LESSON 6-7

GENERAL

G E N E R A L
BIOLOGY 1

B I O L O G Y
Teacher: Mr. Mark Nicole C. Maceda

1
THE

MEIOSIS
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
requires only one parent requires two parents
produce genetically identical offspring produces genetically distinct offspring
somatic cells sex cells (gametes)
carried out by bacteria, some plants and animals carried out by most animals and some plants

HYDRA -
BUDDING

30 chromosomes
30 chromosomes

36 chromosomes
STARFISH -
FRAGMENTATION

36 chromosomes
 REVIEWING Each cell in the human body has 23 PAIRS
of chromosomes (46 in total) one set comes

CHROMOSOME from your mother and one set comes from

your father.

Chromosome Of these 23 pairs, one pair are sex

- tightly packaged into thread-like structure it chromosomes so differ depending on
carrying genetic information. Each whether you are male or female (XX for
chromosome has two short arms (p arms), female or XY for male).
two longer arms (q arms)
The other 22 pairs are autosomes (non-sex
Chromatid chromosomes) and look the same for both
- chromatid is one half of a duplicated males and females.
chromosome. sister chromatid

Centromeres
- a compressed region that hold the pair of
chromatids together. atid
om
chr
atid
om
Kinetochore chr

- disc-shaped protein structure generate load-

bearing attachments of sister chromatids to
spindle fibers.

Nucleosomes
- a section of DNA that is wrapped around a
core of proteins. It coil up tightly to create
chromatin loops.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(Meiosis and Fertilization are complementary process)

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE (MALE)

a diploid begins the first meiotic
division and divide into two haploid.

PRIMARY OOCYTE (FEMALE)

a diploid begins the first meiotic
division and divide into two haploid. Meiosis I Meiosis II
During meiosis, diploid cell (2n) undergoes two rounds of division to yield four haploid daughter cells.
- Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of
chromosomes in gametes.

During fertilization, egg and sperm that unite must be haploid (n), with a single set of chromosomes.
- Fertilization job is to restores the diploid (2n) chromosome number in the zygote.
 TYPES OF CHROMOSOME
tightly packaged into thread-like structure it carrying genetic information. Each chromosome has two short arms (p arms), two longer arms (q arms)

METACENTRIC SUBMETACENTRIC ACROCENTRIC TELOCENTRIC

CHROMOSOME CHROMOSOME CHROMOSOME CHROMOSOME
Centromere locates on Centromere locates near Centromere locates near Centromere locates at
the center, both arms the center, both arms the end of chromosome the end of chromosome
are equal length are unequal length
ABOUT MEIOSIS
is a special type of cell division (reduction division) necessary for sexual reproduction in
eukaryotes. The cell produced by meiosis are gametes or spore.

OCCURS IN OUR GERM CELLS

cells that produce our gametes (egg and sperm)

FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SEX

to bring two haploid gametes (sperm & egg cell) together to form
a diploid zygote.

OSCAR HERTWIG
German biologist first discovered
NEW COMBINATIONS OF GENES meiosis in sea urchin eggs in 1876.
at fertilization the male and female sex cell will provide 1/2 of the
chromosome each - so offspring has genes form both parents. A mother cell contains chromosomes in
its nucleus. A chromosome contains
coils of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
TWO ROUNDS OF NUCLEAR DIVISION and is structurally made up of two long

2X has distinct stages called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and

telophase each of these phases occurs twice.
chromatids which are linked in the
center by a centromere.
 G1 - PHASE
MEIOSIS active period marked by the synthesis of
various proteins and enzymes needed
(REDUCTION DIVISION) for cellular growth; DNA appears like a
single long coiled molecule.

S - PHASE
replication of genetic materials take
place; each chromosome divides into
two sister chromatids.

G2 - PHASE
the cell undergoes the final
preparations for meiosis.

INTERPHASE
- cell goes through period in which it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and checks all
of its systems to ensure that it is ready to
divide
- consists of 3 phases - G1, S, G2
 MEIOSIS I
tetrad

Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

consisting of G1, S, and
G2 phases. Crossing over - Nuclear membrane - Homologous pairs - Sister chromosomes have
disappears. separates. reached opposing poles.
❑ Chromosomes - Spindle fibers connect to the Spindle fibers guides the - Spindle fibers
condense and kinetochore of each sister movement of the disintegrates.
become visible. synapsis Recombinant chromatid again and begin to chromosomes toward the - Nuclear envelope reforms
chromatids
❑ produces additional move. poles. around each haploid cell.
organelles. - Tetrads line up on the - Sister chromatids remain
❑ Spindle fibers grow Synapsis - connect metaphase plate (equator). attached.
out from the homologous chromosomes
centrosomes. to form a tetrad.
❑ Nuclear envelope
breaks down. Crossing Over – process of
sharing genetic material
Cytokinesis I
between two non-sister
final step equally
chromatids in homologous
Tetrads - pairs of distributing cytoplasm
pair to form Recombinant
homologous chromosome between the two
chromatids.
with two chromatids each. haploid daughter cell.

Prophase II Metaphase II
- Chromosomes condense - Spindle fibers connect to
and become visible again. the kinetochore of each
- Nuclear envelope sister chromatid again and
disintegrate again. begin to move.
- Spindle fibers grow out
from the centrosomes - Chromosomes align at the
again. equatorial plane, which is
rotated 90° compared to the
equatorial plane in meiosis
“No crossing over occurs”. I. One sister chromatid faces
each pole, with the arms
divergent.
MEIOSIS II
Anaphase II
- Centromeres of sister
chromatids finally separates
and each pair move toward
to opposite poles.
Telophase II Cytokinesis II
Completion step the
- Sister chromosomes formation four haploid
have reached opposing daughter cell.
poles.
- Spindle fibers
disintegrates again.
- Nuclear envelope
reforms around each
haploid cell again.
 MITOSIS
(EQUATIONAL DIVISION)

EXAMPLE - SKIN CELLS

CELL DIVISION

two pairs of chromosomes duplicate chromosomes line up along chromosomes cell split in two to form two
chromosomes the cell's equator separate identical cells

MEIOSIS
(REDUCTION DIVISION)
EXAMPLE - EGG CELLS

two pairs of chromosomes duplicate identical (homologous) chromosomes cell split in two chromosomes four cell are
chromosomes chromosomes line up separate producing cells with separate again form
along the cell's equator different
chromosomes
 Other additional
in the topic

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Alpha, Beta and Gamma Particle Radioactivity
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Alpha, Beta and Gamma Particle
Radioactivity