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Geo Formulas Nov 2021
Geo Formulas Nov 2021
𝜋𝑡(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
2. Falling Head Test 3. Kozeny-Carman 𝑡=
𝑄
𝑒3
𝑘 = 𝐶1 ( )
1+𝑒 FLOW NETS
4. Samarasinghe, Huang, Drnevich
𝑒𝑛
𝑘 = 𝐶3 ( )
1+𝑒
5. Kozeny- Carman (without constant
C)
𝑟
100% 1 2 𝑒3 𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
𝑘 = 1.99𝑥104 ( ) ( )
𝑟2
𝑆𝐹 1+𝑒 𝑘=
𝑓
∑ ( 0.5 𝑖 0.5 ) 𝜋(ℎ12 − ℎ22 )
( 𝐷𝐿 𝑥𝐷𝑠 )
6. Carrier 2. Well penetrating the full depth in a
100% 12 3
𝑒 confined aquifer
𝑘 = 1.99𝑥104 ( )( ) ( )
𝑓𝑖 𝑆𝐹 1 +𝑒
∑ ( 0.404 0.595 )
𝐷𝐿 𝑥𝐷𝑠
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in
𝑘= ln( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 Stratified Soil
Where: a- cross-sectional area of the 1. Parallel flow
standpipe 1
𝑘ℎ(𝑒𝑞) = (𝑘 𝐻 + 𝑘𝐻2 𝐻2 + 𝑘𝐻3 𝐻3 + ⋯
A- Cross-sectional area of the soil 𝐻 𝐻1 1
specimen + 𝑘𝐻𝑛 𝐻𝑛 )
NOTE: FOR SAME WIDTH ONLY
Empirical Relationship For
2. Normal Flow 𝑟
Hydraulic Conductivity 𝐻 𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
1. Hazen 𝑘𝑣(𝑒𝑞) = 𝑟2
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻𝑛 𝑘= Isotropic
𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑣𝑛
2 2𝜋𝑡(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑘 = 𝐶𝐷10
𝑘𝐻𝑁𝑓
Where: C-constant ranges from 1.0 to NOTE: FOR SAME AREAS ONLY 𝑄=
1.5 Transmissivity of Aquifer in a 𝑁𝐷
D10-effective size in mm Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping Test Non Isotropic
Pumping from Wells 𝑟 √𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑧 𝐻𝑁𝑓
𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
2. Casagrande 𝑟2 𝑄=
𝑇= 𝑁𝐷
𝑘 = 1.4𝑒 2 𝑘0.85 1. Well in an unconfined permeable 2𝜋(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) A flow line is a line along which a
Where: e -void ratio layer underlain by an impermeable water particle will travel from upstream to
K0.85- corresponding value at a void ratio stratum Time of Travel from Observation the downstream side in the permeable
of 0.85 Well soil medium
And an equipotential line is a line 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶′ = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢 At point C 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶′ = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢𝐶
along which the potential head at all = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 ℎ
points is equal. 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑐 = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) + 𝛾𝑤 ( 𝑧)
𝐻2
1. Shape Factor Effective Stress in the Zone ℎ
= 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧)
𝑁𝑓 Capillary Rise 𝐻2
𝑆𝐹 = 1. Capillary Rise ′
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶 = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢𝐶
𝑁𝐷 Seepage force
𝐶 ℎ
2. Pressure Drop ℎ= = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) − 𝛾𝑤 ( 𝑧) ℎ
𝐻 𝑒𝐷10 𝐻2 𝐹= 𝛾 = 𝑖𝛾𝑤
𝑑= Stresses in Saturated Soil with 𝐻2 𝑤
𝑁𝐷 2. Pore Pressure at a point in a layer
of soil partially saturated caused by Downward Seepage
EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN SOIL capillary action COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
𝑆
Stresses in Saturated Soil 𝑢=− 𝛾 ℎ 𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑆𝑒
100 𝑤
1. Elastic Settlement
Stresses in Saturated Soil with
- Elastic settlement (or immediate
Upward Seepage
settlement), which is caused by the
elastic deformation of dry soil and of
moist and saturated soils without any
change in the moisture content. Elastic
settlement calculations generally are
based on equations derived from the
At point A theory of elasticity.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 1 − 𝜇2
At point A 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 𝑆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑆 𝑞𝐵 ( )
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0 𝐸𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
1 − 𝜇2
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 𝑆𝑒 = 𝑞𝐵 ( ) 𝐼𝑝
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0 At point B 𝐸𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 𝑃
At point A 𝑞= 2
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐵 𝐵
At point B 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
= 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 − ℎ) Where: Cs-shape and foundation rigidity
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢𝐵 factor
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 ) = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 ) + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ B-width of foundation or diameter
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢
At point B q- net vertical pressure applied
= (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 At point C - Poisson’s ratio of soil
At point C 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + ℎ) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 Es- modulus of elasticity of soil
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢𝐵 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑐 Ip-influence factor
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 ) − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ ℎ
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧) = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧)
𝐻2
2. Primary Consolidation Settlement 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 Nagaraj and Murty 6. Degree of consolidation for the
Primary consolidation settlement, which 𝑃𝑐 𝐿𝐿 entire depth of clay layer at anytime
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463 ( )𝐺
is the result of a volume change in 𝑃𝑜 100 𝑠 “t”
saturated cohesive soils because of 3. Secondary Settlement 𝑆𝑐𝑡
TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION 𝑈=
expulsion of the water that occupies the - Secondary consolidation settlement, 𝑆𝑐
void spaces. which is observed in saturated cohesive 1. Compression Index, Cc Where: U-degree of consolidation
𝑒1 − 𝑒2
soils and is the result of the plastic 𝐶𝑐 = Sct- settlement of the layer at time ”t”
Normally Consolidated Clay 𝑃
adjustment of soil fabrics. It is an log ( 2 ) Sc- ultimate settlement of the layer from
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 additional form of compression that 𝑃1 primary consolidation
𝑆𝐶 = log ( ) Where: e1- void ratio at a pressure P1
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂 occurs at constant effective stress.
𝐶∝ 𝐻 𝑇2 e2- void ratio at a pressure P2 7. Degree of consolidation at a
𝑆𝑠 = log ( ) distance “z” at anytime “t”
Where: Cc- compression index 1 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑇1
Eo-void ratio 2. Coefficient of Compressibility, av 1 − 𝑈𝑧
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒𝑜 − ∆𝑒 𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝑈=
Po-average effective stress at the mid 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑈𝑜
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( ) 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
height of the clay layer Where: Uz-excess pore pressure at time
𝑃𝑜 3. Coefficient of Volume
H-thickness of the clay layer “t”
Compressibility, mv
∆𝑃-average effective stress increase on 𝑒1 − 𝑒2 Uo-initial excess pore water pressure
Where: Ss- secondary settlement
clay layer 𝑚𝑣 =
C- secondary compression index (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )
Po- average effective stress on the mid- 𝑒1 + 𝑒2 8. Relationship of time and degree of
T2 –time after completion of primary
height of clay layer 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 = consolidation
settlement 2
T1- time for completion of primary 4. Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv 𝑡1 𝑈12
=
settlement 𝐾 𝑡2 𝑈22
Over Consolidated Clay 𝐶𝑣 =
Where: U1- degree of consolidation at
ep- void ratio at the end of primary 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤
a. when Po+P < Pc consolidation Where: k- coefficient of permeability time t1
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 U2-degree of consolidation at time t2
𝑆𝑐 = log ( ) 5. Time Factor, Tv
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂 Compression Index 𝐶𝑣 𝑡
b. when Po+P > Pc 𝑇𝑣 = SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
For undisturbed clay: (𝐻𝑑𝑟 )2
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) Where: Cv- coefficient of consolidation General Shear Failure
𝑆𝑐 = log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂 For disturbed clay: t- time corresponding to degree of -It is characterized by heaving of ground
𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 7) consolidation accompanied by tilting of footing. It
+ log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐 Nagaraj and Murty Hdr- half the thickness of the sample if occurs in soil with low compressibility
𝐿𝐿 drained on both sides such as dense and stiff clay.
1 𝐶𝑐 = 0.2343 ( )𝐺
Where:Cs- swell index (ranges from to 100 𝑠 Hdr- thickness of the sample if drained on
1
5
Swell Index one side only
of Cc) 1 1
10
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜 𝐶
Pc-pre-consolidation pressure 5 10 𝑐
2. Earth Pressure At-Rest for Partially Rankine Active Pressure Coefficient COULOMB’S EARTH PRESSURE
Submerged Soil 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ Rankine Active Force For Inclined THEORY
𝐾𝑎 =
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ Backfill Coulomb’s Active Pressure
∅
𝐾𝑎 = tan2(45 − )
2
Rankine Active Pressure
1
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐾𝑎
2