Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells

Chapter 13
• Each human somatic cell (any cell other than a • The sex chromosomes are called X and Y
gamete) has 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs
Meiosis and Sexual • Human females have a homologous pair of X
• The two chromosomes in each pair are called chromosomes (XX)
Life Cycles homologous chromosomes, or homologues
• Human males have one X and one Y chromosome
• Both chromosomes in a pair carry genes
controlling the same inherited characteristics • The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not
determine sex are called autosomes
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LE 13-4

Key

• Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes • In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred, Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
one chromosome from each parent each chromosome is replicated 2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
• The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are • Each replicated chromosome consists of two
two sets of 23: one from the mother and one from identical sister chromatids
Two sister chromatids
the father of one replicated
chromosomes
Centromere
• The number of chromosomes in a single set is
represented by n
• A cell with two sets is called diploid (2n)
Two nonsister
Pair of homologous
• For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46) chromatids in
a homologous pair
chromosomes
(one from each set)

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1
 The Stages of Meiosis

• In the first cell division (meiosis I), homologous • Meiosis I is preceded by interphase, in which • Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases:
chromosomes separate chromosomes are replicated to form sister
chromatids Prophase I
• Meiosis I results in two haploid daughter cells with
replicated chromosomes • The sister chromatids are genetically identical and Metaphase I
joined at the centromere
• In the second cell division (meiosis II), sister Anaphase I
• The single centrosome replicates, forming two
chromatids separate centrosomes Telophase I
• Meiosis II results in four haploid daughter cells
with unreplicated chromosomes

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LE 13-8ab LE 13-8b

MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes

MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I
• Three events are unique to meiosis, and all three TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
occur in meiosis l:
– Synapsis and crossing over in prophase I: Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Homologous chromosomes physically connect Sister
chromatids
Chiasmata
Metaphase
and exchange genetic information (crossing Spindle plate

over) Cleavage
furrow Sister chrom atids
Haploid daughter cells
form ing
separate

– At the metaphase plate, there are paired

homologous chromosomes (tetrads), instead
of individual replicated chromosomes Tetrad Microtubule Homologous
attached to chromosomes
kinetochore separate
– At anaphase I, it is homologous chromosomes, Homologous chromosomes Tetrads line up Pairs of homologous
Tw o haploid cells
form ; chrom osom es During another round of cell division, the sister chrom atids finally separate;

instead of sister chromatids, that separate and (red and blue) pair and
exchange segments; 2n = 6
chromosomes split up are still double four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chrom osomes

are carried to opposite poles of the cell in this example

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 Telophase II and Cytokinesis A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis Property Mitosis Meiosis

• In telophase II, the chromosomes arrive at • Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome DNA replication
opposite poles sets, producing cells that are genetically identical
• Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin to the parent cell Divisions
decondensing
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets
• Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells Synapsis and
crossing over
• At the end of meiosis, there are four daughter that differ genetically from each other and from the
cells, each with a haploid set of unreplicated parent cell
chromosomes Daughter cells,
• The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is genetic
• Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the virtually identical in meiosis II and mitosis composition
others and from the parent cell
Role in animal
Animation: Telophase II and Cytokinesis body
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LE 13-6
The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles

• The alternation of meiosis and fertilization is • In animals, meiosis produces gametes, which Key

common to all organisms that reproduce sexually undergo no further cell division before fertilization Haploid
Diploid
Haploid multicellular Haploid multicellular
Gametes organism (gametophyte) organism
• The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in • Gametes are the only haploid cells in animals n n
Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis
n n
n
the timing of meiosis and fertilization n n n n
n
• Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that divides MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Spores
Gametes
n n
Gametes n
by mitosis to develop into a multicellular organism MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
2n Zygote 2n
2n
2n
Diploid Zygote 2n
Diploid Mitosis multicellular Mitosis
multicellular organism Zygote
organism (sporophyte)

Animals Plants and some algae Most fungi and some protists

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• Plants and some algae exhibit an alternation of
generations
• This life cycle includes two multicellular
generations or stages: one diploid and one haploid
• The diploid organism, the sporophyte, makes
haploid spores by meiosis
• Each spore grows by mitosis into a haploid
organism called a gametophyte
• A gametophyte makes haploid gametes by mitosis
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• In most fungi and some protists, the only diploid
stage is the single-celled zygote; there is no
multicellular diploid stage
• The zygote produces haploid cells by meiosis
• Each haploid cell grows by mitosis into a haploid
multicellular organism
• The haploid adult produces gametes by mitosis
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• Depending on the type of life cycle, either haploid
or diploid cells can divide by mitosis
• However, only diploid cells can undergo meiosis
• In all three life cycles, chromosome halving and
doubling contribute to genetic variation in offspring
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