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Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 1058–1066

3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)

3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Applications
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Applications
and A System Planning Model
and A System Planning Model
Serenay Çalışa,a,*, Banu Yeşim Büyükakıncıbb
Serenay Çalış *, Banu Yeşim Büyükakıncı
a
Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey;Lecturer, Department of
a PropertyGraduate
Ph.D. Student, Protection and Security,Vocational
School Schools
of Science Engineering and of Technical Istanbul
Technology, Sciences,Aydin
NigdeUniversity,
Omer Halisdemir
Istanbul,University, Nigde, Turkey
Turkey;Lecturer, Department of
Property ProtectionbFaculty of Engineering, Textile
and Security,Vocational SchoolsEngineering,
of TechnicalIstanbul Aydın
Sciences, University,
Nigde Istanbul, University,
Omer Halisdemir Turkey Nigde, Turkey
b
Faculty of Engineering, Textile Engineering, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
Abstract
Occupational health and safety management systems that can be audited sustainably have been started to be required both in our
Occupational
country and in health
the and safety
world, duemanagement systems that
to work accidents can beyears.
in recent auditedThe
sustainably
goal of have
thesebeen started to be
management required
systems areboth in our
to ensure
country and health
occupational in the and
world, due
safety to work
activities moreaccidents
simple, in recent years.and
understandable The goal
easy of these management
to implement systems
in the workplace, are establish
to help to ensurea
occupational
more health
effective and safety
prevention activities
system and more simple,
to ensure understandable
effective and easy
participation of alltoemployees
implementregardless
in the workplace,
of leveltodifference
help establish
in thea
more effective
operating systemprevention
to safety system
system.andAs atoresult
ensureofeffective participation
these, work accidentsofandall occupational
employees regardless
diseases canof level difference
be reduced, in the
scientific
operating system
occupational healthtoand
safety system.
safety studiesAscan
a result of these,
be continued andwork accidents and
an environment thatoccupational diseases the
will help to increase cancountries’
be reduced, scientific
development
occupational
levels. The aimhealth andstudy
of this safetyisstudies
to show canthe
bebenefits
continued of and an environment
occupational that safety
health and will help to increasesystems
management the countries’
that candevelopment
provide to
levels. The aim
employees, of this study
enterprises is to show
and whole the benefits
countries of occupational
and to offer healthhealth
an occupational and safety management
and safety managementsystems that can
system provide by
for Turkey to
employees, the
examining enterprises
examples andofwhole countries
occupational and and
health to offer anmanagement
safety occupationalsystems
health and safety management
of different countries. For system for Turkey
this aim, by
a detailed
examiningsurvey
literature the examples of occupational
is performed and acquiredhealth
resultsand
are safety management
evaluated systems of different countries. For this aim, a detailed
comprehensively.
literature survey is performed and acquired results are evaluated comprehensively.
© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Author(s).
Peer-review Published by
under responsibility of Elsevier B.V. committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and
the scientific
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and
Peer-review under
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and
Entrepreneurship
Keywords: Management system, occupational disease, occupational health, work accident, work safety
Keywords: Management system, occupational disease, occupational health, work accident, work safety

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Temporary measures that are implemented as a result of ever-increasing occupational accidents confine the
Temporary measures that are implemented as a result of ever-increasing occupational accidents confine the

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-530-730-61-88. E-mail address: serenaysahin08@gmail.com

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-530-730-61-88. E-mail address: serenaysahin08@gmail.com
1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review©under
1877-0509 2019responsibility
The Author(s).of the scientific
Published bycommittee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.147
 Serenay Çalış et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 1058–1066 1059

occupational health and safety activities into a viscous circle. While the measures take effect for short periods, the
insufficiency of these measures pave the way for the occurrence of new occupational accidents shortly after. The
inadequacy of ephemeral measures has revealed the need for permanent practices, and creating standards in this
context has been considered to yield more effective outcomes. The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) has made a great contribution by taking steps regarding this matter with its documents and mentors to the
formation of this systematic order at the international domain, however, although this standard is technically
established, its implementation mostly remained insufficient due to the effects of social culture and organizational
culture, which grows depending on it.
It is clear that each country should plan by itself a management system that will reduce work accidents and
occupational diseases without neglecting the social structure, sociological elements, education levels of individuals,
perspectives of employers and governmental support.
This necessity was further articulated in a report issued in Great Britain in 1972 and helped the taking of
initiatives towards the onset of the systematic trend for occupational health and safety. In the 1972 report of the
Great Britain (also known as the Robens Report) by the Occupational Health and Safety Committee, it was stressed
that regulation of a single sector was inadequate and therefore a legislative work subsuming all sectors and
employees had been initiated. Following this report, other countries, institutions and organizations also started to
take action seeing the need for enhancing the performance with respect to occupational health and safety efforts later
on [1].

1.1. Occupational Safety and Management Systems

1.1.1. Description and General Structure

In recent years, it is obvious that the importance attached to occupational health and safety management systems
has increased. We can explain the reason for this significant increase based on 3 developments. The first
development is the activities of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The formation of Quality
Assurance Systems (ISO 9001) and the establishment of Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) can be
pointed out within the scope of these activities. The second development is the establishment of the Occupational
Health and Safety Agency (OHSA) and the improvement of the Voluntary Protection Programs. The third and last
development is the announcement that considerable savings were achieved by the implementation of management
systems in both public and private sector [2].
Emphasizing that the risks leading to occupational diseases or accidents should be managed by employers and
employees, the International Labor Organization (ILO) urges the need for an occupational health and safety
management system for the fulfillment of occupational health and safety [3]. Occupational Health and Safety
Management Systems can be accepted as the best practice to maintain occupational health and safety activities in a
standard manner and to achieve the proactive goal. As a matter of fact, one of its definitions is as follows:
"Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems differs from the traditional occupational health and safety
practices through the inclusion of permanent improvement and supervision programs" [4].
Although there exists a wide variety of definitions for management systems in the literature, the definition
made by Australian scientist Bottomley suggests that an occupational health and safety management system is the
connection and arrangement of the processes on a continuous fashion in order to achieve specific objectives and to
render occupational health and safety management repeatable and identifiable. Bottomley also emphasizes that
corrective actions are the basis of a systematic approach [5].
In general, it can be argued that an occupational health and safety management system is a tool that allows the
maintenance of the harmonization between occupational health and safety activities and the strategies of the
enterprises and that can be used in the improvement and resolution of the activities on a permanent basis [6].
Although the security management system and the occupational health and safety management system are
generally used in a way referring to a similar meaning, occupational health and safety management systems can be
considered a sub-component of security management systems. While security management systems refer to the
activities carried out to address the security needs of the employees in the work place and in the community at large,
occupational health and safety management systems are confined to the activities to be carried out to prevent
traumatic work accidents that may be suffered by the employees in the workplace [4].
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1.2. The Historical Development Process of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems

People inevitably need a great number of things, and therefore, produce solutions to meet those needs. The field
of occupational health and safety is not an exception to this; hence, occupational health and safety models have been
established both for minimizing occupational accidents and diseases and as a special and general solution.
Especially after the 1990s, standards and guidelines have been issued increasingly. These standards, some of which
are shown in Table 1, are general and worldwide standards. One of the guiding standards for occupational health and
safety is the "BS 8800 Occupational Health and Safety Management System Guide" issued in 1996 by BSI. This
guide is intended to ensure the health and safety of employees, organizations and those who may be affected by their
activities [7]. This standard is merely a guide to occupational health and safety activities and does not include any
elements related to the issuance of any qualification certificates to organizations or enterprises.

Table 1. Occupational health and safety management systems applied in the world.
Organisation Industrial Sector Name/Year Aim for

ISO 45001/2018 Occupational health and

General safety management systems
Occupational health and
safety management --
ISO/AWI 45002(Under development) Psychological health and
General ISO/AWI 45003(Under development) safety in the workplace --
ISO Guidelines

ISO 9000 serise/1987, 2008, 2015 Quality management systems

General
ISO 14001/1992, 1995, 1996, 2004, Environmental management
General 2015 systems
General ISO 31000/2009 Risk management
Seveso Directive (Directive
Control of major-accident
Chemical industry (also other 82/501/EEC)/1982
hazards involving dangerous
industries) Seveso II (Directive 96/82/EC)/1996
EU (European union) substances
Seveso III (Directive 2012/18/EU)/2012
Guidance on risk assessment
General (Directive 89/391/EEC)/1996
at work

General Quality management systems

BS 5750/1979
Specification for
General environmental management
BS 7750/1994
BS (BSI Group, British systems
Standard) Occupational health and
General
BS 8800/1996, 2004 safety management systems
Occupational safety and
General
BS OHSAS 18001/2007 health management systems

Occupational safety and

OHSA (United States) General PART 1910 (Standards–29CFR)/since
health standards
2001
Source: [8]

Later on, in 1999, again BSI issued the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System
which has been implemented since 2007. However, OHSAS 18001 is not an ISO quality standard. It is only a
management system which aims to organize processes related to occupational health and safety activities and
supports a systematic application process. It is a certificate and certification system that is different from the
BS8800.
 Serenay Çalış et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 1058–1066 1061

Finally, ISO 45001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System standard was developed by ISO in
2018. This standard has been prepared by the Occupational Health and Safety Committee experts, and other general
management system approaches such as ISO 14001 and ISO 9001 have been taken into consideration during the
preparation process [9] In addition, international conventions, national standards, and labor standards issued by the
ILO have also been integrated into this management system as much as possible [10]. Furthermore, ISO 45002 and
ISO 45003 are also being developed.

1.3. Elements of a Sustainable Management System

Both quality standards and occupational health and safety management systems must be implemented together in
order to establish an effective management system. Therefore, the basic logic of all quality and management systems
is based on the Deming cycle. The Deming cycle (Fig.1) ensures the implementation of 4 main phases and
emphasizes the stages through which these phases should pass [11].

Plan Do

Act Check

Fig. 1. Deming cycle

An efficient management system consists of the following elements [11]:

• Policy
• Planning
• Organization
• Participation and representation of the employees
• Communication
• Consultancy
• Application and operation
• Performance measurement
• Corrective and preventive actions
• Management review
• Continuous improvement

1.4. Objectives of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System

Occupational health and safety activities have been tried to be pursued in a reactive fashion until the standards
are established. This situation has brought a financial burden on businesses and organizations due to occupational
accidents and diseases, and the corrective actions conducted followingly. Regulations have been initiated on the
international platform, with the understanding of the need for proactive approaches.

The objectives of the preparation and implementation of the national and international occupational health and
safety management system can be enumerated as follows [9]:
a) Improvement of occupational health and safety performance on a permanent basis,
b) Fulfillment of legal and other requirements,
c) Implementation of occupational health and safety objectives.
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1.5. Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety Systems

Occupational health and safety management systems enable the systematic management of the risks related to
occupational health and safety in the enterprises, identify and systematize the processes, procedures of the
enterprises and organizations, and ensure the implementation, review and continuity of their plans [12]. The yields
of management systems to enterprises and organizations are as follows [13]:

• Reduction of occupational accidents,

• Growth in productivity, reduction in the loss of staff and absenteeism,
• Reduction of insurance costs,
• Establishment of a health and safety culture,
• Involvement of employees in the occupational health and safety system,
• Strong leadership to manage the process,
• Gaining the ability to implement legal procedures,
• A positive reputation for the enterprise,
• Assuring of employees' feeling safe.

2. Examples of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Applied in International Platforms

After realizing that occupational health and safety cannot be ensured by imposing didactic rules, an occupational
health and safety system based on a voluntary basis was desired to be established. In this context, supporting a
defined structure with customary behaviors, rather than written rules is acknowledged as the right solution.
European Union and other developed countries have begun to implement this structure and achieved results that
could be adopted as models by developing countries.

2.1. Occupational Health and Safety Management System Applications in Poland

An occupational health and safety management system which is predominantly based on a voluntary basis has
been tried to be established in Poland upon the European Union framework directive. Conventions and
recommendations of International Labor Organization (ILO) were taken into account when creating the system. In
this context, a standard identifying occupational health and safety management requirements was prepared in 1999
and approved in 2004. Another practice was the implementation of risk assessment as well as an auditing guide
standard within the scope of the assessment of occupational risks in 2000. In 2001, a standard was developed to
guide the establishment of an occupational safety and health management system for enterprises. In cooperation
with the National Labor Inspection Board of Poland and the CIOP-PIB (Labor Protection Central Institute- National
Research Institute) a promotion program also has been launched to promote the occupational health and safety
management system in enterprises. This program aims to:

• train business managers about the occupational health and safety management system,
• inform the inspectors to conduct audits about the management system,
• give advice to the enterprises about occupational health and safety management system planning,
• inform about the management system activities for the realization of internal audits.
In Poland, occupational health and safety management system applications based on the volunteering system
have yielded successful outcomes. Enterprises have increased their performance in occupational health and safety
and achieved significant reductions in costs [14].

2.2. Occupational Health and Safety Management System Applications in Australia

Due to the complexity of the federal structure, incentive applications are carried out for the implementation of the
occupational health and safety system in all state, regional and national organizations on a voluntary basis. This
system, which is also affected by other countries, has been started to be implemented following the regulations
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launched in the 1980s. As a result of these regulations, all the rules that do not conform to the laws were completely
abandoned and a number of obligations were imposed on employers to create and maintain a safe working
environment. International standards such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 have not been ignored in the establishment of
a robust system. Australia was one of the first countries to issue guidelines (AS / NZS 4804, 1997 [guidelines]) [15]
on the occupational health and safety management system in 1997. And the certification standard was launched 3
years later [16].
In 2008, Safe Work Australia was founded in Australia under the "Safe Work Australian Act". This agency
pioneered the development of national policies for the improvement of occupational health and safety activities and
employee compensation. The Safe Work Australia Agency is responsible for coordinating and developing national
policies and strategies, for creating the occupational health and safety (WHS) model, and for conducting research,
collecting and analyzing data and reporting the results. The agency works in cooperation with occupational health
and safety regulators, industry groups and trade unions that affect the working life in order to build a healthy, safe
and productive working life nationwide [15]. It was intended to establish an occupational health and safety structure
to support the best practices in Australia. Although there is no systematic structure, the activities have been
supported through strong incentive programs [16].

2.3. Occupational Health and Safety Management System Practices in Norway

Occupational safety activities, which started with the offshore oil industry, have started to appear in the land
works as well. In 1960, an Internal Control (IC) Regulation was introduced for the oil industry. This development
revealed the necessity for a practice at the national level. The milestone was the oil drilling disaster which resulted
in the destruction of the "Alexander Kielland" platform by a storm in March 1980, leaving 123 workers dead. The
very disaster revealed the urgent need for a regular occupational health and safety management system. However,
creating a regular system is a challenging process. Since the internal control system implemented in Norway also
includes the external environment, a structure that is different from other systems has emerged, helping the creation
of the system spontaneously. Since the political parties adopt a participatory structure in the organization of working
life particularly in the Scandinavian countries, this tradition has essentially helped organizational change get
supported, and the importance of the collective participation of all parties to ensure positive changes has been
focused on. The fundamental point of view is manifested in the belief that the best results will be achieved through
facilitating change and progress and by ensuring the participation of employees in the change process [16].
In Norway, in a survey conducted on 1184 public and private institutions to find out the factors affecting success
in systematic health, environment and security management, the primary factors that bring about success were found
to be the employment of competent occupational health and safety (and environment) staff and the implementation
of professional training in enterprises. 82% of the enterprises participated in the survey were SMEs [14].

2.4. Occupational Health and Safety Management System Practices in Sweden

Documenting the policies pursued by the workplace is obligatory for the workplaces, working centers and centers
that employ more than 10 workers. They also have to prove how they have improved and developed the Systematic
Work Environment Management (SAM) in order to see if their standardization works were successful.
In Sweden, provisions concerning the Internal Control of the Work Environment began to be implemented in
January 1993. These provisions apply to all employers. SAM means that the employer conducts investigations,
execution and follow-up activities in a way to prevent occupational diseases and accidents, and to create a
satisfactory working environment. The scores on the SAM scale are as follows:

• SAM is not available,

• SAM is at the beginning stage,
• SAM is operational,
• SAM is operational and the effects are seen.
In the previous research, it has been revealed that there are few factors determining the success of SAM in small
enterprises. One of the most important factors bringing success is the fact that the enterprises use SAM as a team
project with their own employees by getting support from work environment consultants. It is accepted that this
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method has certain properties enhancing motivation and loyalty [14].

3. Occupational Health and Safety Management System Sample Planning in Turkey

3.1. Activities Supporting the Management System Implementation

The laws regulate the liabilities of the employer as well as the tasks and responsibilities of the occupational safety
specialist and the workplace physician whose employment is mandatory. In occupational health and safety activities,
it is seen that employers do their part only in order to do away with the legal responsibility. Rather than doing away
with these activities, we must create reasonable grounds for those who will implement them and turn it into a
voluntary system. In other words, in order for these activities to have a proper goal and to yield satisfactory results,
the incentives that are distributed based on whether accidents happen should be allocated in a way to support the
activities to be carried out before the accident happens. Safety culture is the crucial element at this point.

3.2. Determination of Different Management System Structures According to Sectors and Business Lines

20 different business lines were identified in Turkey (No. 6356 Law on Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining
Agreement-Annex 1). Since the operation of each sector is different from each other, ad-hoc applications should be
implemented for each business line, in addition to the general applications. It will be possible to conduct systematic
practices with the procedures and guidelines identified for each application.

3.3. Basic Elements That Should Exist in Management Systems

Management systems related to occupational health and safety regulate how the respective activities should be
carried out. Therefore, management systems are not applied in a way similar to one another, because each country
has different cultures and management styles. Implementation of the elements, resting at the heart of the
management system, by every country will help the establishment of the basis of the system. These elements are
[14]:

• Commitment of the top management

• Occupational health and safety policy
• Planning of occupational health and safety
• Resource allocation towards the applicability of the system
• Identification of the responsibilities and the accountability mechanism
• Policy
• Procedures and documentation
• Risk management
• Participation of employees
• Developing proficiency about occupational health and safety
• Reporting, investigation, elimination of deficiencies, and monitoring
• Review and auditing of the occupational health and safety performance
• Integration

3.4. The Leadership Approach to be Adopted in Occupational Health and Safety

Leadership is a process that encourages a group of people to work voluntarily in order to reach organizational
goals in the presence of certain situations and conditions, and that helps and steers the group at that point[17-18].
The definition suggests that, leadership can be considered a tool for motivating individuals. Therefore, it is clear that
the leadership process will also be needed in the management of the occupational health and safety system. Through
leadership, employees and even managers will help the operation of the processes related to occupational health and
safety in a smooth way and contribute to its sustainability by getting involved in the system on a voluntary basis.
 Serenay Çalış et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 1058–1066 1065
3.5. Changing the Social Perspective and Perception

The logic of standing out with everyone else, and refraining from taking solitary initiative is a common
perception that exists and is prevalent in our society. We may prefer keeping up with others and doing wrong
behaviors, even if we know that it is improper. Because of this perception, some behavior patterns that cause the
malfunctioning of the system to continue cannot be eliminated and these wrong behaviors are settled as a culture.
The aim of the management system is to help the reversal of this perception. Training is the most effective tool
regarding this subject matter.

3.6. Establishment of an Occupational Safety Culture

Turkish Language Institution defines culture as: "All the material and spiritual values created within the
historical, social development process, and the collection of means that are used to create these values and transfer
them to the next generations, and that demonstrate the extent of humans' superiority over its natural and social
environment [19]. In other words, culture establishes a common link between the people in a society that will be felt
at every domain of life. For this reason, it should be aimed to create a culture in work security without ignoring this
strong structure of culture. When it comes to occupational safety culture, it is “the values, perceptions, attitudes and
behaviors adopted by the members of an organization with regard to occupational safety. In addition, these are
policies, practices and procedures designed to prevent or reduce the vulnerabilities of employees to occupational
risks, to prevent occupational accidents and occupational diseases and to create a high level of commitment for
achieving this goal [20]. The creation of a culture is the best tool to contribute to the implementation of management
systems on a voluntary basis.

4. Conclusion and Discussion

The level of economic, social, cultural, political and technological structure of a country plays a vital role in the
implementation and sustainability of occupational health and safety management systems. Therefore, each country
should establish its own management system in accordance with its internal dynamics. Despite these activities are
put into practice properly by developed countries, developing countries are having difficulties in carrying them out.
Since Turkey is a developing country, it might take several years to bring the level of occupational health and
safety activities on a par with that in developed countries. However, it depends on the efforts we will exert to piece
together the system through small steps and save the situation from total desperation. The key concept in assuring
success is the 'safety culture'. In order to establish a proper management system, occupational health and safety
behaviors must be embraced as a life routine primarily by the individuals on whom these management systems will
be applied.
In the management system to be implemented in Turkey, our social structure, our technological level, and the
instability of our political and legal system must definitely be kept in mind. Furthermore, the structure to be
constituted should try to take into account the behavior patterns and mentalities of Turkish people. Preparing
unrealistic, utopian or infeasible plans will make us fail. For this reason, it is necessary to make plans that do not
violate the culture of society and not ignore the structure of our country regarding the working life while creating the
management system.

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