Cell Division Study Guide
SUMMARIZE- The objectives for each section are
posted below. Rephrase/complete them in your own
words.
1. Intro to Cellular Divison
● List reasons why cells need to divide
● Define stem cells and explain their
important in cell division
● For reproduction, for growth, and for
repair & renewal
● Stem cells are cells that other more
specialized cells will be generated from,
and are important for cell division because
they are the only cells that can divide to
create specialized cells
2. Cell Cycle and Regulation
● List or diagram the order of stages in the
cell cycle and a brief description of what
happens in each
● Describe the importance of checkpoints in
the cell cycle and describe the signals that
control them
● Compare and contrast the roles that proto-
oncogenes and tumor suppressing genes
play in the formation of cancer
● G1: DNA Replication, S: growth and
normal cellular functions, G2: Cell
continues to grow, produces more
organelles, proteins, and membranes in
preparation for division
● The checkpoints are important because
they signal if key processes have been
completed correctly. Cyclin and CDKs
control the checkpoints.
● Proto-oncognes become cancer causing
when mutated, but if switched on
permanently it can cause cancer. If tumor-
suppressing genes are switched off, it can
cause cancer.
3. Mitosis
CONNECT and/or CREATE- option to
1. Make connections between topics in this
section and/or other sections
2. Create possible test questions AND
ANSWERS that go beyond simple vocabulary
knowledge.
3. Flow chart or visual aid (venn diagram,
comparison table) organizing information
(MUST BE OF YOUR OWN MAKING)
Make an effort to complete two out of the three
options.
● What are the two types of reproduction?
Sexual and Asexual.
● As we learned in the first semester, cells
are the most basic unit of life, so it makes
sense that they need to be repaired.
● How frequent does cell division occur?
Varies by cell.
● As we learned earlier in the year, there are
prokaryotes and eurkaryotes. Animal
eukaryotes do sexual reproduction, while
plant eukaryotes do asexual reproduction.
● What type of cells never divide again?
Brain/ nerve cells and muscles cells.
● Most of a cell’s life cycle is spent in what
phase? Interphase.
● In section one we learned that cells
replace other cells that are dying, but if
too many cells are produced, a tumor can
form.
● Adding phosphates to turn on and off
enzymes is the definition of what
process? Phosphorylation.
● In section one we learned that a cell
spends most of its life in interphase. We
now know that there are multiple phases
in interphase.
● What is a tumor? A mass of abnormal
cells.
● Identify and describe the different stages of ● What holds together sister chromatids in
mitotic cell division: prophase, mitosis? Proteins
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, ● What connects the centromeres to the
telophase, cytokinesis centrioles? Kinetochores
● Sketch a diagram of a cell as it goes through ● What occurs after telophase? Cytokinesis
each stage of cell division (can do this in
second column to fulfill visual
representation requirement)
● Compare and contrast cytokinesis in plant
and animal cells
● Prophase: chromosomes start to form,
Prometaphase: Spindle fibers attach to
centromeres, Metaphase: Chromosomes
align along the metaphase, Anaphase:
Chromosomes are pulled to the opposite
ends of the cell, Telophase: Chromosomes
dispersa and daughter nuclei form,
Cytokinesis: Cell devision
● In animals, a cleavage furrow forms, but in
plant cells, a cell plate forms. Both have
the cell split into two daughter cells.

4. Meiosis
● Describe advantages and disadvantages of
both sexual and asexual reproduction
● Explain what it means for meiosis to be a
reductive division, and what it means for a
cell to be diploid (2n) vs haploid (1n)
● Model the process of meiosis (can do this in
second column for visual representation)
● Compare/contrast movement of
chromosomes in mitosis with movement of
chromosomes during meiosis, specifically
what is similar and different during:
○ Prophase of mitosis, prophase I and II
of meiosis
○ Metaphase of mitosis, metaphase I
and II of meiosis
○ Anaphase of mitosis, anaphase I and
II of meiosis
● Describe three sources of genetic variation
that occur via/as a result of meiosis
● Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis
■ Advantages of asexual easier
and safer, but can lead to more
mistakes. Advantages of sexual
is that the offspring has a
combination of its parents
genes, but it takes longer than
asexual reproduction.
■ For meiosis to be a reductive
division the chromosomes go
from being diploid to haploid. A
cell is diploid if it has 46
chromosomes, while a haploid
cell has 23 chromosomes. ●
■ Prophase I there are two copies ● Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis? No
of each chromosome, attached (by spermatogenesis and oogenesis)
as sister chromatids in the same ● What process restores chromosome
chromosome. The numbers? Fertilization
chromosomes also condense ● When does crossing over occur?
and pair. Prophase I
■ Crossing over, Independent
assortment, Random
fertilization
■ Both are involved in sexual
reproduction and do meiosis.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the
testes and is a continuous
process. Oogenesis occurs in
the ovaries and is not a
continuous process.

5. Errors in Meiosis
• identify and discuss results of different ● When does deletion and duplication
types of errors that can occur during occur? Replication
replication, crossing over, and separation ● As we learned in section 4, meiosis occurs
of homologous chromosomes/sister twice. Nondisjunction in meiosis I involves
chromatids during meiosis homologous chromosomes, but in
• discuss specific syndromes related to meiosis II, it is sister chromatids.
having more or less sex chromosomes ● When does inversion and translocation
than normal occur? Crossing over
• Nondisjunction - chromosomes don’t ● We know that every cell is supposed to
separate properly during meiosis, Deletion have 46 chromosomes, but sometimes
- loss of a chromosome segment, cells have 3 or only 1 chromosomes. This
Duplication - repeat a segment, Inversion - is called trisomy or monomy.
reverses a segment, Translocation - move ● When does nondisjunction occur?
segment from one chromosome to another Anaphase
• Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) - 1 in 700
children born in U.S., depends on age of
mother, severe effects
• Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY) - 1 in every
2000 births, sterile, breast development
and lack of facial hair, tall, normal
intelligence
• Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY) - 1 in every 1000
birhts, slightly taller, more active, normal
intelligence, delayed emotional maturity,
normal sexual development
• Turner Syndrome (X0) - in every 5000
births, short, sterile, webbed neck
• Trisomy X (XXX) - 1 in every 2000 births,
normal b/c barr bodies, all but one X
chromosomes is inactivated