RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc BDwbU

Measuring National Income 16

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 6 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 16.1: RvZxq Avq wewfbœ aviYv
cvV 16.2: RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn
cvV 16.3: RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc
cvV 16.4: RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweav I Amyweav
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 16.1 RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ aviYv

Different Concepts of National Income

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 RvZxq Av‡qi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ aviYvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Avq aviYvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product-GNP)

ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZt GK eQi) GKwU †`‡ki RbmvaviY KZ©„K Drcvw`Z (†`‡ki
wfZ‡i I evB‡i) P~ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi evRvi g~‡j¨i mgwó n‡”Q H †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b| GLv‡b
ÔRbmvaviYÕ Ges ÔP~ovšÍÕ kã `y‡Uvi GKUz e¨vL¨v †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ_gZt ÔRbmvaviYÕ ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki
bvMwiK‡`i eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Ges we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ ïaygvÎ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Drcvw`Z
`ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi evRvi g~j¨B GLv‡b we‡eP¨| G msÁv Abyhvqx, evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`kx bvMwiKMY KZ©„K
AwR©Z Avq evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi AšÍf~©³ n‡e| wØZxqZt ÔP~ovšÍÕ `ªe¨ ej‡Z H mKj `ªe¨mvgMÖx‡K eySv‡bv
n‡q‡Q †h mKj `ªe¨mvgMÖx P~ovšÍfv‡e e¨env‡ii Rb¨ µxZ nq Ges †h¸‡jv cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ I cybtweµq‡hvM¨ bq
A_©vr Gme `ªe¨ ïaygvÎ †fvM Kiv nq, bZzb `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K, bZzb `ªe¨
iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ Ges cybtweµq‡hvM¨ `ªe¨mvgMÖx Ôgva¨wgKÕ `ªe¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †eKvix‡Z gq`v †_‡K
cvDiæwU ˆZwi nq| G‡ÿ‡Î, ÔcvDiæwUÕ n‡”Q P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ Ges gq`v n‡”Q gva¨wgK `ªe¨| Z‡e Avcwb hw` N‡i iæwU
ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ gq`v †K‡bb, †m‡ÿ‡Î gq`v GKwU PyovšÍ `ªe¨|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wb‡Pi `ªe¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv P~ovšÍ `ªe¨, †Kvb¸‡jv gva¨wgK `ªe¨ Ges †Kvb¸‡jv P~ovšÍ I gva¨‡gK Dfq
ai‡Yi `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq wjLyb: myZv, Kvco, Pvj, gywo, kvU©, Zzjv, avb, cvU, wPwb, ˆZj|

bxU RvZxq Drcv`b (Net National Product-NNP)

ÔRvZxq AvqÕ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Ô†gvU RvZxq Drcv`bÕ me‡P‡q kw³kvwj Ges e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ GKwU aviYv| wKš‘
RvZxq Avq we‡køl‡Y G aviYv e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKwU eo ai‡Yi Amyweav i‡q‡Q| Drcv`‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Dcv`vb n‡jv g~jab (KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ, miÄvg cÖf…wZ)| cÖwZw`‡bi e¨env‡i g~jab mvgMÖx ÿqcÖvß nq A_ev
GKch©v‡q e¨env‡ii Abyc‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| Kv‡RB Drcv`b cÖwµqv Aÿzbœ ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZeQi cyivZb hš¿cvwZ I
miÄvg †givgZ A_ev cÖwZ¯’vc‡b A_© e¨q nq, A_©bxwZ‡Z G ai‡Yi e¨q ÔAcPqÕ (Depreciation) A_ev Ôg~ja‡bi
e¨enviRwbZ e¨qÕ (Capital Consumption Allowance-CCA) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB e¨q ïaygvÎ c~‡e©i Drcv`b
cÖwµqv‡K Aÿzbœ ivLvi Rb¨ Kiv nq| we`¨gvb Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡b GB e¨‡qi †Kvb f~wgKv †bB| wKš‘
†gvU RvZxq Av‡qi wn‡m‡e GB e¨q‡KI AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq| †Kbbv †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b GKwU wbw`©ó eQ‡i GKwU
†`‡ki RbMY KZ©„K Drcvw`Z mKj g~jab mvgMÖxi evRvi g~j¨‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gvU

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-238

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

RvZxq Drcv`b aviYvwUi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †`‡ki bxU Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Kiv RwUj welq| †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b
aviYvi AšÍwb©wnZ G `~e©jZvi Rb¨ A_©bxwZwe`MY bxU RvZxq Drcv`b aviYvwUi cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv g~ja‡Yi
e¨enviRwbZ e¨‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges hv GKwU †`‡ki evwl©K RvZxq Drcv`‡bi bxU e„w×i †kÖqZi
cwigvcK| ms‡ÿ‡c wb‡¤œv³fv‡e bxU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv hvq;
GKwU †`‡ki RbMY KZ©„K GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Drcvw`Z mKj `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevK‡g©i evRvig~j¨ †_‡K g~ja‡bi
e¨enviRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv-B †m †`‡ki bxU RvZxq Drcv`b|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
bxU RvZxq Drcv`b  ‡gvU RvZxq Drcv`b - g~ja‡bi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q
NNP  GNP - CCA

wkÿv_©xi KvR
aiæb 1914-15 A_© eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki GNP (PjwZ evRvi g~j¨) = 1100 wewjqb UvKv Ges NNP (PjwZ
evRvi g~j¨) = 900 wewjqb UvKv wQj| D‡jøwLZ A_© eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k g~ja‡Yi AePqRwbZ e¨q KZ n‡qwQj?
wjLyb|

†gvU †`kR Drcv`b (Gross Domestic Product, GDP)

GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i (†fŠMwjK mxgvbvq) GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZt GK eQi) †m †`‡ki bvMwiKe„›` Ges
we‡`kx e¨w³eM© KZ©„K Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevK‡g©i Avw_©K ev evRvi g~‡j¨i mgwó‡K Av‡jvP¨ †`‡ki
†gvU †`kR ev †gvU Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b ejv nq| msÁvMZfv‡e, †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ †gvU †`kR
Drcv`‡bi my¯úó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b ïaygvÎ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i (†`‡k A_ev we‡`‡k
Ae¯’vbiZ) Avq‡K AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b †`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix we‡`kx‡`i AvqI
AšÍf³~© | wKš‘ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b AšÍf~©³ †gvU †`kR Drcv`b bq|
GLv‡b jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †gvU †`kR Drcv`b cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq †`‡ki †fŠMwjK mxgvbv‡K,
A_©vr †`‡ki †fŠMwjK mxgvbvi wfZ‡i hv Drcvw`Z n‡”Q (†`‡ki RbMY Ges we‡`kx e¨w³ KZ©„K) Zv‡`i †gvU
g~j¨ n‡”Q GDP| cÿvšÍ‡i, †`‡ki RbMY hv Drcv`b Ki‡Q (†`‡ki wfZ‡i ev evB‡i) Zv‡`i †gvU g~j¨ n‡”Q
GNP| cwigv‡ci w`K †_‡K, †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b I †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi m¤úK© wb‡¤œv³fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq;
†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b  †gvU †`kR Drcv`b - ‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix + we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix †`kxq
we‡`kx‡`i Avq bvMwiK‡`i Avq

GNP  GDP - Income of the + Income of the Citizens

Foreigners working abroad
working here

GNP  GDP + Net Factor Income Abroad

Dc‡iv‡jøwLZ m¤úK© †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq hw` †`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix
we‡`kx‡`i Av‡qi mgvb nq Z‡e, †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b I †gvU †`kR Drcv`b ci¯úi mgvb n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wg. Rvnv½xi gvj‡qwkqvq emevm K‡ib| Zuvi ¯¿x evsjv‡`‡k GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q PvKzix K‡ib| wg. Rvnv½xi
KZ©„K †cÖwiZ A_© †Kvb †`‡ki wRGbwc-Gi Ask? Zuvi ¯¿xi Avq †Kvb †`‡ki wRGbwc-Gi Ask?

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-239

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Avw_©K I cÖK…Z RvZxq Drcv`b (Nominal and Real National Product)

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b Z_v RvZxq Drcv`‡bi `y‡Uv Dcv`vb
(component) i‡q‡Q- e¯‘MZ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev| G‡`i cwigvY cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov G‡`i evRvi g~j¨
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi cwigvY ev evRvi g~‡j¨i n«vm-e„w×i d‡j RvZxq Drcv`‡bi wn‡m‡eI
n«vm-e„w× N‡U| †KejgvÎ RvZxq Drcv`‡bi n«vm-e„w× †_‡K GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© mwVK
aviYvjvf Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©b ïaygvÎ evRvi g~‡j¨i cwieZ©‡bi d‡jI n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avw_©K I cÖK…Z RvZxq Drcv`‡bi aviYv `y‡Uv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b ej‡Z P~ovšÍ
`ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi PjwZ evRvi g~j¨‡K eySvq| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖK…Z RvZxq Drcv`b n‡jv w¯’i evRvi g~‡j¨ cÖKvwkZ
`ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi cwigvY| PjwZ evRvig~j¨ ej‡Z eZ©gv‡b `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev †h g~‡j¨ wewµ n‡”Q Zv‡K eySvq|
Ab¨w`‡K, w¯’i evRvi g~j¨ ej‡Z c~‡e©i †Kvb GKwU ¯^vfvweK eQ‡i (†h eQ‡i Lov, eb¨v, hy×weMÖn, ivR‰bwZK
Aw¯’wZkxjZv Gm‡ei cÖPÛZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg wQj) `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev †h g~‡j¨ wewµ nZ Zv‡K eySvq| GKwU
D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU Av‡iv mnRfv‡e eySv‡bv hvq| g‡b Kwi, †Kvb †`k GKwUgvÎ `ªe¨, †hgb- wPwb, Drcv`b
K‡i| aiæb, 2005 mv‡j Drcvw`Z wPwbi cwigvY wQj 500 wK‡jvMÖvg Ges cÖwZ wK‡jvMÖvg wPwbi evRvi `vg wQj
20 UvKv| myZivs 2005 mv‡j †`kwUi Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b wQj = (50020) = 10,000 UvKv| Abyiƒcfv‡e
g‡b Kiæb, 2015 mv‡j wPwbi †gvU Drcv`b wQj 600 wK‡jvMÖvg Ges cÖwZ wK‡jvMÖvg wPwbi evRvi `vg wQj 30
UvKv| Kv‡RB 2015 mv‡j †`kwUi Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b wQj = (60030) = 18,000 UvKv hv 2005 mv‡ji
Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b A‡cÿv 8,000 UvKv A_©vr 80% †ekx|
GLb g‡b Kiæb, 2015 mv‡j wPwbi `v‡gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb| A_©vr 2015 mv‡jI cÖwZ wK‡jvMÖvg wPwbi evRvi
`vg wQj 20 UvKv| Ab¨ K_vq, Avgiv 2005 mv‡ji evRvi `v‡g 2015 mv‡ji RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Ki‡Z
PvB| 2005 mv‡ji evRvi `v‡g 2015 mv‡ji RvZxq Drcv`b n‡e (60020) = 12,000 UvKv| myZivs, 2015
mv‡ji cÖK…Z RvZxq Drcv`b 12,000 UvKv hv 2005 mv‡ji †P‡q 2,000 UvKv ev 20% †ekx| jÿ¨ Kiæb,
2005 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2015 mv‡j wPwbi cÖK…Z Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q (600-500) = 100 wK‡jvMÖvg ev 20%| Dc‡ii
Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, e¯‘MZ Drcv`b Ges `ªe¨g~‡j¨i †h †Kvb GKwU w¯’i †_‡K AciwU evo‡j
A_ev `y‡Uv GKB mv‡_ evo‡j Avw_©K RvZxq Drcv`b evo‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖK…Z RvZxq Drcv`b evo‡e ïaygvÎ
e¯‘MZ Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j|

Avw_©K I cÖK…Z ‡`kR Drcv`b (Nominal and Real Domestic Product)

Avw_©K I cÖK…Z ‡`kR Drcv`bI c~‡e©i gZB wn‡me Kiv hvq| Av‡Mi D`vniYwUi mvnv‡h¨B welqwU mnRfv‡e eySv
†h‡Z cv‡i| aiæb, †`kwUi †fŠMwjK mxgvbvq GKwUgvÎ `ªe¨, †hgb- wPwb, Drcvw`Z nq| aiæb, 2005 mv‡j
Drcvw`Z wPwbi cwigvY wQj 500 wK‡jvMÖvg Ges cÖwZ wK‡jvMÖvg wPwbi evRvi `vg wQj 20 UvKv| myZivs 2005
mv‡j †`kwUi Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj = (50020) = 10,000 UvKv| Abyiƒcfv‡e g‡b Kiæb, 2015
mv‡j wPwbi ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj 600 wK‡jvMÖvg Ges cÖwZ wK‡jvMÖvg wPwbi evRvi `vg wQj 30 UvKv| Kv‡RB
2015 mv‡j †`kwUi Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj = (60030) = 18,000 UvKv hv 2005 mv‡ji ‡gvU
†`kR Drcv`b A‡cÿv 8,000 UvKv A_©vr 80% †ekx|
GLb g‡b Kiæb, 2015 mv‡j wPwbi `v‡gi †h cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q Zv wewePbvq bv wb‡q Avgiv 2005 mv‡ji evRvi
`v‡g 2015 mv‡ji ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b cwigvc Ki‡Z PvB| Zvn‡j 2005 mv‡ji evRvi `v‡g 2015 mv‡ji ‡gvU
†`kR Drcv`b n‡e (60020) = 12,000 UvKv| GB 12,00 UvKvB n‡jv 2015 mv‡j †`kwUi cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR
Drcv`b hv 2005 mv‡ji †P‡q 2,000 UvKv ev 20% †ekx| jÿ¨ Kiæb, 2005 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2015 mv‡j wPwbi
cÖK…Z Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q (600-500) = 100 wK‡jvMÖvg ev 20%| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
e¯‘MZ Drcv`b Ges `ªe¨g~‡j¨i †h †Kvb GKwU w¯’i †_‡K AciwU evo‡j A_ev `y‡Uv GKB mv‡_ evo‡j Avw_©K
‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b evo‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b evo‡e ïaygvÎ e¯‘MZ Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-240

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

†gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui (GDP Deflator)

Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b †_‡K cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui
e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui †ei Kivi Rb¨ Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b‡K ‡gvU cÖK…Z †`kR
Drcv`b Øviv fvM Ki‡Z nq| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y 2015 m‡b Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj 18,000 UvKv I
cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj 12,000 UvKv| 2015 m‡b ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc:
Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b
‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui = ----------------------------  100
cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b
= (18,00012,000)100 = 150

‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?

‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui Rvbv _vK‡j Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b †_‡K AwZ mn‡R cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR
Drcv`b cvIqv hvq| wVK †Zgwb, cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b Rvbv _vK‡jI Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b †ei Kiv
hvq| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y, 2015 mv‡ji Avw_©K ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wQj 18,000 UvKv| ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b
 18,000 
wW‡d¬Ui e¨envi K‡i Avgiv cÖK…Z cÖK…Z ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b cvB-   100   12,000 UvKv
 150 
GKwU †`‡ki g~j¨ùxwZi nvi wn‡me Ki‡ZI ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui e¨envi Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2015
m‡b GKwU †`‡ki ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b wW‡d¬Ui wQj 150 Ges 2014 m‡b Zv wQj 140| Zvn‡j 2015 m‡b
†`kwUi g~j¨ùxwZi nvi wQj wb¤œiƒc -
g~j¨ùxwZi nvi = (150 - 140)/140= 0.0714 A_©vr 7.14%|

gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq (Per Capita National Income)

GKwU †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi RbcÖwZ Mo RvZxq Avq‡K gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq e‡j| †gvU RvZxq Avq‡K †gvU
RbmsL¨v Øviv fvM w`‡j gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq cvIqv hvq A_©vr
†gvU RvZxq Avq
gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq =  100
†gvU RbmsL¨v

GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq GKwU †`‡ki RbM‡Yi †KejgvÎ RbcÖwZ cÖvc¨Zv (availability) wb‡`©k
K‡i| GUv KLbB wb‡`©k K‡i bv †h, †`‡ki cÖwZwU gvbyl GKB cwigvY Avq DcvR©b Ki‡Q| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq †Kvb †`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi e›Ub m¤ú‡K© †Kvb cÖKvi aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb el©cÄx, 1994 nv‡Zi Kv‡Q wbb| 1992-93 I 1993-94 A_© eQ‡ii Avw_©K I cÖK…Z
RvZxq Avq †ei Kiæb| 1992-93 A_© eQ‡ii cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq †_‡K 1993-94 A_© eQ‡ii cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq
KZ UvKv †ekx? 1992-93 A_© eQ‡ii RvZxq Avq wW‡d¬Ui I gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq KZ?

e¨w³MZ Avq I e¨w³MZ e¨envi‡hvM¨ Avq (Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income)
e¨w³ ev cwievieM© wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K †h Avq AR©b K‡i Zv e¨w³MZ Avq wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| wKš‘ e¨w³eM© Zv‡`i DcvwR©Z Av‡qi m¤ú~Y© Ask e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| iv‡óªi cÖPwjZ bxwZgvjv
Abyhvqx, Av‡qi GKwU Ask Ki wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| Ki cÖ`v‡bi ci Av‡qi †h Ask _v‡K Zv e¨w³eM© †fvM
BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-241
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

I mÂq A_ev wewb‡qv‡M e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Kg©mswkøó bq Ggb wKQz A_© cÖvwßI gvby‡li Rxe‡b N‡U
†hgb eKwkk, `vb, hvKvZ, †cbkb, jUvix, Drme fvZv, †eKvi fvZv, e„× fvZv, BZ¨vw`| Gme Kg©wenxY cÖvw߇K
ejv nq A-Kg©mswkøó cÖvwß (Transfer Payment)| Gme cÖvwßmg~n gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Av‡qi AšÍ©f’³ bv n‡jI
G¸‡jv Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ e¨envi‡hvM¨ Av‡q AšÍf~©³ nq KviY †m¸‡jv Zviv Zv‡`i ‰`bw›`b †fvM e¨‡q e¨envi
Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB GKRb e¨w³i hv hv DcvR©b ev cÖvwß Zv wZwb †fvM e¨‡q e¨envi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib A_ev mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡RB e¨w³MZ e¨envi‡hvM¨ Avq = e¨w³MZ Avq - e¨w³MZ Ki + A-
Kg©mswkøó cÖvwß|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wg‡mm gvaex GKRb ¯‹zj wkwÿKv| wZwb gvwmK 5,500 UvKv †eZb cvb| Zvui ¯^vgx GKRb miKvix PvKzwiRxwe
wQ‡jb| ¯¿x wn‡m‡e wZwb ¯^vgxi †cbkb eve` cÖwZ gv‡m 10000 UvKv cv‡”Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, †cŠiKi I mvgvwRK
wbivcËvi exgv wn‡m‡e Zvu‡K cÖwZ gv‡m h_vµ‡g 500 UvKv I 300 UvKv w`‡Z nq| GLb ejyb †`wL, wg‡mm
gvaexi e¨w³MZ Avq KZ? Zvui e¨w³MZ e¨envi‡hvM¨ Avq KZ? hw` †cŠiKi e„w× cvq Zvn‡j Zvui e¨w³MZ
Avq wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡e?

RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ cwigv‡ci m¤úK©

†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b
(-) g~ja‡bi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q
= bxU RvZxq Drcv`b
(-) c‡ivÿ e¨emv - Ki
(-) e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi A-Kg©mswkøó cÖ`vb
(-) miKvix Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni PjwZ DØ„Ë
+ miKvwi fZ~©wK
= RvZxq Avq ev DcKiY g~‡j¨ RvZxq Avq
(-) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Aewkó gybvdv
(-) gybvdv ev K‡c©v‡iU Ki
(-) mvgvwRK exgvi Rb¨ eq
+ miKvwi A-Kg©mswkøó cÖ`vb
+ e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi A-Kg©mswkøó cÖ`vb
+ miKvi KZ©„K cÖ`Ë bxU my`
+ †fv³v‡`i cÖ`Ë my`
= e¨w³MZ Avq
(-) e¨w³MZ Ki
+ A-Kg©mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwß
= e¨w³MZ e¨envi‡hvM¨ Avq
(-) e¨w³MZ mÂq
= e¨w³MZ †fvM e¨q

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-242

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 16.1

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
wg. Rvnv½xi gvj‡qwkqvq emevm K‡ib| Zuvi evox MvRxcyi †Rjvq| Zuvi ¯¿x mvjgv GKRb fviZxq esk™¢zZ
evsjv‡`kx| UsMx †cŠimfvq Aew¯’Z GKwU AvšÍ©RvwZK †Kv¤úvbx‡Z PvKzix K‡ib| Zuvi eo †Q‡j gvnx fvi‡Z
covïbv Ki‡Q| wg. Rvnv½xi Zuvi Dcv©wRZ A‡_©i GKvsk Zuvi ¯¿x‡K cvVvb| Aewkó Ask wb‡Ri Rb¨ e¨q K‡ib|
1| wg. Rvnv½xi KZ©„K †cÖwiZ A_© †Kvb †`‡ki wRGbwc-Gi Ask?
(K) evsjv‡`k (L) gvj‡qwkqv
(M) fviZ (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
2| Zuvi ¯¿xi Avq †Kvb †`‡ki wRGbwc-Gi Ask?
(K) evsjv‡`k (L) gvj‡qwkqv
(M) fviZ (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
3| g~ja‡bi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q AšÍf³ ~© _v‡K
(K) †gvU RvZxq Av‡q (L) bxU RvZxq Av‡q
(M) bxU Af¨šÍixY Av‡q (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bq
4| Avw_©K I cÖK…Z RvZxq Av‡qi AbycvZ‡K ejv nq
(K) RvZxq Avq wW‡d¬Ui (L) g~`ªvùxwZ
(M) K I L DfqB (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
wg‡mm gymv` GKRb e¨vsKvi| †eZb wn‡m‡e Zuvi evrmwiK Avq 100000UvKv| Zuvi ¯^vgx wg. gymv` wmsMvcy‡i
Kg©iZ GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx| wg‡mm gymv` Zuvi ¯^vgxi wbKU †_‡K gvwmK 5000 UvKv cvb| Ab¨w`‡K, Zuv‡K †cŠiKi
300 UvKv, e¨vw³MZ Avq Ki 3000 UvKv I mvgvwRK wbivcËvi exgv wn‡m‡e gvwmK 100 UvKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
5| wg‡mm gymv‡`i e¨w³MZ Avq KZ UvKv?
(K) 105400 (L) 104600 (M) 100000
(N) hw` Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bv nq, GLv‡b mwVK wn‡meUv wjLyb .............|
6| Zuvi e¨w³MZ e¨venvi‡hvM¨ Avq KZ UvKv ?
(K) 100000 (L) 105000 (M) 101600
(N) hw` Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bv nq, GLv‡b mwVK wn‡meUv wjLyb .............|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-243

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 16.2 RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn

The Circular Flow of National Income

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 `ªe¨ I Dcv`vb evRv‡ii msÁv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi MVb Ges Kvh©cÖYvjx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi mij PµvKvi cÖevn we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Avw_©K Ges cÖK…Z cÖevn we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn (The Circular Flow of National Income)

GKwU A_©bxwZi PviwU cÖavb cÿ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv- cwievieM©, e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n, miKvi Ges ewnwe©k¦|
GKwU mij (Simple) PµvKvi cÖevn cwievieM© Ges e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n (f~wg,
kÖg, g~jab Ges msMVb) Ges `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev wewbg‡qi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î miKvi I ewnwe©k¦ LvZ
`y‡Uv‡K Av‡jvPbvq AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq bv| miKvi Ges ewnwe©k¦ cÿ `y‡Uvi AšÍf~©w³ PµvKvi cÖev‡n
AvMgb/cÖweóKiY (Injections) Ges/A_ev wbM©gb (leakages) wb‡`©k K‡i hv fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq we‡køl‡Y AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv mij PµvKvi cÖevnwU we‡kølY Kivi mgq cÖvmswMKfv‡e AvMgb Ges
wbM©gb cÖwµqvi D‡jøL Kie| GLb Pjyb RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYvi mv‡_
cwiwPZ n‡q wbB|
`ªe¨ evRvi (Product Market) : `ªe¨ evRvi ej‡Z Ggb evRvi‡K eySvq hv P~ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi wewbgq
m¤úbœ K‡i|
Dcv`vb evRvi (Factor Market) : Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni †mevi (services) wewbgq eySv‡Z Dcv`vb evRvi
aviYvwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
cwievieM© LvZ (Household Sector) : GKwU A_©bxwZi mKj cwievi wb‡q cwievieM© LvZ MwVZ| cwievieM©
Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni †hvMv‡bi Drm Ges e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n KZ©„K Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Ab¨Zg
†µZv|
e¨emvwqK LvZ (Business Sector): e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ mKj Drcv`b cÖwZôvb wb‡q G LvZ MwVZ| G
Lv‡Zi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Drcv`b Ges weµq| e¨emvwqK LvZ Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni
cÖavb wb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb `ªe¨ evRvi I DcKiY evRvi¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-244

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

RvZxq Av‡qi mij PµvKvi cÖev‡ni we‡kølY

Avgiv Av‡MB D‡jøL K‡iwQ †h, mij PµvKvi cÖevn we‡køl‡Y ïaygvÎ Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n Ges cwievieM©-G `y‡Uv
Lv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Kiv nq A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î miKvi I ewnwe©k¦- LvZ `y‡Uv m¤ú~Y© Abycw¯’Z| Av‡jvPbvi
myweav‡_© aiv hvK
 Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n (Firms) ïaygvÎ †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i
 cwievie‡M©i Pvwn`v Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n KZ©„K Drcvw`Z †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mevi mgvb| A_©vr cwievieM© Zv‡`i
Av‡qi m¤ú~Y© Ask †fvM¨mvgMÖx µ‡q e¨q K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cwievie‡M©i m‡qi cwigvY ïY¨|
DcwiD³ AbywgwZmg~‡ni (assumptions) Av‡jv‡K RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖev‡ni aviYvwU wb‡Pi wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
e¨vLv Kiv n‡jv| wP‡Îi evgw`‡K Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n Ges Wvbw`‡K cwievieM© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| PviwU wfbœ wfbœ
cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g G`y‡Uv LvZ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| GLb Avgiv Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e G PviwU cÖevn we‡kølY Kie|
cÖevn-1: cwievieM© Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n †hgb- f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMV‡bi gvwjK| Drcv`b cÖwZôvb ev
dvg©mg~n †fvM¨cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ cwievieM© †_‡K DcKiY evRv‡ii gva¨‡g DcKiYmg~‡ni †mev
µq Ki‡Q|
cÖevn-2: DcKiYmg~n e¨env‡ii Rb¨ dvg©mg~n DcKiY evRv‡ii gva¨‡g cwievieM©‡K cvwikÖwgK cÖ`vb Ki‡Q
(†hgb- kÖ‡gi Rb¨ gRyix, g~ja‡bi Rb¨ my`, f~wgi Rb¨ LvRbv Ges msMV‡bi Rb¨ gybvdv) hv cwievie‡M©i Avq ev
DcvR©b| jÿ¨ Kiæb, dv‡g©i gybvdv‡K cwiev‡ii Avq wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi KviY, msMVb ev e¨emv
cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK cwievie‡M©iB Ask|
cÖevn-3: G cÖevn wb‡`©k Ki‡Q †h, dvg©mg~n †_‡K Drcvw`Z †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mev cwievie‡M©i w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|
A_©vr cwievieM© `ªe¨ evRv‡ii gva¨‡g e¨emv cÖwZôvb †_‡K †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mev µq Ki‡Q|
cÖevn-4: cwievieM© `ªe¨ evRv‡ii gva¨‡g Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Q|

wPÎ 16.2.1 : GKwU wØLvZ wewkó A_©bxwZi RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-245

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

GKUz fvjfv‡e wPÎ 2.1-Gi w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb, dvg©mg~‡ni Drcv`b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K cwievie‡M©i
(Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni gvwjKMY) Avq (LvRbv, gRyix, my` I gybvdv) m„wó n‡”Q hv cÖevn-2 Gi gva¨‡g
cwievie‡M©i c‡K‡U hv‡”Q, Ab¨w`‡K †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq| cwievieM© Zv‡`i cÖvß Avq Avevi †fvM¨`ªe¨
I †mev µ‡q e¨q K‡i| d‡j cÖevn-3 Gi gva¨‡g dvg©mg~n †_‡K †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mev cwievie‡M©i wbKU P‡j Avm‡Q
Ges cÖevn-4 Gi gva¨‡g †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨eve` cwievieM© Zv‡`i Avq dvg©mg~‡n †cÖiY Ki‡Q| Zvn‡j
dvg©mg~‡ni Drcv`b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †h Avq cwievieM© cv‡”Q Zv Avevi †fvM¨`ªe¨ I †mevi wewbg‡q dvg©mg~‡ni
wbKU P‡j hv‡”Q| Gfv‡e A_©bxwZi Avq PµvKv‡i cÖevwnZ nq|
Avw_©K cÖevn ebvg cÖK…Z cÖevn (Money Flow vs. Real Flow)
`ªe¨ Ges DcKiY Dfq evRv‡i Avgiv `yÕai‡bi wewbgq jÿ¨ Kwi| GKwU n‡jv e¯‘MZ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Ges
Ab¨wU n‡”Q A_© (money)| D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK| g‡b Kiæb, wbD gv‡K©U †_‡K Avcwb
GKwU wU-kvU© µq Ki‡jb Ges Gi g~j¨ wn‡m‡e we‡µZv‡K 300 UvKv cÖ`vb Ki‡jb| A_ev g‡b Kiæb, GKRb
e¨vsKvi wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë †mevi Rb¨ Avcwb cÖwZgv‡m 5000 UvKv †eZb cvb| G `y‡Uv D`vni‡Y, wU-kvU© Ges e¨vswKs
†mev n‡jv h_vµ‡g e¯‘MZ `ªe¨ I †mev Ges kv‡U©i g~j¨ I gvwmK †eZb n‡jv Avw_©K aviYv| jÿ¨ Kiæb, Dfq
cÖKvi wewbg‡q GKwU K‡i wecixZgyLx cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| GLb PµvKvi cÖevn wP‡Î, cÖevn-1 I 3 Ges cÖevn-2 I 4
Gi Zzjbv Kiæb| cÖevn-1 I 3 cÖK…Z cÖevn Ges wecixZgyLx (†Kb?) Ges cÖevn-2 I 4 Avw_©K cÖevn Ges
wecixZgyLx (†Kb?)|
cÖK…Z cÖevn: `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev (†hgb- †fvM¨ `ªe¨ I kÖg cÖf…wZi) cÖevn
Avw_©K cÖevn : Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi g~j¨ Ges DcKiYmg~‡ni cvwikÖwg‡Ki cÖevn

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wb‡Pi †Kvb¸‡jv Avq I †Kvb¸‡jv e¨q wb‡`©k K‡i wjLyb: gybvdv, ‡fvMe¨q, gRyix, my`, LvRbv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 16.2

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. RvZxq Av‡qi mij PµvKvi cÖev‡n
(K) miKvi‡K AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq (L) ewnwe©k¦ AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq
(M) miKvi I ewnwe©k¦ LvZ‡K AšÍf³
~© Kiv nq bv (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bq
2. Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni gvwjK n‡”Q
(K) miKvi (L) e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n
(M) cwievieM© (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-246

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

cvV 16.3 RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc

National Income Measurement

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ‰ØZ MYbv mgm¨v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g~j¨ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweav m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZ (Methods of National Income Measurement)

GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ c×wZ e¨envi Kiv hvq| c×wZ wZbwU n‡jv t
 Drcv`b c×wZ
 Avq c×wZ
 e¨q c×wZ
†hŠw³Kfv‡e wePvi Ki‡j †Kvb †`k G wZbwU c×wZi †h †KvbwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY wKQzUv mgš^q mvab
mv‡c‡ÿ wZbwU c×wZ GKB djvdj cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Z‡e †Kvb †`k †Kvb c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e †m
†`‡k cÖvß Z_¨ Ges Z‡_¨i mZ¨Zv ev wbf~©jZvi Dci| Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e cÖwZwU c×wZB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY, †h
†Kvb GKwU c×wZ c„_Kfv‡e GKwU A_©bxwZi mvwe©K Kvh©cÖYvjx Ges wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Kg©Kv‡Ûi mvgwMÖK wPÎ cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z mÿg bq| ZvB me KqwU c×wZi hyMcr e¨envi †hgb A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi mvwe©K wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i, †Zgwb
RvZxq Av‡qi wnmv‡ei wbf~©jZv Ges mvgÄm¨ cixÿv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GLb Avgiv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e c×wZ
wZbwUi e¨envi cÖYvjx e¨vL¨v Kie|
Drcv`b c×wZ (Product Method)
†gvU RvZxq Dcv`v‡bi msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv Drcv`b c×wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU mvaviY aviYv cvB| Drcv`b
c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó eQ‡i GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcvw`Z mKj P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi evRvi g~j¨|
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU †`k †Kvb wbw`©ó eQ‡i P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi cvkvcvwk wecyj cwigv‡Y gva¨wgK `ªe¨I Drcv`b
K‡i _v‡K|
RvZxq Avq cwigvc: GKwU D`vniY
g‡b Kwi, GKwU †`‡k `ywU gvÎ P~ovšÍ `ªe¨- iæwU I gvLb Drcvw`Z nq| cÖwZwU iæwUi
`vg 20 UvKv Ges cÖwZ †KwR gvL‡bi `vg 50 UvKv| Av‡iv g‡b Kwi, cÖwZ eQi 100wU
iæwU Ges 20 †KwR gvLb Drcvw`Z nq| G KvíwbK D`vni‡Y, †`kwUi RvZxq Avq
n‡e (10020) + (2050) = 3000 UvKv|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-247

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

myZivs RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgq AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ gva¨wgK `ªe¨mvgMÖx‡K wn‡me †_‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq, GKB `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ GKvwaKevi wn‡me Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| A_©bxwZ‡Z GUv‡K ˆØZ-MYbvi mgm¨v (problem of
Double Counting) ejv nq| ‰ØZ-MYbv A_©vr gva¨wgK I P~ovšÍ `ªe¨mvgMÖx Avjv`vfv‡e wn‡me Ki‡j RvZxq Avq
cÖK…Z ¯Íi A‡cÿv AwaK cwigvc (overestimating) Kiv n‡e| GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK|
GKRb AvmevecÎ cÖ¯‘ZKvix KvuPvgvj wn‡m‡e KvV (gva¨wgK `ªe¨) e¨envi K‡i _v‡K hv †m KivZK‡ji gvwjK
†_‡K wK‡b †bq| Avevi, KivZK‡ji gvwjK MvQ (gva¨wgK `ªe) wP‡i KvV ˆZwi K‡i, MvQ †m A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K
wK‡b †bq| g‡b Kwi, Mv‡Qi g~j¨ 10 nvRvi UvKv, cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Kv‡Vi g~j¨ 15 nvRvi UvKv Ges Avmevec‡Îi
weµqg~j¨ 20 nvRvi UvKv| Drcv`b c×wZ Abyhvqx, G‡ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ Avmevec‡Îi g~j¨ RvZxq Av‡qi AšÍf~©³
n‡e| KviY MvQ I Kv‡Vi g~j¨ Avmevec‡Îi g~‡j¨ AšÍf~©³| GLb hw` MvQ, KvV I Avmevec‡Îi g~j¨ c„_K
c„_Kfv‡e wn‡me Kiv nq Zvn‡j cwigvcK…Z RvZxq Avq cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq A‡cÿv †ewk n‡e| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y
hw`I cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq 20 nvRvi UvKv, gva¨wgK `ª‡e¨i AšÍf~©w³i d‡j cwigvcK…Z RvZxq Avq n‡e
(10+15+20) = 45 nvRvi UvKv| ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v Gov‡bvi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiv
nq e‡j G c×wZ‡K P~ovšÍ Drcv`b c×wZI (Final Product Method) ejv nq|
ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v Gov‡bvi wØZxq Kvh©Kix c×wZ n‡”Q g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ (Value Added Method)| G
c×wZ‡Z Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i e¨eüZ e¯‘MZ DcKiY (material input) Ges Drc‡bœi (output) g~‡j¨i
cv_©K¨mg~n †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq| P~ovšÍ Drcv`b c×wZ Ges g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZi †h †Kvb
GKwU e¨envi K‡i RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv hvq| KviY †hŠw³Kfv‡e Dfq c×wZ GKB djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i|
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y, MvQ †_‡K KvV ˆZwi‡Z g~j¨ ms‡hvRb n‡”Q (15-10) = 5 nvRvi UvKv Ges KvV †_‡K
AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z g~j¨ ms‡hvRb n‡”Q (20-15) = 5 nvRvi UvKv| Mv‡Q cÖv_wgK g~j¨ 10 nvRvi UvKv| myZivs
g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq = (10+5+5) = 20 nvRvi UvKv hv P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ Avmevec‡Îi g~‡j¨i mgvb|
Z‡e g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZi AwZwi³ myweav n‡”Q, G c×wZ‡Z A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Zzjbvg~jK
aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|

g~j¨-ms‡hvRb: P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nevi c~e© ch©šÍ †Kvb †Kvb `ªe¨mvgMÖx GKvwaK Drcv`b ¯Íi AwZµg
K‡i Av‡m| cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i cÖv_wgK e¯‘MZ DcKiYwU (material input) kÖg I Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi mnvqZv I
mswgkÖ‡Y wfbœ AvKvi I AvK…wZcÖvß n‡q Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘MZ DcKiY ev P~ovšÍ `ª‡e¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq hv c~‡e©i †P‡q
AwaK `vg ev g~j¨ `vex K‡i| Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i `ª‡e¨i `vg ev g~‡j¨i AwZwi³ ms‡hvRb‡K g~j¨-ms‡hvRb
e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc g‡b Kiv hvK, 1000 UvKvi AvL †_‡K kÖg I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY e¨envi K‡i 1500 UvKvi
wPwb ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î g~j¨-ms‡hvRb n‡jv (1500-1000) = 500 UvKv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgq †Kvb †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ: ˆØZMYbvi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q? wPšÍv Kiæb I wjLyb|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-248

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

Avq c×wZ (Income Method)

GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Drcv`b n‡”Q Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ûi dmj| G
Drcv`bkxj ev A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ A_©bxwZi wewfbœ LvZ I Dc LvZ †hgb- K…wl, Kj-KviLvbv, wkÿv cÖwZôvb,
e¨vsK, exgv cÖwZôvb, Lwb cÖf…wZ‡Z we¯Í…Z| wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n Drcv`b
cÖwZôvb Z_v wb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n †_‡K cvwikÖwgK †c‡q _v‡K hv DcKiYmg~‡ni Avq wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| A_©vr
Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ hv DcKiY e¨env‡ii e¨q, DcKiYmg~‡ni gvwjK wn‡m‡e Zv cwievie‡M©i Avq| Avq
c×wZ‡Z ZvB RvZxq Avq n‡”Q DcKiYmg~‡ni Av‡qi †hvMdj| Avq c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci welqwU
RvZxq Av‡qi PµvKvi cÖevn wPÎ †_‡K
RvZxq Avq = gRyix + my` + LvRbv + gybvdv

Av‡iv mn‡R eySv hv‡e| wPÎ 2.1 G cÖevn-1 I cÖevn-2 jÿ¨ Kiæb| cÖevn-1 wb‡`©k Ki‡Q †h, cwievieM©
dvg©mg~n‡K Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n †hgb- kÖg, gyjab, f~wg I msMVb mieivn Ki‡Q Ges wewbg‡q h_vµ‡g
gRyix, my`, LvRbv I gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Q (cÖevn-2)| myZivs gRyix, LvRbv, my` I gybvdvi †hvMdj n‡”Q DcKiY
Av‡q RvZxq Avq (National Income at Factor Earnings)| Ab¨fv‡e, Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni DcKiY e¨‡qi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i GUv‡K DcKiY e¨‡q RvZxq Avq (National Income at Factor Cost) e‡j|
gybvdv: msMV‡Ki cvwikÖwgK wn‡m‡e Dc‡i DwjøwLZ gybvdv‡K cÖavbZ: `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v e¨w³
gvwjKvbvaxb e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi gvwj‡Ki Avq (Proprietor’s Income) Ges K‡c©v‡iU gybvdv (Corporate Profits)|
e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôv‡bi Avq ej‡Z GKK Kvievi (Sole Propereitorships), Askx`vix Kvievi
(Partnerships) Ges mgev‡qi (Cooperatives) bxU Avq‡K eySv‡bv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, K‡cv©‡iU gybvdv ej‡Z wbMge×
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni (Corporations) bxU Avq‡K eySv‡bv nq| K‡c©v‡iU Av‡qi wZbwU Ask- (1) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi
Askx`vi‡`i (Stockholders) wWwf‡WÛ (Dividends), (2) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Aew›UZ gybvdv (Retained Earnings) Ges
(3) wbM©g Ki (Corporate Tax) hv K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AvqKi wn‡m‡e MY¨|

Dc‡i we‡køwlZ Avq c×wZ‡Z wnmveK…Z RvZxq Avq Ges Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z wnmveK…Z RvZxq Avq ev †gvU RvZxq
Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ GKUz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Avq c×wZ‡Z cwigvcK…Z RvZxq Avq n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi bxU RvZxq Avq hv
ïaygvÎ DcvR©b ev Av‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welq ev `dvmg~n (Income Items) we‡ePbv K‡i| A-DcvR©b ev Avq
wn‡m‡e MY¨ bq Ggb welq ev `dvmg~n (Non-Income Items) Avq c×wZ‡Z we‡eP¨ bq| G ai‡Yi `y‡Uv welq
n‡”Q g~ja‡Yi AePq ev e¨enviRwbZ e¨q (Depreciation or Capital Consumption Allowance) Ges e¨emv
cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ivÿ Ki| g~ja‡Yi e¨enviRwbZ e¨‡qi aviYvi mv‡_ Avcbviv B‡Zvg‡a¨ cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb| c‡ivÿ
Ki n‡”Q miKvi KZ©„K e¨emv-cÖwZôv‡bi Dci Av‡ivwcZ mvaviY weµq Ki (Sales Taxes), AveMvwi Ki (Excise
Taxes) Ges Avg`vwb I ißvwb ïé (Customs Duties)| G¸‡jv c‡ivÿ Ki, KviY e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Dci G
mKj Ki mivmwi Av‡ivc Kiv nq bv eis cÖ¯‘ZK…Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi Dci G Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq c‡ivÿ
Kimg~n Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b LiP wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨| Kv‡RB †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi (GNP) wn‡me †c‡Z
n‡j DcKiYmg~‡ni Av‡qi mv‡_ g~ja‡Yi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q I c‡ivÿ Ki †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b = (gRyix + my` + LvRbv + gybvdv)
+ g~ja‡Yi e¨envi RwbZ e¨q + c‡ivÿ Ki
= DcKiY e¨‡q RvZxq Avq
+ g~ja‡Yi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q + c‡ivÿ Ki

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-249

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb el©cÄx 2015 nv‡Zi Kv‡Q wbb| 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13, A_© eQimg~‡ni
†gvU RvZxq Avq I DcKiY e¨‡q RvZxq Avq KZ? wjLyb| AZtci g~ja‡Yi e¨enviRwbZ e¨q I c‡ivÿ Ki
†ei Kiæb|

e¨q c×wZ (Expenditure Method)

e¨q c×wZ Abyhvqx, RvZxq Avq n‡”Q †Kvb GKwU mgvR KZ©„K mKj cÖKvi `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev µ‡qi Rb¨ e¨q|
Avgv‡`i mij PµvKvi cÖevn wPÎ Abyhvqx, cwievieM© Zv‡`i Av‡qi cy‡iv Ask e¨w³MZ †fvM¨mvgMÖx µ‡q e¨envi
K‡i| myZivs G ai‡Yi GKwU mij A_©bxwZ‡Z, RvZxq Avq = †gvU †fvM e¨q| wKš‘ GwU GKwU AwZ mijxK…Z
(simplified) e¨vL¨v| cÖ_gZt ïaygvÎ cwievieM©B Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx µ‡qi GKgvÎ G‡R›U (Agent) bq| GKwU
†`‡ki miKvi cÖwZiÿv, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡i _v‡K| wØZxqZt GKwU †`k ïaygvÎ P~ovšÍ
`ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mev Drcv`b K‡i bv, Drcv`b cÖwµqv mej ivLv Ges cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y g~jab Z_v
gva¨wgK `ªe¨I Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K| †emiKvwi Ges miKvwi Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~n G mKj `ª‡e¨i †µZv|
A_©bxwZ‡Z g~jab `ªe¨ µ‡qi cÖwµqv‡K wewb‡qvM e¨q ejv nq| Z…ZxqZt GKwU †`‡ki cÖ‡qvRbxq †fvM¨`ªe¨ I
g~jab `ª‡e¨i GKwU Ask ewnwe©k¦ †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| GKBfv‡e, †`‡k Drcvw`Z †fvM¨`ªe¨ I g~jab
mvgMÖxi GKwU Ask we‡`‡k ißvwb nq hv we‡`kx RbMY KZ©„K Avgv‡`i †`kxq `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ e¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨| ißvwb
Avq (Avgv‡`i †`kxq `ª‡e¨i Dci ewnwe©‡k¦i e¨q) †_‡K Avg`vwb e¨q (we‡`kx `ª‡e¨i Dci Avgv‡`i e¨q) ev`
w`‡j Avgiv bxU ißvwb (Net Export) cvB hv abvZ¥K (Positive) A_ev FYvZ¥K (Negative) n‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡ii we‡køl‡Yi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Pvi ai‡Yi e¨q kbv³ Ki‡Z cvwi:
1) e¨w³MZ †fvM e¨q (Personal Consumption Expenditures)- C
2) †emiKvix Af¨šÍixY wewb‡qvM (Private Domestic Investment)- 1
3) miKvix e¨q (Government Expenditures)- G
4) bxU ißvwb (Net Export) – (X-M)
†hLv‡b X = ißvwb (Exports)
Ges M = Avg`vwb (Imports)

GNP = C+1+G+ (X-M)

= C+1+G hLb (X-M) = 0 A_©vr ißvwb Avq Avg`vwb e¨‡qi mgvb

GKwU A_©bxwZi mvgwMÖK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Zzjbvq bxU ißvwbi cwigvY LyeB Kg| ZvB ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq A‡bK †ÿ‡Î
bxU ißvwb ev` c‡o hvq|
Drcv`b c×wZ, Avq c×wZ Ges e¨q c×wZ QvovI Ab¨ GKwU Dcv‡q RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv hvq| GUv‡K
Av‡qi e¨envi c×wZ (Uses of Income Method) e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq n‡jv †fvM e¨q, mÂq (Saving)
Ges Ki Avq (Tax Revenue)-Gi †hvMdj A_©vr GNP = C+S+T| RvZxq Avq wba©viY Z‡Ë¡ C+1+G = C+S+T
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-250

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki 1993-94 A_© eQ‡ii †fvMe¨q, †emiKvwi Af¨šÍixY wewb‡qvM, miKvwi e¨q, bxU ißvwbi cwigvY
†gvU mÂq, Ki-Avq KZ? wjLyb| AZ:ci Av‡qi e¨envi c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wn‡me Kiæb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 16.3

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| ˆØZMYbvi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q-
(K) Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei †ÿ‡Î (L) Avq c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei †ÿ‡Î
(M) e¨q c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei †ÿ‡Î (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
2| g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g
(K) ïay gva¨wgK `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq (L) ïay P~ovšÍ `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq
(M) ‰ØZ MYbvi mgm¨v `~i Kiv nq (N) Dc‡ii me KqwUB mwVK
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb I fvZv = 2000, my`=200, LvRbv = 100, c‡iv¶ e¨emv Ki =200, K‡c©v‡iU gybvdv =
100, n¯ÍvšÍi cÖ`vb = 300, e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi gvwj‡Ki Avq = 100 I gyja‡bi AePqRwbZ e¨q =10|
3| †`kwUi bxU RvZxq Avq KZ?
(K) 2400 (L) 2500 (M) 2710 (N) †KvbwUB mwVK bq|
4| †`kwUi †gvU RvZxq Avq KZ?
(K) 2200 (L) 2400 (M) 2710 (N) †KvbwUB mwVK bq|

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-251

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 16.4 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweav I Amyweav

Advantages and Disadvantages of National Income
Measurement

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweavmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci cÖavb mgm¨vmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweavmg~n (Advantage of National Income Measurement)

A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Ae`v‡bi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY: cwimsL¨vb el©cÄx‡Z †hfv‡e A_©bxwZi wewfbœ LvZ †hgb-
K…wl, wkí, †mev cÖf…wZi Ae`v‡bi Z_¨ ev cwimsL¨vb mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K Zv‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi G mg¯Í Lv‡Zi
Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY mnR nq|
ev‡qi wn‡m‡ei Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY: RvZxh Av‡qi KZ kZvsk †fvMe¨q, wewb‡qvM e¨q, miKvix e¨q A_ev Ki-
wn‡m‡e Av`vq Kiv nq Zv Rvbv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †fvMe¨q I e¨envi‡hvM¨ Av‡qi Z_¨ Rvbv _vK‡j
Avgiv mg‡qi e¨eav‡b e¨envi‡hvM¨ Av‡qi cwieZ©b I †fvMe¨‡qi cwieZ©‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| A_ev
RvZxq Av‡qi cwieZ©b I my‡`i nv‡ii cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ wewb‡qvM e¨‡qi cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi|
`ª‡e¨i Drcv`b I e¨envi: RvZxq Av‡qi Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi GKwU †`‡k Kx Kx `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡”Q
Ges Gme `ªe¨ Kx Kx weKí Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
AvšÍR©vwZK Zzjbv: RvZxq Avq n‡jv GKwU A_©bxwZi mgwóK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gvcKvwV| ZvB wewfbœ †`‡ki RvZxq
Av‡qi Zzjbv K‡i GKwU †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|
A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cÖe„w×i DËg wb‡`©kK: RvZxq Avq Ges gv_vwcQz RvZxq Av‡qi cwieZ©‡bi aviv †_‡K GKwU
†`‡ki Dbœqb I cÖe„w×i MwZaviv we‡kølY m¤¢e| GKwU MwZkxj A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Avq mg‡qi e¨eav‡b evo‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K, RvZxq Av‡qi n«vm ev w¯’iZv GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK ¯’weiZv wb‡`©k K‡i|
‡`kxq bvMwiK I we‡`kx‡`i Ae`vb: †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) I †gvU Af¨šÍixY Drcv`‡bi (GDP) Z_¨
we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv †`‡ki Kg©cÖwµqvq †`kxq bvMwiKe„›` I we‡`kx‡`i AskMÖnY Ges Zv‡`i Ae`v‡bi Zzjbv
Ki‡Z cvwi|
KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©‡bi we‡kølY: mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU RvZxq Av‡q wewfbœ LvZ Ges `ª‡e¨i Ae`v‡bi
cwieZ©b N‡U| wkí wecø‡ei c~‡e© BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k (we‡kl K‡i hy³iv‡R¨) K…wlB wQj Drcv`b Ges wb‡qv‡Mi
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm| mg‡qi cÖev‡ni wkí K…wli ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q| Avwki `k‡Ki cÖ_gfvM ch©šÍ cvU I
cvURvZ `ªe¨, Pvgov I Pv wQj evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi g~j Drm| GLb †m ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q ˆZwi
†cvlvK I wPswo| †`‡ki cwiKíbvwe`M‡Yi Kv‡Q Gme cwieZ©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
A_©‰bwZK c~e©vfvl (Economic Forecasting): cwimsL¨vbMZ Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i A_©bxwZi wewfbœ LvZ Ges
mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Kvh©kxjZv (performance) m¤ú‡K© fwel¨revYx cÖ`vb AvaywbK hy‡M GKwU mvaviY NUbv RvZxq

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-252

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

Avq I Ab¨vb¨ mgwóK A_©‰bwZK PjK (Macroeconomic Variables) Ges RvZxq Avq wba©viYx Ab¨vb¨
welqmg~‡ni cwieZ©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cwiKíbvwe`MY A_©bxwZi fwel¨r MwZ-cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †m
Abyhvqx bxwZ wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv cwi®‹vi †h, RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc Ges m¤úwK©Z aviYvmg~‡ni Z_¨ Rvbv LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y|© RvZxq Av‡qi Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i gvbe Kj¨vY e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv e‡j Gi weKí wn‡m‡e A_©bxwZwe`
William Nordhaus I James Tobin MEW aviYvi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Z‡e c×wZwUi AšÍwb©wnZ RwUjZvi Rb¨ GKwU
mve©RbxbZv jvf K‡Z cv‡iwb| RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q A_©bxwZwe` Richard G. Lipsey
e‡jb, No matter how refined future measures of economic welfare become, they are unlikely ever to
replace the GNP completely (A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi fwel¨r cwigvcKmg~n hZB cwi‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv
†nvK bv †Kb, Zviv †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi (GNP) weKí wn‡m‡e KL‡bvB cwic~Y©fv‡e h‡_ó we‡ewPZ n‡e bv)|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Lv‡Zi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk? wjLyb|

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci Amyweavmg~n (Disadvantages of National Income Measurement)

GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| A_©bxwZi wewfbœ LvZ I DcLv‡Zi Drcv`b I Av‡qi
Z_¨mg~‡ni mgš^q mvaY Ki‡Z wM‡q cwimsL¨vbwe`M‡Yi h‡_ó Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Z‡e †`k †f‡` Gme
mgm¨v ev Amyweavi gvÎvi ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GUv wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Z‡_¨i mnRjf¨Zv I wbf~©jZv,
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi †kÖYxweb¨vm cÖwµqv, `ªe¨ I †mev †jb‡`‡bi A‡_©i e¨envi, evRv‡ii mg„×Zv cÖf…wZi Dci|
wb‡P RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mvaviY Amyweavmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|
†Kvb †Kvb `ªe¨ I †mev we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e? Avgiv Rvwb, †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx I †mevi †gvU evRvi g~j¨| A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨mvgMÖx
(Economic Goods) `„k¨gvb (tangible) A_ev A`„k¨gvb (intangible) n‡Z cv‡i| `„k¨gvb `ªe¨mvgMÖxi wn‡me Kiv
mnR| KviY evRvi cÖwµqvq Gme `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨vqb m¤¢e| wKš‘ A`„k¨gvb KvRKg© †hgb- M„wnbxi KvRKg©,
mšÍvb-mšÍwZ cvjb, wb‡Ri RvgvKvco wb‡R cwi®‹vi Kiv, `uvwo KvUv cÖf…wZi g~j¨vqb Kiv LyeB KwVb| ZvB RvZxq
Av‡q Gme KvRKg‡©i wn‡me Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb|
P~ovšÍ I gva¨wgK `ª‡e¨i cv_©K¨KiY: RvZxq Avq ïaygvÎ P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨vqb K‡i| wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK
wµqvKv‡Ûi GK ch©v‡q hv P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ Zv Ab¨ch©v‡q gva¨wgK `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
GKRb cvDiæwU we‡µZvi Rb¨ gq`v GKwU gva¨wgK `ªe¨, wKš‘ GKRb M„wnbxi Rb¨ gq`v GKwU P~ovšÍ `ªe¨|
Kv‡RB GKwU wbw`©ó eQ‡i wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i P~ovšÍ I gva¨wgK e¨env‡ii wn‡me †ei Kiv GKwU KwVb KvR| G †ÿ‡Î
ˆØZ MYbvi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wb‡`©k K‡i bv Ggb †jb‡`‡bi c„_KxKiY mgm¨v: †h †Kvb A_©bxwZ‡Z Ggb wKQz †jb‡`b N‡U
hv A_©‰bwZK KvR wb‡`©k K‡i bv| ïaygvÎ m¤ú` ev Av‡qi n¯ÍvšÍi wb‡`©k K‡i| miKvi Ges e¨emv-cÖwZôv‡bi
n¯ÍvšÍi cÖ`vb (Transfer Payments), e¨w³MZ n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv †hgb- cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ Av‡qi fvMvfvwM,
wkÿv cÖwZôvbKZ…©K cÖ`Ë e„wË, g~jab-jvf (Capital Gains), †eAvBbx KvRKg© BZ¨vw` RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgq

BDwbU †lvj c„ôv-253

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wn‡me †_‡K ev` w`‡Z nq, KviY G¸‡jv †Kvb cÖKvb bZzb `ªe¨mvgMÖx m„wó eySvq bv A_©vr Gme Av‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb
cÖKvi kÖg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv|
evRvi ewnfz©Z Kvh©vejx Ges g~j¨ Av‡ivcbRwbZ mgm¨v: GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z Ggb wKQz A_©‰bwZK KvRKg© msNwUZ
nq hv evRvi cÖwµqvi AvIZvq Av‡m bv| †h‡nZz Gme Kvh©vejx RvZxq Av‡q AšÍfz©³ nevi `vex iv‡L, †m‡nZz Gme
Kv‡Ri g~j¨ Av‡ivc (Impute) Ki‡Z nq| GKwU Avw_©KvwqZ (monetised) A_©bxwZ‡Z G mgm¨v Lye cÖKU bq, wKš‘
†h mg¯Í A_©bxwZi Avw_©Kvq‡bi gvÎv (Degree of monetisation) LyeB Kg †m mKj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi
GKwU e¨vcK As‡ki Ae`vb g~j¨ Av‡ivc‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq Av‡qi AšÍf³ z© Kiv nq| Drcv`KKZ…©K `ª‡e¨i †fvM,
M„nKÎx©q †mev, wbR¯^ evoxi LvRbv, e¨emv cÖwZôvb †_‡K kÖwgKMYKZ…©K A-Avw_©K cvIbv (Fringe-benefits),
e¨vsKviKZ…©K g‡°‡ji †mev, cywj‡ki †mev, `ªe¨ wewbgq cÖf…wZ n‡”Q G ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK KvR K‡g©i D`vniY|
mwVK cwimsL¨v‡bi Afve: RvZxh Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î m¤¢eZt me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v n‡”Q cwimsL¨vb Z‡_¨i
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(unreported) _v‡K| d‡j RvZxq Av‡qi mwVK Ges wbf©i‡hvM¨ cwigvc m¤¢e nq bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki 5wU `„k¨gvb I 5wU A`„k¨gvb `ª‡e¨i bvg wjLyb| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci mgq †Kvb
Lv‡Z Avw_©Kvq‡bi gvÎv mePvB‡Z Kg? wPšÍv Kiæb I wjLyb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 16.4

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g
(K) A_©bxwZi Kvh©kxjZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq (L) mvgvwRK Kj¨vY gvcv hvq
(M) K I L Gi †KvbwU B bq (N) L I N DfqB bq|
2. RvZxq Av‡qi w¯’iZv
(K) A_©bxwZi cÖe„w× wb‡`©k K‡i (L) A_©bxwZi ¯’weiZv wb‡`©k K‡i
(M) A_©bxwZi Dbœqb wb‡`©k K‡i (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A`„k¨gvb `ªe¨
(K) cvDiæwU (L) M„wnbxi KvRKg©
(M) wPswo gvQ (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
4. Av‡ivcbRwbZ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q
(K) Avw_©KvwqZ A_©bxwZ‡Z (L) A-Avw_©KvwqZ A_©bxwZ‡Z
(M) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bq (N) K I L DfqB mwVK|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| aiv hvK, 2016 mv‡j †`‡k RbM‡Yi †fvM e¨q 400 †KvwU UvKv| wewb‡qvM e¨q 300 †KvwU UvKv| †`kwUi
miKvi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y H eQi 400 †KvwU UvKv e¨q K‡ib| GQvov Avg`vbx `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ eve` †`kwU 600 †KvwU
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UvKv cwi‡kva K‡i Ges ißvwb eve` 350 †KvwU UvKv Avq K‡i| ÔweÕ †`‡ki bvMwiK mvjgv D”P †eZ‡b ÔGÕ
†`‡ki GKwU †Kv¤úvbx‡Z Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| wZwb cÖwZ eQi Zuvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ wbR †`‡k UvKv cvVvb|
(K) GNP ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(L) mvjgvi Avq †Kvb †`‡ki GNP Gi Ask?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ÔGÕ †`‡ki 2016 mv‡ji GNP wbY©q Kiæb|
(N) mvjgvi AwR©Z Avq ÔGÕ I ÔweÕ †`k `ywUi GDP †K wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| RvZxq Avq (Y)=C+I+G
‡hLv‡b C = †fvM e¨q, I = wewb‡qvM e¨q, G = miKvwi e¨q
(K) RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZ¸‡jv wK?
(L) g~j¨ ms‡hvRb c×wZ KLb e¨eüZ nq?
(M) DÏxcKwU RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †Kvb c×wZ wb‡`©k K‡i? †Kb?
(N) RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci myweavmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi w`b|

(K) wPÎwU wK wb‡`©k Ki‡Q?

(L) wP‡Î †Kvb&&wU cÖK…Z cÖevn I †Kvb&&wU Avw_©K cÖevn wb‡`©k K‡i?
(M) wPÎ Abyhvqx cwievieM© I Drcv`b cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wbf©ikxjZvi cÖK…wZUv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib DcKibg~‡j¨ RvZxq Drcv`b I e¨q c×wZ‡Z wn‡meK…Z RvZxq Drcv`b mgvb nq?
wKfv‡e? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cvV 16.1: 1| K 2| K 3| K 4| K 5| L 6| M
cvV 16.2: 1| M 2| M
cvV 16.3: 1| K 2| M 3| L 4| M
cvV 16.4: 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| L

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(MGD 3211)Ó MÖš’wU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|]

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