Polarity

of
Molecules
1. Predict the results
2.
of the mixture.
Define electronegativity
2. Find the electronegativity of elements in the periodic table.
3. Explain the VSEPR theory
4. Draw the geometry of molecules using the VSEPR theory
 Important terms that learners will encounter

a.Electronegativity d. Miscible
b.Covalent bond
c.Valence electron
e. Dipole
f.Immiscible
 Polarity Experiment
Materials

Water  Test tubes or graduated

cylinder
Vinegar  Stirring rod
Vegetable  Food coloring (optional
oil for coloring water and
Gasoline vinegar)
 Polarity Experiment
Procedure
1. Mix the following samples Group I: Water + vinegar
well with a spoon and observe Group II: Water + oil
their reactions
Group III: Water + gasoline
2. Stir the mixture.
Group IV: Oil + vinegar
3. Remember to wash and dry
Group V: Oil + gasoline
the stirring rod after each use.
Group VI: Honey + gasoline
 Mixture Mixed (/) Not Mixed (X)
Water + vinegar
Water + oil
Water + gasoline
Oil + vinegar
Oil + gasoline
Honey + gasoline
Find it!

 boiling points
 melting points
 oxidation number
 Atomic number
 Atomic weight/ atomic mass
 Electronegativity
Two factors that determine the polarity of
molecules.

1.polarity of the bonds between atoms which

can be studied based on electronegativity
2. the geometrical shape of the molecule which
can be predicted via the valence shell electron
pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
 Electronegativity (EN)

- measure of the relative tendency of an atom to

attract electrons to itself when chemically combined
with another atom.
-the higher the value of electronegativity, the more it
tends to attract electrons toward itself.
 Covalent bond
- is a chemical link between
two atoms or ions where the
electron pairs are shared
between them
 2 Types of Covalent bond

1. Polar Covalent Bond

2. Non- polar Covalent Bond
 Polar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds occur when
electron pairs are unequally
shared. The difference in
electronegativity between atoms is
significant
 Examples of compounds having
polar covalent bonds

HCl
EN of H = 2.1 EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.9
 Examples of compounds having
polar covalent bonds

HF
EN of H = 2.1 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.9
The separation of charges makes the bond
polar. It creates an electric dipole. Dipole
refers to “two poles,” meaning there is a
positive and a negative pole within a
molecule.
Elements with the higher EN value
become the partial negative pole while
elements with the lower EN value become
the partial positive pole. This makes the
molecule a polar molecule.
 Non-polar covalent bonds

-occur when electron pairs are

shared equally or the difference in
electronegativity between atoms is
less than 0.5.
1. H2
EN of H = 2.1 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-
POLAR MOLECULE; not a dipole
2. Cl2
EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-POLAR MOLECULE; not a dipole

3. F2
EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-POLAR MOLECULE; not a dipole
Seatwork
Compound
ΔEN Dipole/
Type of Covalent
Bond Not Dipole

CH4
CF4

HBr
O
 Polar or Non-Polar

1.H20 3. CO2
POLAR NON-POLAR
2. SF2 4. BF3
POLAR NON-POLAR
Answer key
1. CH4 EN of H = 2.1 EN of C = 2.5 ΔEN = 0.4 Non polar covalent bond
2. CF4 EN of C = 2.5 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.5 Polar covalent bond
3.HBr EN of H= 2.1 EN of Br = 2.8 ΔEN = 0.7 Polar covalent bond
4. O2 EN of O = 3.4 ΔEN = 0.0 Non polar covalent bond
4. HI
EN of H = 2.1 EN of I = 2.5 ΔEN = 0.4
POLAR MOLECULE; a dipole
 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
theory or VSEPR theory

- helps predict the spatial arrangement

of atoms in a polyatomic molecule. The
shapes are designed to minimize the
repulsion within a molecule.
Guidelines to determine the VSEPR
shape of a molecule

1. Determine the central atom of a

molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.
2. Count how many valence electrons the
central atom has.
3. Count how many valence electrons
the side atoms have.
4. Create the appropriate Lewis
structure of the molecule.
5. Using the Lewis structure as a guide,
determine the appropriate VSEPR shape for
the molecule.
6. Note how many electrons are shared and
unshared. This will help determine the
appropriate VSEPR shape.
 EXAMPLE

Compound Total # of Lewis Geometric Type of

Name valence Structure Shape Bond
electrons

SiS2
Compound Total # of Lewis Geometric Type of
Name valence Structure Shape Bond
electrons

CH4
Compound Total # of Lewis Geometric Type of Bond
Name valence Structure Shape
electrons
1. CH4
2. NH3
3. CdBr2
4. PH3
5. BCl3
Compound Total # of Lewis Geometric Type of Bond
Name valence Structure Shape
electrons
1. CH4 8 tetrahedral Non-polar
2. NH3 8 Triangular Polar
pyramidal/
tetrahedral
3. CdBr2 16 Linear Non-Polar
4. PH3 8 Triangular Polar
pyramidal/tetr
ahedral
5. BCl3 24 Trigonal Non-polar
Planar