________ .
4. What is formed when a deuterium fused to tritium?
__________________________________________________________ .
5. What is formed when a deuterium combines with helium-3?
__________________________________________________________
17
What I Have Learned
18
What I Can Do
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the term referred to the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons?
a. nuclear fusion
b. nuclear reaction
c. nuclear synthesis
d. nucleosynthesis
2. What is the term referred to the process by which light nuclei fuse together
to form a heavier nucleus?
a. nuclear fusion
b. nuclear reaction
c. nuclear synthesis
d. nucleosynthesis
3. It is a theory that explains that the universe started as a very dense and hot
”singularity ‘ which eventually cooled and began to form different particles?
a. big bang theory
b. cosmic inflation theory
c. oscillating theory
d. steady state theory
19
6. What is formed when there is a fusion of two deuterium nuclei in big bang
nucleosynthesis?
a. helium-3
b. hydrogen
c. neutron
d. one neutron and helium-3
7. What are the conditions in the universe so that a nuclear fusion could
occur?
a. high energy
b. high energy and temperature
c. high temperature
d. moderate conditions
9. What is the term referred to form of an element that has the same atomic
number of the original element but with different atomic mass or mass
number?
a. elements
b. heavy elements
c. isotopes
d. light elements
10. The following light elements were formed in the big bang nucleosynthesis?
a. H, He, Be, C
b. He, H, Be, Li
c. Li, H, He, Na
d. Fe, H, He ,Be
20
Additional Activities
21
Answer Key
What's More
Act.1.1
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. d
5. b
6. c
Act.1.2
Across
1. Nuclear Fusion
2. proton
3. deuterium
4. Hydrogen
5. Tritium
6. Electron
7. Li
Down
1. nucleosynthesis
2 neutron
Assessment 3. Be What I Know
4. nucleus
1. d 5.energy 1. d
2. a Act.1.3 2. a
3. a 1.H, HE,Be, Li 3. a
4. d 2.deuterium 4. d
5. a 3.tritium+proton 5. a
6. d 4.Helium-4+n 6. d
7. b 5.Helium-4+p 7. b
8. d Act.1.4 8. d
9. c 1.D 9. c
10. b 2.4He 10. b
3. p+
4.D
5.32 He+42He
22
23
References
Teaching Guide for senior high school Physical Science Published by the
Commission on Higher Education, 2016
24
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: