MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Refresher MODULE [M12] – MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION Table 13-1 Concrete unit weight coefficient (Courtesy of ACI)
Concrete has little strength in tension; virtually all concrete used for structural Unit weight of concrete Cw
purposes contains reinforcing material embedded in the concrete to increase Under 140 lb/ cu. ft 0.50(1 + 𝑤/145) but at least 0.80
the concrete member’s tensile strength. Such concrete is called REINFORCED [Under 2243 kg/m3 0.50(1 + 𝑤/2323) but at least 0.80]
CONCRETE. 140 to 150 lb/ cu. ft 1.0
[2243 to 2403 kg/m3 1.0]
Types of Concrete Construction Over 10 lb/cu. ft 𝑤/145
a. Cast-on-site concrete [Over 2403 kg/m3 𝑤/2323]
b. Precast Concrete- concrete that has been cast into the desired
shape prior to placement in a structure.
Table 13-2 Concrete chemistry coefficient (Courtesy of ACI)
c. Prestressed Concrete- concrete to which an initial compression
Cement Type or Blend Cc
has been applied
Type I, II, or III without retarders 1.0
Concrete Construction Practices Type I, II, or III with a retarder 1.2
Transporting and Handling Other blends containing less than 70% slag or 1.2
Equipment commonly used to move concrete includes 40% fly ash w/out retarders
wheelbarrows, buggies, chutes, conveyors, pump, buckets and Other blends containing 70% slag or 40% fly ash 1.4
trucks. with a retarder
Placing and Consolidation Blends containing more than 70% slag or 40% fly 1.4
The movement of concrete to its final position is called placing. ash
Consolidation is the process of removing air voids in concrete as it
is placed. B. With vertical rate of placement of 7 to 15 ft/h (2.1 to 4.6 m/h) and
Finishing and Curing walls with a rate of placement less than 7 ft/h (2.1 m/h) whose
Finishing is the process of bringing the surface of concrete to its placement height exceeds 14 ft (4.3 m)
𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑹
final positions and imparting the desired surface texture. 𝒑 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 (𝟏𝟓𝟎 + + ) (13-2A)
𝑻 𝑻
Finishing operations include screeding, floating, troweling 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝑹
𝒑 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 (𝟕. 𝟐 + + ) (13- 2B)
and brooming. 𝑻+𝟏𝟖 𝑻+𝟏𝟖

Screeding is the process of striking off concrete in order
to bring the surface to the required grade.
Floating smooths and compacts the surface while
embedding aggregate particles.
Troweling with a steel trowel follows floating when a
smooth dense surface is desired.
Finally, concrete may be broomed by drawing a stiff
broom across the surface.
Curing is the process of providing the required water and
maintaining favorable temperature for a period of time after placing
concrete.
Formworks
-principal requirements for concrete formworks are that it be safe, produce
the desired shape and surface texture, and be economical.
Design Loads for Concrete form design
1. Wall and column forms
A. With vertical rate of placement less than 7ft/h (2.1m/h) and a
placement height of 14 ft (4.3 m) or less:
𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑹
𝒑 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 (𝟏𝟓𝟎 + ) (13- 1A)
𝑻 concrete weighing 150 lb/ cu. ft (2403 kg/m3) from the bottom?
𝟕𝟖𝟓𝑹
𝒑 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 (𝟕. 𝟐 + ) (13- 1B)
𝑻+𝟏𝟖
Where: Cw= unit weight coefficient (Table 13-1)
Cc= chemistry coefficient (Table 13-2)
p= lateral pressure (lb/sq. ft or kPa)
R= rate of vertical placement (ft/h or m/h)
T concrete temperature (°F or °C)
h= height of form (ft or m)
w= unit weight of concrete (lb/cu. ft or kgm3)
Minimum pressure= 600Cw lb/sq. ft (28.7Cw kPa)
Maximum pressure= wh
Minimum pressure= 600Cw lb/sq. ft (28.7Cw kPa)
Maximum pressure= wh
C. With vertical rate of placement greater than 15ft/h (4.6m/h) or
when forms will be filled before the concrete stiffens:
𝒑 = 𝒘𝒉 (13- 3)
D. When forms are vibrated externally, it is recommended that a
design load twice that given equations 13-1 and 13-2 be used. When
concrete is pumped into vertical forms from the bottom (both column
and wall forms), Equation 13-3 should be used and a minimum
additional pressure of 25% should be added to allow for pump surge
pressure.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1. Calculate the design load of an 8 ft (2.44 m)
high concrete wall form to be poured at a rate pf 4 ft./h (1.219 m/h),
internally vibrated at a temperature of 90°F (32°C). Type I cement
without retarders and is estimated to weigh 150 lb/cu. ft (2403
kg/m3)
A. 550 lb/sq. ft C.1200 lb//sq. ft
B. 600 lb/sq. ft D. 1100 lb/sq. ft
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2. What should be the design load for a
column form 18 ft (5.5 m) high that is to be filled by pumping
A. 600 lb/sq. ft C. 2700 lb//sq. ft
B. 1500 lb/sq. ft D. 3375 lb/sq. ft
2. Floor and slab forms
For slab forms, the minimum lateral design load is expressed as
follows:
𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒍 𝒙 𝒘𝒔 (13- 4)
Where H= lateral force applied along the edge of the slab (lb/ft or
kN/m); minimum value= 100 lb/ft (11.46 kN/m)
dl= design dead load (lb/sq. ft or kPa)
ws= width of slab perpendicular to form edge
In using Equation 13- 4, design dead load includes the weight of
concrete plus formwork.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Refresher MODULE [M12] – MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3. A slab form is 6 in. (152 mm) thick, 20 ft Table 14-4 Typical unit weight for masonry walls.
(6.1 m) wide, and 100 ft (30.5 m) long. The slab is poured in one Weight per Unit of Wall
pour. Assume concrete density is 150 lb/cu. ft (2403 kg/m3) and Surface
that the formwork weighs 15 lb/sq. ft (0.72 kPa). Determine the Type of wall lb/sq ft kPa
design lateral force in the 20 ft wide side of the slab. Heavyweight concrete block
A.150 lb/ft C. 180 lb/ ft 4-in. (10 cm) 29 1.39
B. 36 lb/ ft D. 100 lb/ ft 6-in. (15 cm) 44 2.11
Determine the design lateral force in the 100 ft wide side of the slab. 8-in. (20 cm) 56 2.68
A.150 lb/ft C. 180 lb/ ft 12-in. (30 cm) 80 3.83
B. 36 lb/ ft D. 100 lb/ ft Lightweight concrete block
4-in. (10 cm) 21 1.01
Reinforcing Steel 6-in. (15 cm) 30 1.44
Concrete reinforcing steel is available as standard reinforcing bars, spirals 8-in. (20 cm) 36 1.72
(for column reinforcement), and welded wire fabric (WWF) 12-in. (30 cm) 49 2.35
Reinforcing bars are usually deformed; that is, they are Brick (solid)
manufactured with ridges that provide an interlocking bond with the 4-in. (10 cm) 40 1.92
surrounding concrete. 6-in. (15 cm) 60 2.87
Welded wire fabric, commonly used for slab reinforcement, is 8-in. (20 cm) 80 3.83
available with smooth wire or deformed wire. 12-in. (30 cm) 120 5.75
Spirals
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6. Find the maximum safe unsupported height
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
in feet and meters for an 8-in. (20 cm) heavy weight concrete block
Concrete Masonry Units are classified as concrete brick, concrete tile, solid
wall if the maximum expected wind velocity is 50 mi/h (80 km/h)
bearing concrete block, hollow load-bearing concrete block and hollow-non-
A. 4.2 ft C. 6.2 ft
loadbearing concrete block.
B. 5.2 ft D. 7.2 ft

Estimating Quantity of Masonry

STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Number of Bricks Required
Types of Steel
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4. Calculate the number of bricks 3¾ x 2¼ x
Standard Roll Shapes
8 in.(95 x 57 x 203 mm) laid in running bond required for a double
Built-up Members
wythe wall 8 ft high by 14 ft wide (2.44 x 4.27 m) having one
opening 48 x 72 in. (1.22 x 1.83 m) and one opening 32 x 48 in.
Steel Erection
(0.81 x 1.22 m). Mortar joints are ½ in. (13 mm). Allow 3% for brick
The usual steel erection procedure employs three crews (a raising crew,
waste.
fitting crew and a fastening crew) which operate in sequence as erection
A. 950 C. 982
proceeds.
B. 967 D. 991
Terms:
Quantity of Mortar Required
Structural integrity- indicate he ability of a structure to safely stand up
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5. Estimate the quantity of mortar required
during erection and has prescribed specific safety measures to indicate
for the problem presented above. The joint thickness between
structural integrity.
wythes is ½ in. (13 mm). Assume a 25% waste.
Coping or blocking- name applied to notching beams to provide the
A. 18.3 cu. ft C. 17.1 cu. ft
necessary clearance when beams connect to columns or other beams.
B. 21.2 cu. ft D. 19.6 cu. ft
WOOD CONSTRUCTION
Wind load on Fresh Masonry
Glue-laminated timber (Glulam)- composed of layers of wood 2 in. (5 cm)
Safe unbraced height, hs
or less thickness which are glued together to form a solid structural member.
𝑑𝑡
ℎ𝑠 = Plywood- is a wood structural material formed by gluing three or more thin
𝑞
layers of wood (veneers) together with the grain of alternate layers of running
Where hs= safe unbraced height (ft or m)
perpendicular to each other.
d= weight of the wall per unit surface (lb/ft2 or kPa)
t= wall thickness (ft or m)
Other panels:
Laminated veneer lumber- similar to plywood but consists of thin veneer
Table 14-3 Design wind load pressure
about 1/16 to 1/10 in. (1.6 to 2.5 mm) thick with all piles and grains parallel to
Wind Velocity Design Wind load* the length.
mi/h km/h lb/sq ft kPa I-joists or wood I-beam- consists of plywood or oriented strand board webs
50 80 6 0.29 bonded to sawn wood or laminated veneer lumber flanges.
60 96 7 0.34 Parallel strand lumber (PSL)- produced by cutting logs into long strands,
70 112 11 0.53 drying them and treating them with a resin adhesive.
80 128 15 0.72 Laminated strand lumber- produce by a process similar to that used for
90 144 20 0.96 parallel strand lumber but uses wood strands about 12 in. (305 mm) long.
100 161 26 1.24 Particleboard- produced in sheets by bonding wood chips together with resin
110 177 32 1.53 Waferboard- similar to particle board except that is is manufactured from
120 193 39 1.87 larger wood chip
130 209 45 2.15 Oriented strand board- built up in layers like plywood.