Name: Kristina Bianca V.

Melendres Module Number: 1

Subject: Bio 105 Date of Submission: August 30,

2022

Introduction

LESSON 1 The Cellular Basis of Life

Activity Recall the process of the cell cycle and cell division. Describe the
events of each phase.
- The cell cycle begin in interphase. Interphase composes of G1
Phase, S Phase, and G2 Phase. G1 phase is where the cell will
grow. It will then move on to S phase where it will replicate the
DNA and during G2 Phase, organelles doubles and new
cytoplasm forms to prepare for mitosis. Mitosis is a process of
cell division and it composes of four phases. The first phase is
prophase. It is where centrioles and spindles forms, nucleus
dissolves, and centrioles drags chromatids towards opposite
polar ends. Next is metaphase where chromosomes will align
and centrioles are at polar ends. Now, anaphase is where the
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the
cell. And last phase which is telophase, the nuclear envelops
starts to forms and partial division of cytoplasm starts. As for the
last event of cell division, we have cytokinesis. It is where the
two daughter cells fully separates and prepare again for
interphase.

Analysis 1.) What is the cell cycle? – It is a series of events when a cell first
arises from cell division until the cell divides itself.
2.) What happens to the cell after mitosis? – Two genetically
identical cells is formed and will immediately prepare for
interphase.
3.) What is the significance of the cell cycle? – It is essential for an
organism to strive and live.
4.) What is the importance of cell division? – Same with cell cycle,
through cell division, DNA and other genetic material can be
passed to the daughter cells that is essential for development
and growth.
5.) Do you agree that cells exist from pre-existing cells? If yes,
explain. If no, explain. – Yes, because the cells we have now are
derived from old cells that existed before. I believe it is true
because cells are able to replicate continuously and evolve.

Application 1.) Explain why the cell is regarded as the most basic unit of life. –
Every organisms are composed of cells that helps them to
develop and grow to survive.

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 2.) Briefly discuss the different properties of cells.
a. Cells are highly complex and organized because cells have
complex structure and processes. However, despite that
they carry out an organized system for their cellular activities
such as DNA duplication.
b. Cells possess a genetic program and the means to use it
because cells contains DNA that are fundamental in
encoding genetic information and are able to package it
using chromosome to organize and instruct the cell for
cellular activities and to replicate.
c. Cells can produce more of themselves because they are
able to produce two daughter cells through a cycle.
d. Cells require and utilize energy to allow the organisms to
carry out activities of the body to survive such as
photosynthesis.
e. cells carry out a variety of functions like metabolic activities
or chemical reactions to sustain the cellular activities of the
cell and of the organism.
f. Cells engage in mechanical activities like transporting
materials to another organelle, building structure and
disassembling them, and moving. this is through many
chemical changes or initiation of the cells.
g. Cells can respond to stimuli because they have receptors
that is sensitive to chemical changes of the environment.
h. Cells are capable of self-regulation to avoid error or mistakes
when replicating DNA that can be a great danger to the cells
or organisms.
i. Cells evolve from a primitive or old cell. This is possible
because of cell cycle and cell division.

LESSON 2 Different Cell Types

Activity Look at the figure below carefully. List the differences that you observed
between the two types of cells. Answer the following questions in the
analysis.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Nucleoid nucleus
No lysosome has lysosome
Capsule shape oval or rectangular shape
Has flagella no flagella
No mitochondria has mitochondria

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 Analysis 1.) What do you understand with the figure? – They are the two
types of cell. Prokaryotes doesn’t have nucleus while
Eukaryotes has nucleus. Both have lysosome and plasma
membrane.
2.) Based on the figure, what do you think are the differences
between the two types of cells? List them inn the following table
provided.

Characteristics Prokaryote Eukaryote

1. Duration of 20-60 mins 12-24 hrs
cell cycle
2. Size 1-2um by 1-4 um or More than 5um in
less diameter
3. Nuclear Binary fission of Undergo mitosis and
division and budding. No meiosis, meiosis
reproduction transfer of DNA only
4. Respiration Many strict All anaerobes, but
anaerobes some facultative
anaerobes by
secondary
modification
5. Chromosome Usually single and Multiple without
s circular without histones
histones
6. Genes Expressed in groups Expressed
called operons individually
7. Metabolic Wide variation Glycolysis, ETC,
mechanism Krebs cycle
8. Cell wall It is almost always When present
present includes cellulose
and chitin
9. Microtubules Absent or rare Present
10. Plasma Contain part of Do not carry out
membrane respiration and in respiration and
some photosynthetic photosynthesis.
machinery.

3.) Do you know any examples for each type of cell? What are
they? – Example of a eukaryotic cell is plant cell and animal cell
while for prokaryotic cells, they have archaea and bacteria.

Application Answer the following concisely.

1.) Using a venn diagram, compare prokaryotes with eukaryotes.
Place your answer inside the box.

Prokaryote Eukaryote
No membrane Has membrane

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 around organelles around organelles
ribosomes
Nucleoid Nucleus
cytoplasm
Simple structure Complex structure
Plasma/Cell
Smaller size membrane Larger size

Circular DNA DNA Linear DNA

Both Unicellular &
Unicellular Multicellular
Peptidoglycan Chitin or cellulose

LESSON 3 Techniques and Methods of Studying Cells

Activity Review the importance of a microscope. Recall the functions of each

part and how the image of a specimen is reflected when you view it
during your previous laboratory activities. Answer the following
questions in the analysis.
- The microscope is importance when studying organisms
because it allows us to see closely and clearly micro organisms
that cannot be seen by our naked eye.
- The microscope has various parts like eyepiece lense that helps
to focus on the micro organism or object, the stage where we
can place the microscope slide for examining, frame that helps
for the stability of the microscope, light source that helps in
seeing the micro organism clearly, coarse adjustment crew that
aids for initial focus, fine adjustment crew for the final focus, the
objective that helps to magnify the micro organism, revolving
nose piece that holds and move the micro organism, and the
diaphragm and condenser which lets light passes through the
microscope slide.

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 Analysis 1.) Why the image you view in a microscope does get magnified? –
this is due to the objective which helps to magnify the image up
to 40 times.
2.) Why the image gets inverted when you view it through the
eyepiece lens? – there are mirror below the stage that inverts
the images.
3.) Why do we need to use microscopes in studying minute
objects? – there are organisms that is not seen by our naked
eyes that why we need to use the microscope because it is able
to magnify on micro organism, allowing us to study it.

Application

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