CSM 1

CSM
Construction Stage Manager
SOFiSTiK | 2020
CSM
Construction Stage Manager
CSM Manual, Service Pack 2020-6 Build 289
Copyright © 2020 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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new editions of this manual.
The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However, SOFiSTiK does not claim that
either one is completely error free. Errors and omissions are corrected as soon as they are detected.
The user of the program is solely responsible for the applications. We strongly encourage the user to test the
correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.
Front Cover
Project: Queensferry Crossing | Photo: Bastian Kratzke
Contents | CSM
Contents
Contents i
1 General 1-1
2 Theoretical Background 2-1

2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Activation of new elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.4 Construction Stages to be Computed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.5 Load Cases - Primary Load Cases - Difference Load Cases . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.6 Analysis of Creep and Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.6.1 Loading start T0 and shrinkage start TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.6.2 Real Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.6.3 Simple creeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.6.4 Manipulation of creep and shrinkage values . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
2.6.5 Systems Consisting of Beams with AQB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.6.6 Creep and Shrinkage of quad- and bric- and truss elements . 2-13
2.6.7 Creep of other elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.6.8 Temperature Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.6.9 Further Comments to Creep and Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.7 Comparison with Cast-in-one System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.8 Check-Print and Control-plots of the Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.9 Precamber analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.9.1 Principle of linear precamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.9.2 Workflow in CSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.9.3 First Construction Stage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.9.4 Perform precamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.9.5 Main conclusion for linear precamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.9.6 Nonlinear precamber analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
2.10 Shape and Force Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
2.10.1 Optimization on final system without construction stages . . . 2-25
2.10.2 Optimization on systems with construction stages . . . . . . . . 2-27
2.10.3 Geometry Opitmization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
2.11 Incremental Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
2.11.1 Incremental Launching Training - tips and tricks . . . . . . . . . 2-33
2.11.2 Launching nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
2.12 CSM Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
2.12.1 Superposition and design concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
2.12.2 Superposition with the variable actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41
2.12.3 Dataflow with superposition container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42
2.12.4 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
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CSM | Contents
2.12.5 Design check print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44

2.12.6 Sequence of design tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44
2.12.7 Why AQB AND MAXIMA superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
2.12.8 Primary and secondary effect of prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
2.12.9 Fatigue checks beam elements - reinforcement distribution
numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
2.12.10 Fatigue checks quad elements - reinforcement distribution
numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47
2.13 CSM Construction Stage Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48
2.13.1 Removal of temporary supports: GPCS: further separation of
GPC parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
3 Input Description 3-1

3.1 Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.3 CTRL – Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.4 LAUN – Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.5 CS – Construction Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.6 GRP – Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.7 GRCS – Group-stage special settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.8 WAIT – Creep Inactive Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.9 LC – Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.10 CAMB – Precamber Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
3.11 CREP – Creep Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
3.12 DEPS – Additional Creep and Shrinkage Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
3.13 TBEX – T-beam-philosophy on excentric beam elements . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
3.14 ACT – Additional Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
3.15 DESI – Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
3.16 GRPD – Group selection for the design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31
3.17 LAM – Lambda Values for the Fatigue Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
3.18 COMB – Combinations AASHTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
3.19 LCCS – Design of Construction Stages - additional loadcases . . . . . . 3-36
3.20 DECS – Design Construction Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
3.21 COPY – Make a copy of construction stage design results . . . . . . . . . 3-38
3.22 SUMA – Sum of CSM stage actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
3.23 REIN – Reinforcementparameter AQB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
3.24 BOX – Selection for Graphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
3.25 QCUT – QUAD cuts for WINGRAF plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43
3.26 SCAL – Plot Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.27 SELE – Selection Stress View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
3.28 EXPO – Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
3.29 EQLC – Equation Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
3.30 EQUU – Displacement Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
3.31 EQPP – Reaction Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
3.32 EQBE – Beam Force Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-51
3.33 EQIT – Construction Stage Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52
3.34 KINK – Add a new segment with a Kink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53
3.35 CABL – Cable Anchorage Angle Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-54
3.35.1 Main plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-54
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Contents | CSM
3.35.2 Main and transverse plane, skew direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55

3.36 MEX – Manual excentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57
3.37 ECHO – Output Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
4 Examples 4-1
4.1 4-span Bridge With Stepwise Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Two Span Girder Creeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.3 Precast Girder Bridge With Cast In Situ Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.4 Prestresses FE Slab - Test System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.5 Free Cantilever Erection - Small Test Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.6 Free Cantilever Erection - Big Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.7 Multistorey - Incremental Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
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CSM | Contents
iv SOFiSTiK 2020
General | CSM
1 General
With the Construction Stage Manager, shortly called CSM, construction stages and creep
analysis problems can be defined and controlled in an easy way.
The CSM program produces an input file for the common SOFiSTiK programs ASE and
AQB that finally do the analysis. The program does not require further licences. For ASE at
lease ASE1 is needed, for creep analysis in AQB, AQBS is needed.
SOFiSTiK 2020 1-1

CSM | General
1-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

Theoretical Background | CSM
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 General
With the CSM (Construction Stage Manager) a construction sequence can be defined and
analyzed.
The construction stages are controlled with the following tables:
- the table CS defines the used construction stages

- the group table GRP defines, when a group is activated
- the load case table LC defines additional loads (g_2)
Tendons are automatically activated starting from the ICS1 number defined in TENDON. From
ICS2 on they are bonded.
With a few input to variable actions then an automatic design can be started with CSM DESI.
2.2 Activation of new elements

Main task of the CSM is the simulation of a construction sequence. A main part is the activation
of a new element.
Lets consider a multispan girder where we start with erection and loading of span 1. The
cantilever nose gets a vertical deformation. In the following, span 2 shall be activated and this
leads to the problem how to position the formwork. For this we have three possibilities, see
CTRL CANT ??:
Figure 2.1: CTRL CANT - activation of a new group
We choose CTRL CANT 1 and place the formwork horizontally at the cantilever nose. Four
important actions or situations follow:
- 1. the formwork is placed. This does not create a new load as the formwork stands on the
ground, see following figure.
- 2. the concrete is filled in. This also does not create a new load as the concrete load goes
directly over the formwork in the ground.
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CSM | Theoretical Background
- 3. concrete hardens. This also does not create a new load as the concrete only goes from
state liquid to a stressfree hardened state.
- 4. the formwork is removed. Now the dead load of the concrete loads out structure.
The following figure shows situation 1+2+3 on top and situation 4 on bottom:
Figure 2.2: Activation of a new group, formwork stands on ground
All these four situations are often calculated in one construction stage. It is important to imagine
that the new elements are first activated as stressfree elements in the displacement situation of
the previous construction stage (primary loadcase). The activation of the dead load in the same
construction stage then immediately causes deformations and forces in the actual construction
stage, see example csm1_4span_centering.dat.
Alternatively you can think that the new elements hang stressfree on a crane and are so welded
to the cantilever (situation 1+2+3). The activation of dead load then acts first with the unloading
from the crane (situation 4).
Figure 2.3: Free cantilever erection: a new segment is hanging on a crane
To also show the formwork position in a separate stage it is possible to insert a second con-
struction stage. In the first the element is activated without dead load - this gives the formwork
position. In the second, the dead load is activated - that represents the removal of formwork or
unloading from the crane, see example csm26_precamber_spanbyspan.dat.
2.3 Numbering
A very concise calculation can be done, if the numbering of groups, construction stages and
prestressing stages match together in ascending order with respect to time.
Due to the fact that intermediate construction steps (e.g.: prestressing, grouting, moving of
temporary loads, creep..) are carried out between two main construction stages (CS) it is
2-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

useful to store these main stages in every 10th construction stage number. So there are
enough numbers in between to stor re the intermediate steps properly without shifting the
numbers of the main stages, even if the intermediate steps are inserted subsequently.
Proposed Numeration:
- 10th : Activation of a new group
- 11th : Prestressing
- 12th : Grouting / extrusion
- 13th : Loads of construction stages (e.g.: cantilever carriage..)
- 15th : Creep-step
For example: Group 50 is activated in construction stage 50 (hardening of concrete in CS 50)

then the corresponding tendon is prestressed in CS 51 and grouted / extruded in CS 52.Hence
the tendon has to be defined in TENDON...CS with ICS1=51 and ICS2=52.
2.4 Construction Stages to be Computed

All construction stages that cause changes of stresses have to be considered. Therefore
construction stage grouting / extrusion (CS: x2) is not necessarily to be computed, due to the
fact that the grouting mortar causes no changes in stresses.
The change of a support-condition does not introduce new loads but leads to deformations and
resulting stresses and has to be taken into account as a load case in an own stage.
2.5 Load Cases - Primary Load Cases - Difference Load Cases

A list over the loadcases used by CSM is printed at the end of this chapter.
The TYPE (LC TYPE) of a loadcase has no longer an effect. Importand is the TYPE in CS.
The load cases of additional loads should be advantageously defined with the same load case-
and construction stage number, e.g.: Load case 43: loads of cantilever carriage for construction
stage 43.
Initially the calculation is performed with the complete loading resulting in complete internal
forces for the end of the computed construction stage. This is necessary, because with a
change of the support conditions the complete active support-force has to be shifted accord-
ingly. Hence ASE is taking all loads activated for this construction stage into account. The load
case numbers of these complete load cases are stored within the 4000 numbers, e.g. CS 40
with all loads in load case 4040.
For the further design with AQB only the difference in internal forces between the load cases
is required, AQB for instance has to consider different safety-factors for design at the ultimate
limit state. Thus, in addition to the internal forces of the complete load case, the difference in
internal forces refering to the last load case is stored as well within the 5000 numbers (e.g.: CS
40 in load case 5040). Load case 5040 stores the difference in internal forces between load
case 4040 and 4035 (assuming load case 4035 is the construction stage before 4040).
Load cases with creep are stored by AQB within the 6000 load cases and contain the change of
internal forces due to creep and shrinkage of the cross-section, the corresponding load cases
with numbers 5000 of the creep analysis with ASE only store the internal forces due to the
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-3

redistribution of forces caused by creep and shrinkage.
Please refer also to ASE...CTRL DIFF 2000 and ASE...LCC PLC YES/NEW and AQB...COMB
LCST.
The following graphic shows the relations between the different result loadcases on creep and
shrinkage with AQB - please also refer to chapter design - dataflow.
2-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

PROG ASE
HEAD Dead Load Construction Stage Difference LC 5010
LC 4010 (from 0 to 4010)
...
PROG ASE
HEAD Prestress Construction Stage Difference LC 5011
LC 4011 (from 4010 to 4011)
...
PROG AQB
HEAD Creep Inner Stresses
COMB ... LCST 6015
includes inner tendon stress loss
PROG ASE Difference LC 5015

HEAD Creep Construction Stage (from 4011 to 4015)
LC 4015 ... = creep redistribution
LCC 6015 $ creep curvature from AQB
LC 4000... = summed up load cases =

total load, total force, total displacement
LC 6000... = AQB inner stresses
LC 5000... = difference load cases =

difference force and displacement
Separation of creep in part inner stress loss (LC 6000...) and redistribution due to creep cur-
vature (LC 5000...) see next page.
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Lets assume a prestressed beam on creep acting loading G+P:
In a first step, an AQB run checks the pure section creep on constant bending moment. Due to
creep, shrinkage and tendon steel relaxation the tendon stress will decrease by Δσ P, parallel
the concrete stress will change to hold the constant outer bending moment.
These stress changes Δσ due to pure section creep are stored in the AQB run as inner stresses
in LC 6000... (on constand outer bending moment). The LC 6000... only gets a printed delta
moment, because usually the engineer wants to see the part without the statically prestress.
Nevertheless the stress increments in the above picture are in equilibrium on themself.
Δσ
Δσ P-6000 curvature load LC 6000...
Δσ
These curvature is applied after AQB in the following ASE and creates creep deformations and
a redistribution moment in case of statically indetermined systems.
Correct stresses can now only be achieved with an AQB run, collecting all parts, e.g. in a
check-print or an AQB design with COMB ... LC1 G LC2 P LC3 C LCST 7015 where G contains
the differential case 5010, P the differential case 5011 and C the parts 5015+6015. The result
storage loadcase 7015 then contains all parts including the inner creep eigenstresses 6015,
that can never be taken into account in a MAXIMA superposition! Overview:
• Total CS displacements and forces starting LC 4000...

• Difference displacements and forces LC 5000...
• AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage LC 6000...
• Stress results of the AQB-LCST-evaluation LC 7000...
LC 7000... must be used to plot stresses and the beam normal force incl. C+S in WINGRAF!
2-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

Overview loadcases used by CSM:

:
CSM Construction stages:
3970- 3997: Comparison loadcases - cast in one (CTRL cast)
4000- 4999: Total CS displacements and forces
5000- 5999: Difference displacements and forces
6000- 6999: AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage
7000- 7999: AQB-LCST result stresses (real stresses)
15000- 15999: Primary part effect of prestress separated in construction stages
16000- 16999: Secondary effect of prestress in construction stages
using more than 1000 stages (or CTRL GPCS 1):

40000-49999: Total CS displacements and forces
50000-59999: Difference displacements and forces
60000-69999: AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage
70000-..., 150000-159999, 160000-169999: as above 7000...16000...
On CTRL GPCS (GPC separated on stages ’removint temp. supports’:

110000-119999: separated part G
120000-129999: separated part P
For CSM precamber analysis (CAMB)

140000-149999: Total CS displacements without CAMB modification
For CSM new segments with CTRL CANT 3:

180000-189999: help load cases for analysis of restraint
For CSM Equation System usage

1999: CSM_Combination loadcase (CTRL LCEQ)
CSM DESI Design usage:

1001-1099: AQB check print
1101-1199: SLS rare (characteristic) superposition and design
1201-1299: SLS nonfrequent superposition and design
1301-1399: SLS frequent superposition and design
1401-1499: SLS permanent superposition and design
1701-1799: SLS construction design rare (characteristic)
1801-1899: SLS construction design permanent
1901-1998: 1.0 superposition
2101-2199: ULS design

2201-2299: ULS construction design
2501-2599: Accidential
2601-2699: Earthquake
2801-2899: Fatigue LM3 with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
2901-2999: Fatigue simplified LM1 with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
9001-9499: Superposition with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-7

Overview reinforcement distribution numbers used by CSM:

:
Beam cross sections (AQB):
1 : summed up total resinforcement of all design tasks
91: reinforcement distribution number in the Check Print
Quad elements (BEMESS):

1 : Maximum of necessary reinforcement (final reinforcement superposition)
11: ULS Ultimate Limit State Design
12: Minimum reinforcement and robustness reinforcement
13: Check of crack width
14: Stress check steel <0.8 fyk
15: Check concrete stress (should not give an increase)
17: Fatigue check
2-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.6 Analysis of Creep and Shrinkage

From the effective width of the elements see AQUA (for quad elements the 1.4 times quad thick-
ness is taken due to a considered covering on top), the CSM calculates creep and shrinkage
values in dependence of T0 and TS, the creep duration, the temperature and the air humidity.
The CSM uses code based functiions that are also used in AQB.
See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taaBfPlIRGA
2.6.1 Loading start T0 and shrinkage start TS

For shrinkage an age TS of 3 days is set by default, With the input GRP...TS this can be
changed in CSM. We assume/calculate that physically shrinkage starts at this age TS. The
analysis creep and shrinkage intervals start at T0 (loading age). So in the first creep and
shrinkage interval T0 to T0+T the shrinkage part from TS to T0 is not applied! This is correct
for the standard case prestress with subsequent bond where prestress C+S loss starts at T0.
With the same reason also the total shrinkage value does not include this first shrinkage part
from TS to T0!
In steel composite sections it is necessary to take into account the first shrinkage part from
TS up to the start of loading. To do this you must input T0=TS= 1 day, see example
steel_composite_orto.dat .
For in situ concrete slab on a prerefabricated beam T0 may not be input too small because
then the concrete wounld be too weak for first dead load G_1 or prestressing. Thus in example
csm3_composite_beam.dat T0=3 and TS=1 is set for group 10. Completely correct could also
be to input T0=TS= 1 day, calculate the first activation of the beams without dead load (GRP
FACD), then add a creep step with e.g. 7 days and then activate dead load G_1 and following
prestress P.
2.6.2 Real Creep

The behavior of function CTRL CREP RCRE (real creep) can be best demonstrated on a
simple one span girder with a temporary load -> real_creep_creepparameter.dat.
A girder will be stripped after t0=7 days. To keepn it simple dead load is switched off (or you
imagine the load to be horizontally). After further 93 days a loading A occurs. After further 200
days the load is taken away again:
- t0 = 7 days : Stripping construction stage CS 10

- t1=100 days : Start loading load A construction stage CS 20
- t2=300 days : End of load construction stage CS 30
- t∞ =30 years : final stage
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-9

load A
t0 t1 t2 t∞
t0 t1 t2 t∞
From t2 up to t∞ the girder is stressfree and one could imagine that no further deformation
occurs. But this is not the case, the ist deformation goes back further. This bahavior is also
called back-creeping or in the CSM notation "real creep" with CTRL CREP RCRE.
The CSM bzw. ASE and AQB treat the load A in two parts, one loading starting at t1 und
one negative loading starting at t2. This is analyzed in the two difference loadcases 5020 and
5030:
difference loadcase 5020
{
0.89 {
1.04
t0 t1 t2 t∞
t0 t1
1.88
{
difference case 5030
- difference loadcas 5020 starts at time t1 with an own creep function (red). T0 of this creep
function is 100 days.
- difference loadcas 5030 starts at time t2 with an own creep function (red). T0 of this creep
function is 300 days.
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As the two creep parts have own time shifted delayed elastic parts, the backward creeping
occurs.
In example real_creep_creepparameter.dat we get the following output (first CSM run):

Creep Values
Grp Mat h-0 t0 CS CS CS total
[mm] [d] 15 25 35 ϕ-eff
t[d] ---> 93 200 10950 11243
RH[%] ---> 80 80 80
T[°C] ---> 20 20 20
1 1 400.0 7 0.82 0.28 0.61 1.71
RCRE 100 - 0.61 0.43 1.03
300 - - 0.83 0.83
In creep stage 25 from t1 up to t2 the system creeps under load with a delta-phi of 0.61 (last
but one line RCRE für t0=100). In creep stage 35 from t2 up to t∞ the positive load part 5020
creeps with a delta-phi of 0.43, the negative load part 5020 (t0=300) creeps with 0.83. This
results in the backward creeping.
For an exact creep analysis on time varying loading CTRL CREP RCRE should be used be-
cause only then a later load part will get an own creep function.
2.6.3 Simple creeping

With CTRL CREP STAN this load part depending analysis of creep values is not performed. In
every creep step all loadparts are treated with the same delta-phi, analyzed with the T0 value
defined in GRP.
Here a compare of the creep values of example csm1_4span_centering.dat. CTRL CREP

STAN:
Grp Mat h-0 t0 CS CS CS CS CS CS CS total
[mm] [d] 15 25 35 45 46 47 48 ϕ-eff
t[d] ---> 28 28 100 468 1814 7022 27196 36656
RH[%] ---> 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
T[°C] ---> 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
1 1 400.0 7 0.63 0.14 0.25 0.39 0.30 0.14 0.05 1.91
2 1 400.0 7 - 0.63 0.34 0.43 0.31 0.14 0.05 1.91
3 1 400.0 7 - - 0.91 0.48 0.33 0.15 0.05 1.91
Grp group number ϕ-eff sum construction stage creep parts
h-0 notional size (2A/U) t effective duration creep interval
t0 age of concrete at time of loading RH relative humidity
CS construction stage creep part Δϕ-eff T temperature in creep interval
Group 2 is not yet active in creep step CS 15, therefore the starting delta-phi of 0.63 appears
in CS 25 for the first time. Creep for the older Group 1 is calculated with a delta-phi of 0.14 in
this stage. But the total creep factor 1.91 is the same for all groups.
Shrinkage coefficients are computed accordingly.
Now to compare: the same example with CTRL CREP RCRE:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-11

Grp Mat h-0 t0 CS CS CS CS CS CS CS total

[mm] [d] 15 25 35 45 46 47 48 ϕ-eff
t[d] ---> 28 28 100 468 1814 7022 27196 36656
RH[%] ---> 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
T[°C] ---> 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
1 1 400.0 7 0.63 0.14 0.25 0.39 0.30 0.14 0.05 1.91
RCRE 35 - 0.47 0.25 0.32 0.23 0.11 0.03 1.41
63 - - 0.60 0.32 0.21 0.10 0.03 1.26
163 - - - 0.73 0.20 0.08 0.03 1.05
631 - - - - 0.71 0.08 0.02 0.81
2445 - - - - - 0.60 0.02 0.62
9467 - - - - - - 0.47 0.47
2 1 400.0 7 - 0.63 0.34 0.43 0.31 0.14 0.05 1.91
RCRE 7 - 0.63 0.34 0.43 0.31 0.14 0.05 1.91
35 - - 0.67 0.35 0.24 0.11 0.03 1.41
135 - - - 0.76 0.21 0.09 0.03 1.09
603 - - - - 0.71 0.08 0.02 0.81
2417 - - - - - 0.60 0.02 0.62
9439 - - - - - - 0.47 0.47
3 1 400.0 7 - - 0.91 0.48 0.33 0.15 0.05 1.91
RCRE 7 - - 0.91 0.48 0.33 0.15 0.05 1.91
7 - - 0.91 0.48 0.33 0.15 0.05 1.91
107 - - - 0.80 0.22 0.09 0.03 1.14
We see that the first line is the same as in the table before but load parts acting later get an
own T0 and an own creep function with an own total phi value.
Thus for a normal analysis the default CTRL CREP RCRE should be used.
2.6.4 Manipulation of creep and shrinkage values

In case of real creep via AQB the individual creep values are always calculated in AQB. So
they cannot be manipulated via CSM. Then the input CREP...PHI and DEPS...DPHI can not
be used. Furthermore AQB calcualtes the values depending on the actual effective member
thickness of each beam. CSM makes this only with an average effective member thicknesss
within a group.
Please notice that you can define different degrees of air contact for every edge of a cross
section in AQUA to adjust the analysis of the effective member thickness (compare to
csm3_composite_beam.dat AQUA...VERT...EXP).
Also the shinkage values are calculaed in AQB depending on the actual thickness. Only if you
input final shrinkage values in CREP...EPS or delta values in DEPS...DEPS. Then CSM would
pass the manipulated shrinkage values to AQB. AQB would take these values but then ignoring
a possible individual effective member thickness e.g. in haunches.
So it is better to change material parameter in AQUA to adjust creep and shrinkage. Then both
CSM and AQB can use them.
For concrete you can input more parameter for creep and shrinkage in AQUA MEXT EIGE
according EN 1992-1. See example real_creep_creepparameter.dat.
Often only the final creep or shrinkage value shall be adjusted. Then you can just use the
following major parameter:
- MEXT ... VAL1 = value beta-bc1 = factor on final creep value

- MEXT ... VAL3 = value beta-cd1 = factor on drying shrinkage
- MEXT ... VAL5 = value beta-ca1 = factor on chemical shrinkage
e.g. for 1.2 times creep and 1.4 times shrinkage:

CONC 1 C 40 ; MEXT 1 TYPE EIGE VAL1 1.20 VAL3 1.40 VAL5 1.40
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A compare of possibilities to modify creep curves and a recommendation is also shown at the
end of example file explicit_creep_curve.dat.
In simple cases you can also just adjust the temperature or the humidity.
2.6.5 Systems Consisting of Beams with AQB

Prestressed beams and composite cross sections require the analysis of creep and shrinkage
via AQB due to the fact that only AQB differentiates the internal stresses of a cross section.
Beams without prestress or bond can be computed with ASE directly without AQB. Prestressed
slabs can be computed as well using CSM+ASE without AQB.
2.6.6 Creep and Shrinkage of quad- and bric- and truss elements
QUAD, BRIC and Truss elements can be computed with ASE directly without AQB. Prestressed
slabs can be computed as well using the CSM.
For QUAD elements the effective member thickness can be entered with CREP...DEFQ. With-
out any input for the effective thickness CSM computes an averaged value over all QUAD
elements of one group and multiplies this thickness with 1.4 to get the effective member thick-
ness.
For BRIC elements the effective member thickness must be input in CREP...DEFQ for the
BRIC groups.
2.6.7 Creep of other elements

Springs, elastic boundaries, quad bedding, FLEX- and HASE- halfspace elements do not have
a concrete material number and are treated separate.
Please notice: in case spring elements represent concrete elements, e.g. an abutment, they
should creep as well. Otherwise spurious restraints can occur. E.g. a single span girder is fixed
with rotations springs right and left, the restraint moment will increase if only the girder creeps
and the springs not. But this is not the case if all is mase of concrete and creeps simultanious.
Only in case the springs are really made of steel and do not creep this can be input with CSM
GRP PHIF 0.
Elastic boundaries, quad bedding, FLEX- and HASE- halfspace elements often represent soil.
But soil also creates long term deflections what is similar to creep. CSM+ASE can simulate
these long term deflections by using a concrete creep behavior also for these elements.
- Springs have a group number and react on GRP-PHIF. They use the creep curves of a
concrete beam or quad in the same group. If this does not exist, ASE uses the creep
curves of a reference element - see below.
- Quad beddings have a group number and react on GRP-PHIF. As the quad-material is used
for the quad concrete, the bedding uses a creep curve of a reference element - see below.
- Elastic boundaries (BOUN) and FLEX elements use the group number for GRP-PHIF and
PHIP-PHI only in case of CTRL CREP STAN. In the real creep (RCRE) however GRP-PHIF
is taken from group 0, PHIP-PHI can not be used, the creep function of a reference element
is used - see below.
- HASE halfspace elements always use the reference element.
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-13

- Pile element with a bore profile bedding however use the concrete creep value also for the
bedding!
If a reference element is needed you best define a dummy concrete element in group
0. That material will then be used for the creep curves of these elements, see example
hase3_hase3_variable_surface_level.dat. In case in group 0 no element is found ASE takes
the first concrete element (beam or quad).
In the real creep (RCRE) in GRP 0 PHIF only the input 1 and 0 is allowed for creep YES and
NO. Best input GRP-PHIF with the same value for all groups.
2.6.8 Temperature Effects

Without input, CSM works on 20 degree celsius. Via CS...TEMP for each creep step an in-
dividual temperature can be definied. The effective age on first loading in GRP...T0 is always
related to 20 degrees!
In case of a heat treatment we recommend to not calculate the heat treatment in CSM directly
but to start with the analysis at the time when the tendons are cut in the factory. So we
recommend to not input a higher temperature but to stretch the time in the heat treatment
manually and to insert a higher value for T0 (first loading), e.g.
- for a first heat treatment on 2 days with 50 degree (dt-eff=2*3.547 = 7.094d)
you must input T0=7.1 days.
The above used factor 3.547 is analyzed using EN 1992-1-1 annex C equation (B.10).
As the tendon usually also expands due to the heat treatment, the effective prestress is lower
according EN 1992-1-1 10.5.2. So in TENDON a prestress reduced by the temperature dif-
ference must be input! See example csm3_casting_bed_method.dat comments after PROG
CSM.
2.6.9 Further Comments to Creep and Shrinkage

Whenever two quad groups with different element thickness meet together, the different phi and
eps values will result in additional stresses! This schould be considered in the arrangement
of the groups or via the manual input of an average effective member thickness. On problem
temperature on quad superstructure see also example temp_load_tbeam.dat.
Weak concrete E modulus of young concrete is already included in the creep values.
2.7 Comparison with Cast-in-one System

With CTRL CAST 1 the following load cases are computed for the means of a comparison:
Load cases for cast-in-one system (with the last group setting!)
- 3991 G_1 cast-in-one system
- 3992 G_2 cast-in-one system
- 3993 P cast-in-one system
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- 3994 C one step without exact redistributions due to creep (AQB - ctrl eige 4)
2.8 Check-Print and Control-plots of the Calculation

For beam structures a printout of internal forces and stresses for a certain cut is also gen-
erated automatically. This tabular AQB output should be checked in any case especially for
prestressed structures. The results can be found in the report file (NAME_csm.plb) in chapter
”Considered Section BEAM...”.
After the tabular AQB output mentioned above, a plot of the overall stresses of all construction
stages is generated. These results are stored in AQB with COMB...LCST in the load cases
6000 and following, these results are only stored in the Database for this very beam section.
You can also enforce a separate Check-Print and Controll-Plot, see ’Check print construction
stages for another beam’ in csm31_design.dat.
If these stresses should be computed and stored for all beam sections CTRL STOR +1 can be
input (default for prestressed bridges).
At the end of the input file CSM can also generate input data for plots of the results. In case
of a system consisting of beams, internal forces My, N and displacements are plotted for every
construction stage for instance. Please refer to input SCAL.
A visual check using the animator is essential in any case (setting of a con stant magnitude for
all load cases and disabling the load case animation - freeze image v=0). Please mention that
you see the total displacement and the total forces in the 4000-loadcases, as you would see it
in reality no site!
The real inner stresses including the inner creep effects are only found in the 7000... loadcases
(see check print)!
There is also a check print in the CSM DESI - see chapter design - check print.
2.9 Precamber analysis

See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxljlRZ2gME
2.9.1 Principle of linear precamber

The following figure shall show the principle. Lets assume a single span girder. In a first
straight forward analysis we start on a straight formwork. After g_1 and g_2 and creep until
traffic opening we get a deformation downwards.
If we mirror this shape and use it as predeformation for the formwork, we will end up in a
straight shape on traffic opening:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-15

Figure 2.4: Multistorey - Incremental Erection
Important awareness: the forces are the same, only the deformations look different.
2.9.2 Workflow in CSM

With changing groups in the construction stages the task is a little bit more compli-
cate but the same in principle. The following description is based on the example
csm26_precamber_spanbyspan.dat of a four span system:
In a LINE linear precamber analysis you best start the PREC run in a separte CSM run after the
real construction stage analysis. Then you better see that the linear PREC does not recalculate
any forces but only corrects the nodal deformations!
Only input is the definition of a stage where zero deflection shall be achieved, here stage 35
(CAMB 35) : traffic opening.
Target: precamber so that in stage traffic opening bridge is straight.
2.9.3 First Construction Stage analysis

Construction sequence: span by span erection - always concreting in a formwork standing on
the ground. So the stiffness is activated in advance without dead load and stressfree (first
liquid concrete).
In the following step the dead load is activated = removal of formwork.
General use:
In a precamber analysis it is useful to first activate elements without dead load to get the height
levels for the formwork (or the stressfree fabrication form).
For this the input GRP ICSD allows a later activation of dead load for a group.
Please first activate a group in GRP ICS1 without dead load
(dead load still hanging on the crane or lying in a formwork on the ground)
Then activate dead load in the next stage (remove from crane or remove formwork)
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In every case precamber is calculated without a chamber deformation!
Construction sequence first span and little cantilever:
Formwork supported on ground
concrete filled in, hardened (no dead load)
(always without formwork deformation)
removal formwork
activating dead load of concrete
1. creep step
Construction of 2. span:
concrete filled in, hardened (no dead lo
removal formwork
Creep step
Construction of 3. + 4. span, creep and shrinkage until trafic opening
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-17

At time trafic opening now the bridge is not straight and has kinks from one construction block
to the next.
2.9.4 Perform precamber

Now all deformations are availabe and CSM can perform the necessary precamber.
If we look top the first construction block it is clear that his deformation just has to be mirrored
and applied as negative precamber to achieve a zero displacement on trafic opening. In the
same way the CSM corrects all other deformations and stores the displacements new. The
loadcases 4000... then contain the modified total deformations, for checks the results of the
first analysis are stored without modification in the loadcases 14000.... The results in the
4000... loadcases for CAMB 35 are as follows:
Construction sequence first span and little cantilever:
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concrete filled in, hardened (no dead load)
(always without formwork deformation)
removal formwork
1. creep step
Construction of 2. span:
concrete filled in, hardened (no dead lo
removal formwork
Creep step
Construction of 3. + 4. span, creep and shrinkage until trafic opening
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-19

Nor target is reached: straight brige on trafic opening.
2.9.5 Main conclusion for linear precamber

A linear precamber does not change the forces in a linear analysis! Only the deformations are
modified!
This means in parallel, that in a force optimization you must never care about the displace-
ments. The displacements can always be adjusted in a simple (cheap) linear percamber!
Except: TH3 analysis. Or in other words: Much more important is a force finding than a dis-
placement target if you do construction stage optimization! .
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2.9.6 Nonlinear precamber analysis

Especially on cable stayed structures a precamber has an effect on the analysis because a
change in the cable length has en effect on the cable sagging.
In case you calculate your erection with construction stages, the whole analysis must be rerun
including the precamber to alalyze with correct new cable length. If a new segment is added,
it must be added with the shop form that includes the necessary precamber calculated in the
last iteration run.
Best start with example csm29_precamber_nonl.dat. After the analsis please open animator
with LC 4009. You will see the stressfree shop form of the first segment. Info: this loadcase
was analyzed without deadload and so has no stresses. The precamber you see has been
calculated at the end of the last EQIT iteration:
Figure 2.5: Stressfree shop form first segment LC 4009
Then best set magnitude of displacement to factor 20 and klick further to loadcase 4030. The
cable sagging informs you that you see the result of a nonlinear ASE analysis. The beam
is straight (traffic opening) - that just was the target of the nonlinear precamber analysis, re-
quested with CAMB 30 mode EQIT:
Figure 2.6: LC 4030: straight superstructure traffic opening including cable sagging
Looking to loadcase 4019 you see the shop form of the second segment - this has been
activated without dead load with it’s shop form:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-21

Figure 2.7: LC 4019: first segment loaded, 2. segment stressfree
But as the first segment has stresses in this stage, this plot can not be used for the visualization
of the overall shop form. For this we implemented a function to chain up all segments with their
shop form stressfree.
For this please open file csm29_precamber_plot.dat and look to the result of this CAMB mode
ANI run:
Figure 2.8: All segments chained up stressfree with their shop form
You can also use this funktion CAMB mode ANI if you activate your segments in their first
activation with dead load! The CAMB mode ANI will also then join together all segments with
their shop form.
Now we go to example csm30_a_precamber_on_site_adjustment.dat

As before we get the target of a well balanced bending moment distribu-
tion and the precamber with a mixed EQIT and CAMB analysis (last plot in
csm30_a_precamber_on_site_adjustment.dat):
Figure 2.9: Cable stayed bridge with target function -550 kNm bending in superstructure
2-22 SOFiSTiK 2020

and the necessary total precamber of the superstructure after a CAMB mode ANI run (plot in
csm30_b_precamber_plot.dat):
Figure 2.10: All segments chained up stressfree with their shop form
But now the building yard notices in construction stage CS 128 that the left pylon got an unsym-
metric settlement and inclines to the right. We simulate this with a support rotation in stage
CS 129. This correction we do in file csm30_c_precamber_site.dat by changing an already
existing dummy load LC 99 ’unsymmetric settlement’ for stage CS 129. We now again work on
a copy of the database, see input file command +sys copy
Figure 2.11: Problem on site: left pylon got an unsymmetric settlement
In file csm30_c_precamber_site.dat we now calculate this situation with the unchanged pre-
camber (CAMB mode FIX) and unchanged scalable loadcase factors (EQIT ITER 0). Of course
we see that the cantilevers now do not match in midspan:
Figure 2.12: Problem on closing the gap due to unsymmetric settlement
We now are in stage CS 128 and cannot make changes for the stages before - they are already
built.
We can only make changes for the stages behind and this analysis with additional corrections
is done in file csm30_d_precamber_corr.dat. The primary target to match in midspan can
be achieved easily with an additional ballast in the left sidespan in stage CS 309. But to
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-23

increase the upward curvature of the superstructure right of the first pylon we increase the
cable prestress for the next segments there, see input file. Please notice that we assume that
all segments are already prefabricated and cannot be modified!
With these additional corrections we achieve a good gap closing also in case of this dramatic
unsymmetric pylon settlement:
Figure 2.13: Bridge at traffic opening including unsymmetric settlement
We can see a slight wave in the superstructure but what shall we do : we cannot change the
already built elements. Also the bending moment curve has changed slightly but is acceptable.
In file csm30_e_precamber_kink.dat we now solve the problem by inserting the next segment
with a kink. Again we use the old factores of the scalable laodcases and the old workshop
form:
Figure 2.14: Solving the problem with a kink (highly enlarged)
In file csm30_f_precamber_equu.dat we also insert a kink but now run a new optimization.
Only the old workshop form of the segments is used again.
2.10 Shape and Force Optimization

CSM can also compute load case factors for a set of uniform load cases EQLC to fit desired
deformation or stress states. He will calculates the load case factors that will satisfy the restric-
tions defined by EQUU, EQPP and EQBE.
See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2GqbTaRSsE
2-24 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.10.1 Optimization on final system without construction stages

Against the statement in the last chapter that opimization of deflection is not the first goal, such
an optimization is used in the following example to show the technique. But please notice:
only in a final system without construction stages a zero-displacement-optimization gives good
results in the bending moment of the superstructure.
The following description is based on the example csm21_eqation_cable_stayed.dat.
Without optimization (without correct cable prestress) the following system will deflect in
midspan and give unbalanced bending moments:
system Deadload on final system
→ unbalanced bending moment
How to find the necessary cable perstress? On final systems without construction stages we
can exceptionally require a zero deflection because here on zero deflection also the bending
in the superstructure will be balanced.
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-25

On this bridge we have 8 degrees of freedom = 8 scalable cable prestress cases:
1 2 3 ... 8
These 8 single prestress loadcases are analyzed on the final system!
As we have 8 scalable loadcases we can wish 8 force or displacement targets:
8: vx=0
1: 2 3 ...
vz=0
When all 8 single prestress loadcases are analyzed on the final system, the CSM can build an
8*8 equation system that will give the unit factors based on the target conditions:
8*8 Equation system
→gives 8 factors P1-P8
Then running the final system with these 8 factors P1-P8 you get a straight bridge and bal-
aanced bending moments:
2-26 SOFiSTiK 2020

For this CSM automatically creates a corresponding input file:
+PROG ASE
HEAD
LC 1001 FACD 1.00
LCC 1 FACT 1.000000 $ dead load
LCC 31 FACT 1.686222
LCC 32 FACT 1.684042
LCC 33 FACT 2.102962 $ prestress faktors from equation system!
LCC 34 FACT 2.477027
LCC 35 FACT 2.961164
LCC 36 FACT 3.295547
LCC 37 FACT 4.363908
LCC 38 FACT 8.702305
END
2.10.2 Optimization on systems with construction stages
In Systems with construction stages please forget the optimization of displacements! The
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-27

displacements can always be adjusted in a simple (cheap) linear percamber. Concentrate on

the optimization of forces and only use force targets!
The following description is based on the example csm23_cable_stay_optimisation_2.dat.
In a first construction stage run with estimated cable prestress factors, new elements are added
tangentially (CTRL CANT 2):
Please remember: displacement shape is NOT of interest for the force optimization, because
linear precamber is very cheap and easy in a post run. So we look at the forces:
Cable forces:
Bending moments in superstructure: still unbalanced:
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How to get balanced bending moment?

We define our targets, here 8 force-targets (bending moments):
My_pylon = 0.0 kNm

My_pylon = 0.0 kNm
My_pylon = 0.0 kNm
My= My= My= My= My=

-300 -300 -300 -300 -500
8 Targets require 8 scalable loadcases!
As we have only 6 scalable cable prestress loadcases, two more scalable loadcases are re-
quired. We choose two support deflection:
Prestress cable Prestress cable

Support Support
lowering lowering
Please consider that the cable prestress loadcases are in time before the insertion of the last
segment and they cannot effect a bending moment in the last segment! So we must find a
scalable loadcase that has an effect on MY-B. Only the support deflection C has an effect on
MY-B.
My_A= My_B=
-300 -500
Support Support
lowering B lowering C
It is very profitable to assign each variabel loadcas EQLC to a corresponding EQBE to keep an
overview which scalable loadcase can effect a result best! it is very profitable to assign each
EQLC to a corresponding EQBE:
Here beams 741+746 can only be scaled with LC 5083+5087
-> EQLC and corresponding EQBE in one line!
EQLC 5083 ; EQBE NO 746 X 0 MY -500 $ vz-B with effect on MY-A
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-29

EQLC 5087 ; EQBE NO 741 X 0 MY -300 $ vz-C with effect on MY-B
With these 8 scalable loadcases v1–v8 the CSM optimization program can calculate 8 loadcase
factors P1–P8. Dependencies Sik are now based on the computed construction sequence.
With these factors the complete construction stage analysis now is repeated.
For a linear analysis and if no elements are removed, the targets will be reached in one step.
For nonlinear analysis an iterative loop over the procedure is possible.
In our example we now end in a balanced bending moment:
Target bending moment was 0.0 kNm in the pylon and

-300 kNm in 4 points in beam right of the pylon and -500 at sidespan!
Targets reached !
In a linear post precamber with input

CAMB CS 92 MODE LINE
now also the deformations can be corrected easily.
2-30 SOFiSTiK 2020

Overview over the three steps:
1. straight forward CSM run → bad forces + deformation:
2. run with optimized factors → force OK, deformation somehow:
3. Precamber (does not change forces) → forces + deformation OK:
= balanced bending moment and zero deflection in stage traffic opening!
Target reached !
The example csm27_suspension_w_nonlopti.dat shows the nonlinear technique for a suspen-

sion bridge:
Example csm28_suspension_bridge_real.dat shows a real suspension bridge. Please first run

only the tasks up to Label ’End of Part 1’!
The example csm25_equation_cable_removal.dat demonstrates the usage for a cable removal

- here a real user bridge:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-31

Arch construction
2.10.3 Geometry Opitmization

In a shape optimization in CSM we usually think of a target displacement 0.0 m on traffic
opening = the stressed system on g_1 and g_2 shall have the architectural form.
Beside this you may have a real geometry optimization with the target of a new optimized
system. This is not task of a CSM optimization!
But with standard impCADINP features you can solve such geometry optimization. In the
example geometry_opti_arch.dat the target is a bending free arch under g_1 und g_2.
The example geometry_opti_3d.dat shows the same for a 3d curved compression arch of a
pedestrian bridge.
2.11 Incremental Launching

See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euuJqK8TqFk
On incremental launching parts of the system (superstructure) are launched. The contact to
the supporting structure (piers) is done using moving spring contact elements.
Best define the moving springs on top of the piers and let them point upwards. As these
springs have no fixed contact partner at all, it is best to define them not as coupling spring
but as single spring without node KE (SOFIMSHA: SPRI NO KA DZ upwards CP 1E7). See
e.g. csm40_launching_introduction.dat SOFIMSHA-MESH2: there the spring on the pier
head points upwards and even does not point to a superstructure beam node:
2-32 SOFiSTiK 2020

In special cases the springs can also be defined as coupling spring with a sec-
ond node KE, e.g. in case of a graphical input with an inclined direcion see
csm44_incremental_launching_circle_2.dat. The second node KE is exchanged during
launching and slips over the contact rail defined via ASE-MOVS.
2.11.1 Incremental Launching Training - tips and tricks

Please first store file csm40_launching_introduction.dat in a working directory. You can also
store the whole folder program...sofistik/2014/ANALYSIS_30/csm.dat in a working directory to
always have o copy of all examples ready for calculation.
Then please start the file with the preset modules AQUA+MESH6+ASE56+CSM6 +last apply
to get an overview over the final training target.
Handling Instabilies: part MESH1: Not supported superstructure
Please now go to chapter MESH1 of the input file: Not supported superstructure
and start only the SOFIMSHA MESH1 and the following ASE ASE1a.
You will get an error as the system is not yet supported. Please keep calm, open the Animator
and check the instability loadcases 1001-1006.
For a better check please now run the following ASE ASE1b.
There a dynamic stiffness with STEP is added to better check the problem. Due to dead load
now the system accelerates in one second in the direction of earth center. Please check in
Animator. WINGRAF shows following vz:
First supports: part MESH2: Vertikal Moving Springs
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-33

Please calculate SOFIMSHA MESH2 and ASE2a+ASE2b+ASE2c+WING2+ASE2d.
The definition of the upwards pointing moving springs is shown here above before chapter
”Incremental Launching Training”. We recommend to define the effekts vertical-longitudinal-
transvers-rotation in separate springs.
A first ASE run ASE2a direct after SOFIMSHA results in a free fall. Not before the definition
of the moving spring effect in ASE2b, ASE2c will use the desired support contact. All springs
are now looking for a contact to the node rail from #firstnode to #last_node. For checks which
contact has been found please look to the report at the beginning of the ASE ASE2c output:
MOVS-elem 9001 node 1001 contactfactor 1.00 ->on node 1 2 L= 2.500

We read that moving spring 9001 really found 100% contact between node 1+2. The following
WING beam-MY plot also shows the correct bending moment including an inner bending part
in beam 1:
ASE2c was again calcualted using an additional dynamic stiffness. Without this in ASE2d
again an error occurs. A check in the Animator shows the missing horizontal and rotational
support.
Stable System with TRAN horizontal fixing: part MESH3:
Please calculate SOFIMSHA MESH3 and ASE3a+ASE3b+ASE3c+ASE3d.
Now the superstructrue is also connected in longitudinal+transverse+rotational direction with

the pier head using ASE-MOVS-L0=TRAN.
The advantage of L0=TRAN is that you can use the same spring node (pier head) for all
effects. Please notice that e.g. spring 11001 was defined with direction DX 1. But due to
L0=TRAN the spring does not look in this x-direction for a contact but searches transverse
(looking perpendicular to the rail) to find a contact between #firstnode and #last_node. The
nearest node is choosen. We look to the report and see that spring 11001 selected only node
1:
MOVS-elem 11001 node 1001 contactfactor 1.00 ->on node 1 L= 1.000
Remember: moving spring 9001 is a main spring (without L0=QUER) and also uses a contact
inside of beam 1!
2-34 SOFiSTiK 2020

So transverse springs with L0=TRAN work more simple as they only use one node for the
contact. But they can handle the additional moment due to the excentricity of the contactforce.
In ASE3b also dead load in x and y direction is calculated to test the support. You should
also test the contact with an feigenfrequency analsis - see ASE3c. You can also start the
Instabilitätscheck manuelly (otherwise only stratet automatically in case of real instability) - see
ASE3d.
With real horizontal rail: part MESH4:
Please calculate SOFIMSHA MESH4 and ASE4a+LOAD4+ASE4b+WING4+ASE4c.
Now we transverse contact is created using a more accurate real moving spring without
L0=TRAN. For this we set a node 7000... hozizontally beside the contact rail (beam refer-
ence point = top center), couple it to the pier head and can now insert a real moving spring
without L0=TRAN (L0 #dhmovs[m]) and direction SOFIMSHA SPRI DY -1 :
In reality the launching rail is on bottom of the section but this is only relevant for torsion due
to horizontal loads. Solutions are shown in chapter ’launching nose’. Optimal usage see see
csm44_incremental_launching_circle_2.dat.
The testloadcases 1+2+3 in ASE4b are again satisfying. In loadcase 901 a single horizon-
tal load is tested. The horizontal contact moving springs group 12 now do not give a mo-
ment excentirity themselves - the excentricity is just performed by the excentic coupling of the
nodes 7000.. In WING4 the target is checked: target Sum-MZ at bottom of piers=400 kNm
(100kN*4m):
In the last ASE ASE4c now a first lauching is tested. With ASE LAUN the elements of group 1
are shifted in negative x direction:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-35

For checks of the used contact please look to the report at the beginning of each ASE part.
In the last launching with dx=-7.0 m spring 9003 did not find a contact as pier 3 is not yet
reached:

MOVS-elem 9003 node 1003 contactfactor0.000 ->on node 21 L= 2.500
With (too short) launching bed: part MESH5:
Please calculate SOFIMSHA MESH5 and ASE5a+ASE5b ,

after the error in ASE5b calculate also ASE5c.
All elements of the first pier are just copied multiple times and placed in the launching bed.
We not get 17 supports instead of 3 - see STO#nmovs 17. For the superstructure only group
1 is activated. Group 2 is not yet activated to study first construction stages. The first three
construction stages in ASE5b loadcases 101-103 show a correct behavior in the launching
bed. But loadcase 104 with dx=-32.00 m is instable. The following check run in ASE5c LC 904
with STEP 1 dt 1.0 tells us immediately the reason: the launching bed is too short and group 1
hangs over the first pier:
Please now calculate CSM5 and the following +apply (may be change the -apply manually in
+apply !). Without dynamic stiffness also this CSM will cause instability. So it is input for test
purpose:
CTRL ASE TEXT ’step 1 dt 1’ $ Dynamic stiffness for test in CSM
2-36 SOFiSTiK 2020

and you get in principle the saem information about the support problem.
Final training system: part MESH6:
Please calculate SOFIMSHA MESH6 und ASE56+CSM6+apply

(may be change the -apply manually in +apply !)
Group 1 has been made 1 element longer now. So on launching group 1 reaches pier 2 before
it is leaving the launching bed support.
Please now open the animator and klick through the stages:
- start first CS loadcase 4100,
- set magnitude to a fixed value (button)
- klick into field ’magnitude’ and input e.g. 20)
- set animation speed to zero (input 0 or use red hand)
- Then switch through the 4000... loadcases.
therefore you can use the keyboard button cursor-down to switch to next loadcase (through the
loadcases) or use the loadcase loop feature with speed>0.
2.11.2 Launching nose

Most important for the launching nose is the idea, that the moving springs always build a con-
tact the the nodal rail. If the slipping rail is horizontal in reality, also the SOFiSTiK a horizontal
nodal contact line from #firstnode to #last_node must be used.
In the previous training example the superstructure sections were referenced on top of the
secion. This is usually senseful and recommended in bridge design because with this you can
easily create a haunched superstructure. Usually the launching nose is also haunched but with
a straight line below.
If the bottom face of the launching nose goes a little bit upwards to help slipping onto the next
pier, also the MOVS contact nodes must get up the same way. You then get big (desired) ver-
tical displacement due to this gap and you can only work with magnitude 1.0 in the animator.
therwise the magnitude would disturb the viewing and trouble the interpretation. Also a non-
linear analysis is required in most cases because otherwise the next pier could pull down the
launching nose (if in reality the gap is not yet closed).
We go back to linear analysis - possible variants:
In Example csm42_incremental_launching.dat the nodal contact line is on top of the super-

structure and the launching nose sections are hanging far beyond the upper superstructure
node line. These sections have their zero point 0-0 upwards outside the material:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-37

Real section view
beams + excentric
sections
nodal line + MOVS
In Example csm44_incremental_launching_circle_2.dat the nose sections are also hanging

far beyond the upper superstructure node line. In addition two separate launching rails are
defined underneath the superstructure. They are coupled with stiff beams (couplings do not
react on a LAUN rotation). Die disadvantage of these bottom-trails is that also the added
internal beam moment of a contact inside the beams is added only on the bottom trail and not
in the superstructure. There it is missing for a design - so use short beams! But the definition
of a rail beyond the superstructure looks very realistic:
Real section view
beams + excentric
sections
nodal line + MOVS
Example csm45_launching_precamber.dat is prepared for nonlineaer launching. The nose

points up a little bit. The nodal contact line lies on top of the superstructure:
2-38 SOFiSTiK 2020

Real section view
beams + excentric
sections
nodal line + MOVS
In Example csm46_launching_nose_nonlinear.dat the nose points up as well but the nodal

contact line lies on bottom of the superstructure. All sections are defined with reference point
0-0 on the bottom:
Real section view
beams + excentric
sections
nodal line + MOVS
All variants are correct. The reality is best represented by the system with the two separate
launching rails underneath the superstructure but caution is necessary defining the rail and
coupling sections - see input file.
2.12 CSM Design

Please also watch the YOUTUBE video ’CSM DESI Bridge Design’ on this topic: ->
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCshbOx5qo
- and for slab quad bridges: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FdNbAgwPrI
- and CSM Beam Interpretations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_W0PCD44UQ
- or for AASHTO design: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJxF50C7pN8
2.12.1 Superposition and design concept

With little additional input, CSM can perform a quick design, because the most important con-
struction information (GPC-parts) is allready defined with the construction stages. For EN-1992
the input ACT and DESI are implemented for a prestress design.
Main examples:
Beam: csm31_design.dat YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCshbOx5qo
Quad: csm32_slab_design.dat YOUTUBE:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FdNbAgwPrI
Main design concept: the program knows everything about the GPC parts and so only the
variable actions must be added:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-39

Figure 2.15: YOUTUBE video -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCshbOx5qo
The GPC have statically determined and secondary (parasitic) parts. The sum of all actions is:
Sum= (G0 + G  ) + (P0 + P  ) + C0 + C  + Y_D
with:
• G0 dead load on statically determined system

• G  dead load locked-in force effects from construction process
G0 + G  are not separated in a standard CSM analysis!
With CTRL CAST you can calculate "cast in one" forces G0 .
• P0 statically determined part of prestress
• P  secondary or parasitic part of prestress
P0 + P  are separated acc. Eurocode only in the fatigue check
see example csm31_design.dat
• C0 statically determined creep+shrinkage (inner lost of prestress)
6000... loadcases - are used with gamma = 1.0
• C  secondary part of creep = redistribution
5000... loadcases - on CTRL GAMC with own safety factor
With C_1 and C_2 you can design traffic opening and t-infinite
• Y_D presuperposed container of variable actions - here ULS Y_D
You can best check the available parts after the presuperposition with a first CSM DESI Check
Print run. There the most important results are explained like in a tutorial!
On GPC: the storage philosophy of the CSM construction stage results GPC (G=dead load,
P=prestress, C=creep+shrinkage) is explained in chapter ”Load Cases - Primary Load Cases
- Difference Load Cases” in a graphical plot. The CSM also prints the following overview of
loadcases:
overview of loadcases
Total CS displacements and forces starting at loadcase number. 4000
2-40 SOFiSTiK 2020

Difference displacements and forces starting at loadcase number. 5000

AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage from loadcasenumber. 6000
Stress results of the AQB-LCST-evaluation from loadcasenumber. 7000
7000ff: to check prestress normal force after creep and shrinkage:
-> WINGRAF beam normal force LC 7000ff
2.12.2 Superposition with the variable actions

In a first presuperposition, the variable actions are combined without GPC (G=dead load,
P=prestress, C=creep+shrinkage) in a first separate MAXIMA run (see following graphic).
For the rare (characteristic) action combination RARE the produced max-min forces are stored
in a presuperposition KOMB ... TYPE Y_1 ans stored with load case numbers 1141-1152. Is
some codes with LC 1161-1172 an additional combination traffic + wind without temperature
is created also TYPE Y_1, LC 1141-1152 then contains temperature without wind. For wind
without traffic a further presuperposition Y_1 is created (e.g. loadcase number 1181-1192),
see ACT ZW+SW.
A following Maxima run then creates the final combination RARE with the precombinations Y_1
and the permanent actions GPC in loadcase 1121-1132 (G=dead load, P=prestress, C=C+S.
- from CSM construction stage analysis).
In the same way precombinations and final MAXIMA combinations for nonfrequent with Y_2
LC 1200ff, frequent with Y_3 LC 1300ff, permanent with Y_4 LC 1400ff and if necessary for
Y_9 1900ff with 1.0 psi-values for reaction forces are created. For design inclusive the load
safety factors GAMU the combination DESI (presuperposition Y_D ) with LC 2100.ff is created,
for a simplified stress range check FATI with LC 2500.ff.
These final combinations are used directly for QUAD elements e.g. for a design in BEMESS -
LF DESI.
Using prestressed or composite sections, the load parts GPC must be assigned to cross sec-
tion construction stages (netto, ideell). Thus the parts GPC must be defined in AQB separately,
e.g. LC 5010 TYPE ’G_1 ’ CT CS0 REF PART. These LC definitions are summarized in block
#include loadca_aqb. The corresponding variable actions are then added with the prepared
precombination Y_1 to Y_D , e.g. COMB MAXR LC1 G LC2 P LC3 C LC4 Y_1 1.0 LCST
For graphical checks the forces and stresses of the AQB combinations are stored with COMB
LCST. For this the following sceme will be used:
OVERVIEW CREATED LOADCASES AND DESIGN NUMBERS

convention loadcase numbering:
1100 = rare combination 1700+9700 = in construction stages
1200 = nonfrequent combination
1300 = frequent combination
1400 = permanent combination 1800+9800 = in construction stages
1900 = 1.0 superposition
2100 = design 2200 = in construction stages
2500 = accidential
2600 = earthquake
2800 = Fatigue LM3 2900 = Fatigue simplified stress range LM1
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-41

For WINGRAF-views: MAXIMA superpostion results start with MAX or MIN in the loadcase
title, all other titles come from AQB combinations! Only for the BEAM-AQB-combinations the
LC number is further devided in:
10-th number: 00 = 100 % prestress

70 = 75 % prestress -> loadcase 9000...
90 = 90 % prestress -> loadcase 9000...
10 = 110 % prestress
20+30 = 90 % prestress fatigue LM1+LM3 -> 9000...
1-th number: 0+1 = maximum/minimum value uncracked design I
5+6 = maximum/minimum value cracked design II
With this convention we get the following AQB-LCST-loadcase numbers:

(9000.. numbers with prestress other than 100 %,
design of construction stages with numbers +400).
combination prestress uncracked cracked II

max LC min max LC min
SLS rare Pk,inf 90% 9190 9191 9195 9196
(characteristic) Pm 100% 1100 1101 1105 1106
Pk,sup 110% 1110 1111 1115 1116
SLS nonfrequent Pk,inf 90% 9290 9291 9295 9296

Pm 100% 1200 1201 1205 1206
Pk,sup 110% 1210 1211 1215 1216
SLS frequent Pk,inf 90% 9390 9391 9395 9396

Pm 100% 1300 1301 1305 1306
Pk,sup 110% 1310 1311 1315 1316
Fatigue weld+couplings Pk,inf 75% 9370 9371 9375 9376
stress range LM1 Pk,inf 90% 9320 9321 9325 9326
" LM3 midspan Pk,inf 90% 9330 9331 9335 9336
" LM3 innersupports Pk,inf 90% 9340 9341 9345 9346
SLS permanent Pk,inf 90% 9490 9491 9495 9496

Pm 100% 1400 1401 1405 1406
Pk,sup 110% 1410 1411 1415 1416
9000- LC for 10-th numbers>20 !
ULS [desi] Pm 100% - - 2105 2106
2.12.3 Dataflow with superposition container

The following graphic shall demonstrate, how the presuperposition container Y_1 ... Y_D (con-
tainer with variable actions) are used for both:
2-42 SOFiSTiK 2020

- the final superposition including GPC (2. MAXIMA) (support reactions)

- and the final AQB design
GPC STL
Dead load, Prestress, Creep Settlement, Temperature
CSM−difference LC’s Live load, Variable action
MAXIMA
Presuperposition without G P C
COMB TYPE LC
Y_1 rare 1141
nonfrequent
Y_2 frequent 1241
frequent
Y_3 nonfrequent 1341
Y_4 permanent 1441
Y_9 1.0−reactions 1941
Y_D design 2141
Y_A accidental 2541
Y_E earthquake 2641
Y_F fatigue load model LM3 2841
Y_G fatigue simplified LM1 2941
MAXIMA
Final Superposition with G P C
COMB TYPE LC−>WING
RARE 1121
...
PERM 1421
DESI 2121 BEMESS
ACCI 2521 (quads)
EARQ 2621
AQB (beams)
Separate Superpos. on gross/net section
COMB TYPE LCST−>WING
MAXR rare 1101 1105 1191 1195
...
MAXP permanent 1401
MAXD design 2101
MAXA accidental 2501
MAXE earthquake 2601
2.12.4 Design
Please also watch the YOUTUBE video ’CSM DESI Bridge Design’ on this topic:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCshbOx5qo (YOUTUBE video CSM DESI)
After a presuperposition a design can be startet with CSM DESI. So the forces can correctly
be transfered to the design modules.
Main examples:
Beam: csm31_design.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-43

Quad: csm32_slab_design.dat
2.12.5 Design check print

Please always start with a first CSM DESI CHEK Check Print run for a single element selected
with SELE BEAM. There the most important results are explained! The output of this first check
print of the linear normal stresses should be checked in any case. Following you get a check
of the ULS and crack design of one single beam:
Figure 2.16: CSM DESI Check Print for a single selected beam element
How to check the combination factors is written there in the created _chek.dat input file at
chapter Check-print ULS design
-> +PROG AQB $ Check Print ULS design at the COMB combinations.
For this and other checks there also exists a YOUTUBE video ’CSM DESI Bridge Design’: ->
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in8OTk24f1U
In a quad design you can select a quad with SELE X,Y,Z. Then you get stress plots and
numerical output for this quad in the BEMESS runs. For further checks on quad design see
also example voided_slab.dat
2.12.6 Sequence of design tasks

To not get confused by the huge amount of results we recommend to let them run separate
(e.g. only DESI ULTI as shown in csm31_design.dat ). Then you can better check the results
separate and you have a better overview.
Using SSD you best insert multiple CSM-DESIGN tasks with only one design task each. Using
Teddy you can also open e.g. the created _gzt.dat file and run and check the results separate.
Please notice that with every CSM-DESI run also a WINGRAF .gra file is created. In this file
the actual result plots are already prepared for interactive changes (box, groups):
2-44 SOFiSTiK 2020

- Please open windows explorer and double klick on file _uls.gra

- Or open WINGRAF and from there open file _uls.gra
- Or in SSD: insert a task ’Interactive graphics’ and from there open file
Then please immediately store the .gra file under another name to keep your changes. With a
CSM-DESI STAN run (here at the end) you can also get an overview over the possible design
tasks.
2.12.7 Why AQB AND MAXIMA superposition

Why AQB: because forces can act on different cross section stages:
1. Post-tensioned prestress P and structural dead load G_1 act on a partial cross sec-
tion with the ungrouted duct and do not create an additional stress change in the
tendon (still unbonded). (We assume that while stressing the tendon, the girder lifts
from the formwork and simultaneously activates G_1)
2. Additional dead load G_2 acts on the grouted cross section ( with tendon in bond)
and creates a stress change in the tendon. Therefore we should not mix G_1 and
G_2 before the design! After a pre-superposition it is not possible to separate those
effects!
3. Moreover in composite sections, the dead load G_1 usually acts on the steel part of
the section and the dead load G_2 acts on the composite steel and concrete.
4. Creep and shrinkage C create internal stress stages that cannot be taken into ac-
count in MAXIMA. In a composite section, shrinkage creates tension in the concrete
and compression in the steel while the external forces N and MY are zero. In pre-
stressed sections the loss of prestress due to creep and shrinkage is only an internal
stress state, the external forces N and MY are zero as well (without secondary ef-
fects). See also figure dataflow in chapter loadcases.
5. All the variable load cases, that act on the final section can be pre-superimposed in a
MAXIMA container e.g. Y_D (CSM-DESI Eurocode design - see csm31_design.dat).
Why MAXIMA: because AQB only works on beams:
1. All other elements like springs, cables or quads and support reactions do not have
internal section stages and can be superimposed in MAXIMA completely. Quads can
directly be designed with the MAXIMA result forces (tendons in quad elements work
in a different way than tendons in beam elements).
2.12.8 Primary and secondary effect of prestress

In general 2*2 prestress factors are possible. For two different usage A and B always two
different actions are possible in SOFiSTiK:
Usage A: different factors rsup e,g, in decompression check
1. ACT P_0 : for pre-tensioning or unbonded tendons:

rsup = 1.05 and rinf = 0.95
2. ACT P_1 : for post-tensioning with bonded tendons:
rsup = 1.10 and rinf = 0.90
Usage B: Separation of primary and secondary effect of prestress
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-45

1. ACT PB : primary effect of prestress

2. ACT ZP : secondary effect of prestress (redistribution)
Due to the complexity only these literal shall be used!
The CSM can handle these 2 sets of actions and uses them in AQB combinations automati-
cally:
in usage A CSM uses Set P_0 and P_1

CSM writes for AQB e.g. COMB ... LC1 P_0 0.95 LC2 P_1 0.90
see csm3_P_0_P_1.dat -> first PROG CSM -> CTRL PKIN 0.95 V2 0.90
(decompression check)
in usage B CSM uses Set PB and ZP

CSM writes for AQB e.g. COMB ... LC1 PB 0.90 LC2 ZP 1.00
see csm31_design.dat -> last CSM -> DESI FAT PAR3 0.9 PAR4 1.00
(fatigue check according EN1992-1-1 5.10.9)
So it is not allowed to mix usage A and B. For manual input it is not allowed to mix P_0 and
P_1 with PB and ZP.
In AQB COMB ... LC1 P always applies the total sum of prestress P_0 + P_1 with both primary
and secondary effect.
2.12.9 Fatigue checks beam elements - reinforcement distribution numbers

In case settlement or temperature actions are defined in the CSM DESI MAXI run, the induced
MAXIMA creates a container Y_8 (combination TEMP_SETZ) that combines the most unfa-
vorable forces of settlement and temperature. In the AQB run then in a loop in a time one of
these Y_8 loadcases (LC 1841...) is used as permanent part and the stress range is calculated
with the fatigue acting FAT loadcases. With DESI FAT PAR1 0 no temperature or settlement
loadcases are taken into account.
If necessary and possible, the reinforcement is increased in the fatigue design. An additional
loop performs the check one time for pk-inf and one time for pk-sup.
As for different span and support locations different axle load factors (1.40 und 1.75) must be
applied, three AQB design runs are started: - In a first run with axle load factor 1.40 (span)
for all elements the reinforcement fatigue check is done. The used or increased reinforcement
is stored in design case 23. The maximum stresses can be plotted in Wingraf under the AQB
LCST loadcase storage number. See "Overview result access beam elements in WINGRAF"
in the CSM DESI report.
- With the possible increased reinforcement then the concrete check with axle load factor 1.0 is
done. The results of this run can be plotted in Wingraf under the AQB LCST loadcase storage
number. This block runs after the span run with factor 1.40 to use the may be increased
reinforcement!
- Finally the design for support regions is done with axle load factor 1.75 for all elements. The
used or increased reinforcement is stored in design case 25. The user then has to decide
manually, if a beam must be assigned to span or support region and if for this beam either
design case 23 or 25 is relevant.
2-46 SOFiSTiK 2020

Generally the used or increased reinforcement is always stored in a new design case. This is
also done in case no reinforcement is increased e.g. in a stress check. That allows the user to
check the reinforcement that has really been used for this design.
Overview over the LCR design case numbers for beam elements:
number design:
11 Ultimate limit design
12 Crack design and minimum reinforcement
13 Concrete stress nonfrequent < 0.6 fck
14 Concrete stress permanent < 0.45 fck
15 Reinforcement stress rare/nonfrequent
16 Tendon stress permanent
17 Tendon stress characteristic (rare)
18 Decompression Eurocode
19 Decompression permanent Pk,inf
20 Fatigue couplings 0.75 prestress
21 Reinforcement stress range <70 MPa with LM1
23 Fatigue span axcle load factor 1.40
24 Fatigue concrete axcle load factor 1.0
25 Fatigue supports axcle load factor 1.75
26 Stress range LM3 without increasing lambda factors
31 Accidential
32 Earthquake
1 Maximum of all checks
2.12.10 Fatigue checks quad elements - reinforcement distribution numbers

In case settlement or temperature actions are defined in the CSM DESI MAXI run, the induced
MAXIMA creates a container Y_8 (combination TEMP_SETZ) that combines the most unfavor-
able forces of settlement and temperature. The for every of these Y_8 loadcases (LC 1841...)
a MAXIMA-BEMESS block is started. Im MAXIMA always one loadcase of the 1841... series is
applied as permanent part. Only the fatigue acting FAT loadcases are set as aötermative part
in this superposition. The so created MAXIMA superposition loadcases are then designed for
fatigue in BEMESS and the reinforcement is increased if necessary. Then the next MAXIMA-
BEMESS block follows with another permanent Temp_Settlement part. A check with pk-sup is
not done for Quad slab- or shell elements.
As for different span and support locations different axle load factors (1.40 und 1.75) must be
applied, the above mentioned technique runs three times: - In a first run with axle load factor
1.40 (span) the reinforcement fatigue check is done. The used or increased reinforcement is
stored in design case 17. The maximum stresses and stress ranges can be plotted in Wingraf
under design case 17. See "Overview result access quad elements in WINGRAF" in the CSM
DESI report.
- With a possible increased reinforcement a run with axle load factor 1.75 for support regions
is done. The results of this run can be plotted in Wingraf under design case 18. The maximum
stresses and stress ranges can be plotted in Wingraf under design case 18. The user may
decide manually, if an element must be assigned to span or support region and if for this quad
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-47

either design case 17 or 18 is relevant. Nevertheless for the following design only the upper
reinforcement is overtaken from design case 18 (CTRL LCRI 18 V2 2) as usually only the upper
reinforcement is of interest for support regions. The lower reinforcement is taken from design
case 17 as the lower reinforcement is usually only of interest in the span region.
- Finally the fatigue design for concrete is done with axle load factor 1.00 for all elements. The
results of this run can be plotted in Wingraf under design case 19.
Generally the used or increased reinforcement is always stored in a new design case. This is
also done in case no reinforcement is increased e.g. in the decompression check. That allows
the user to check the reinforcement that has really been used for this design.
Overview over LCR the design case numbers for quad elements:
number design:
11 Ultimate limit design
12 Minimum and robustness reinforcement
13 Crack width design
14 Concrete and steel stress rare/nonfrequent
15 Concrete stress permanent < 0.45 fck
16 Decompression check
17 Fatigue 1.40 span
18 Fatigue 1.75 supports
19 Fatigue 1.0 concrete
20 Fatigue 1.0 lambda 0
31 Accidential
32 Earthquake
1 Maximum of all checks
2.13 CSM Construction Stage Design

We noticed that at the end you need the same technique for a design in a construction stage
as you use it for the design of the final stage. Usually you also need additional payload, lifeload
and windload.
So we used the container design concept also for the design of construction stage. In example
file csm34_stage_design.dat you can follow the workflow in the CSM part ’Construction stage
design’ as follows:
- LCCS additional loadcases for this CS design

- DECS input of the construction stage number
- DESI required designs for this construction stage
- COPY storage of results - then you can plot an envelope
of multiple construction stage designs in WINGRAF
Comments:
With LCCS additional loadcases for this stage design are defined. In a first created ASE run
they are analyzed with the necessary GRP setting for this stage ()see ASE: GRP ’CSM’ CS
209). Then they are presuperposed in Containers. Best open the created _decs.dat file and g
to the MAXIMA part:
2-48 SOFiSTiK 2020

- Presuperposition actions without wind without GPC
There you see how the input of LCCS is used for the container presuperposition: the loadcases
are devided in the actions (LCCS-ACT). The safety factors are taken from the aciton definition
of the main database, here from the first SOFILOAD run. The settings for SUPP EXCL or
SUPP COND are also takten from there but can be overwritten with LCCS TYPE temporarily.
The further analysis and the usage of the GPC parts follows the same technique as in a final
stage design with the only difference that not all GPC parts are used but only the parts op to
stage CS (in MAXIMA and the created AQB runs).
As in all stage designs the same stress loadcase numbers LCST and reinforcement distribution
numbers LCR are used it is necessary to save them in new different numbers as follows:
With COPY the results of a construction stage design can be copied to other numbers, in
special case also into a separate database .cdb to keep the main database small. But this
special-case-possibility with CSM COPY ... cdb name2 is not used in the example files to keep
the method simple. More clear to design multiple stages is the following method:
You best control multiple construction stage designs in a separate inputfile

csm34_stage_design_all.dat using simple COPY commands. Then of course you can remove
the corresponding construction stage design parts in the main file csm34_stage_design.dat
and better place the final design in the main file. Please notice that the .cdb copy command
for this usage is positioned in the main file after the main CSM analysis run, see
+sys copy $(name).cdb csm34_stage_design_all.cdb
In case you made the final design in the main file you can use COPY at the end do copy and
superpose the stage and final designs in a third separate design .cdb.
2.13.1 Removal of temporary supports: GPCS: further separation of GPC parts

To illustrate the effect, csm36_gpc_separated.dat shows a simple single span girder. The
values were choosen in a way that G and P just give 0.0 in midspan. Calculated in the ’cast in
one’ system we get Sum G+P=0:
G cast in one: Mg=+10000 kNm
delta P alone: Mp=-10000 kNm
sum G+P: Mg+p= 0 kNm

ULS: 1.35G + P: M-ULS= 3500 kNm
But if we erect the system on temporary bearings (in green) without separation of stage ’re-
moval of supports’ we also get an SLS Sum G+P=0, but the parts G and P get other values
and ULS 1.35G+P gives a different result:
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-49

G on temp. support dMg=+3750 kNm
G+P CSM: dMp=-4020 kNm
remove temp. support dMb= 270 kNm

sum CSM stages: Mg+p+b= 0 kNm
ULS: 1.35GB + P: M-ULS= 1412 kNm
The problem is that building stage B ’remove temp. support’ consists of two parts, a G and
a P part. With CTRL GPCS 1 these parts can be separated and we can get the correct ULS
bending moment M-ULS= 3500 kNm also with construction stages:
difference loadcase: dead loads prestress

50010 Selfweight g_1 3752 -
50011 Prestress - -4018 kNm
110030 Removal of temporary supports part G 6255 - GPCS separated
120030 Removal of temporary supports part P - -5984 GPCS separated
--------- ---------
sum 10007 -10003 kNm
G+P = 4 kNm = OK
and ULS 1.35 G +1.00 P = 1.35*10007 -10003= 1.35G +P = 3500 kNm = OK
So the advantage of CTRL GPCS 1 is that stage LC 50030 is devided into two parts G and P
in LC 110030 and 120030 !
Internal workflow (controlled in the _csm.dat file):

- at first a CS-sequence runs with only G loads -> LC 110000
- then a CS-sequence runs with only P loads -> LC 120000
- finally a normal CS-sequence runs with all loads-> LC 50000
- parallel the LC 130000 is created with LC 130000 = 50000-110000-120000
2-50 SOFiSTiK 2020

Input Description | CSM
3 Input Description
3.1 Input Language

The input is made in the CADINP language (see general manual SOFiSTiK: ’FEA / STRUC-
TURAL Installation and Basics’).
Three categories of units are distinguished:
mm Fixed unit. Input is always required in the specified unit.
[mm] Explicit unit. Input defaults to the specified unit. Alternatively, an explicit as-
signment of a related unit is possible (eg. 2.5[m] ).
[mm] 1011 Implicit unit. Implicit units are categorised semantically and denoted by a cor-
responding identity number (shown in green). Valid categories referring to the
unit ”length” are, for example, geodetic elevation, section length and thickness.
The default unit for each category is defined by the currently active (design code
specific) unit set. This input default can be overridden as described above. The
specified unit in square brackets corresponds to the default for unit set 5 (Eu-
rocodes, NORM UNIT 5).
3.2 Input Records

The following records are defined:
Record Items
CTRL OPT VAL TEXT
LAUN GRP DX DY DZ XM YM NO_L
CS NO TYPE T RH TEMP NCRE PROB
LAUN LAU2 FACV CANT TITL
GRP NO ICS1 ATIL HFIX BEDD SITU TO
FAC1 ICSD PHIF QUEA QEMX
GRCS NO CS FACS FACL
WAIT NO FROM TO
LC NO TYPE ICS1 ATIL
CAMB CS MODE GAP
CREP MNO GRP PHI EPS DEFQ
DEPS MNO GRP CS DPHI DEPS
ACT TYPE FOR SLSF
DESI TYP ETYP PAR1 PAR2 PAR3 PAR4 PAR5
PAR6 PAR7 PAR8 PAR9 PUNC
GRPD NO
Table continued on next page.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-1

CSM | Input Description
Record Items
LAM LAMS LMS2 LAMT LMT2 LAML LML2 LAMC
DESC CS
BOX XMIN YMIN ZMIN XMAX YMAX ZMAX GRP
GDIV
SCAL DISP BEAM BEAN LOAD QU_M QU_N QU_S
AQ_S SIGD QUAS
SELE BEAM X BOUN
EXPO
EQLC NO TYPE
EQUU NO UX UY UZ PHIX PHIY PHIZ
CS ADD TOL
EQPP NO PX PY PZ MX MY MZ
CS ADD TOL
EQBE NO X N VY VZ MT MY
MZ ETYP CS ADD
EQIT ITER FMAX
ECHO OPT VAL
The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SOFiSTiK: ’FEA /
STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics’.
3-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.3 CTRL – Control
See also: CS
CTRL
Item Description Unit Default
OPT Control option

DL AUTO = automatic dead load activation LT AUTO
NO or 0 = without FAcg ”
BEAM AQB = C+S via AQB LT -
ASE = C+S in ASE
TBEA = T-beam philosophy
default: depending on system
GPCS 1 = separation GPC loads for construction − 0
stages: removing temporary supports
example: see csm36_gpc_separated.dat
0 = ’removing temporary support’ stages
are not separated extra but used as G part
only
CREP STAN = standard creep without separate LT RCRE
.. load part creep values
RCRE = real creep, creep values are
.. calculated individually for each load part
EIGE Analysis of creep values: − -
EN10, MC90, MC10 or SUM
see AQB manual - CTRL EIGE
default: depending on material
With CTRL EIGE V2 SAFE V3 0:3 kann
die Option 0:3 aus AQB STEU EIGE SAFE
gesetzt werden.
RELZ AUTO = automatic tendon relaxation LT AUTO
NO or 0 = without relaxation
CANT adding new elements: − 12
0 = in system position
1 = with original inclination
2 = tangential erection
3 = with restraint
(8 intern for nonlinear precamber)
11/12 each node separate
description below (change on CS #cs_csm)
CAST ”cast in one” load cases: − 0
1 = make these load cases
0 = no (to reduce amount of
results = default)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-3

PROB Control of ASE-SYST-PROB LT LINE

LINE - linear
NONL - material nonlinear
TH3 - geometric nonlinear
TH3B, NONB - as in ASE (no TH2)
See also CS PROB
V2: Number of iterations
V3 tolerance TOL
V4: FMAX (see ASE)
(e.g. ctrl prob TH3 v2 120 v3 -0.5 $ kN)
NMAT Control of ASE - SYST NMAT NO/YES LT NO
ASE General control input for ASE with TEXT. − -
e.g. CTRL ASE TEXT ’CTRL ITER 3’
Example csm21_eqation_cable_stayed.dat
ASE2 TEXT input behind ASE-GRP − -
AQB General control input for AQB with TEXT − -
BEME Control input for BEMESS with TEXT − -
FILE File name for created file − -
HEAD Head line input for ASE+AQB with TEXT − -
EMOD Stiffness development concrete elements LT AUTO
AUTO - apply time dependant E-modulus
NO or 0 - switched off
SVRF See AQB record CTRL SVRF − 1.0
Use reinforcement on creep+shrinkage
B_G1 Use B construction stages as type G_1 LT4 YES
GAMC Factor of the parasitic part of creep and − 1.35
shrinkage in the ULS design. (BS 1.4)
Feature -1, -2 see below
PLC Start condition for the first CS load case − 0
LCRI Reinforcement distribution number for CSM − -
DESI BEMESS
MAXI Superpostion 6.10ab: − -
0: acc. EN 1990 tab. A2.4(B) 6.10
1: acc. EN 1990 tab. A2.4(B) 6.10ab
default 1 for Norway, otherwise 0
RSET =0: do not superpose RSETs, default 1 − 1
PKIN Input of Pk,nƒ for tendons (CSM-DESI) − -
value V2 for P_1 see below
PKSU Input of Pk,sp − -
3-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

STOR Storage options: Bit input: − *

+1: AQB-LCST 7000 stresses
+2: group settings for DYNA
+4: Einzelne PROG MAXI+ASE
+8: use _csmlf.dat AQB loadcase list
+64: do not delete old loadcases
V2=0 : do not store primary and secondary
effect of prestress
LCEQ LC number for equation run − 1999
ADDF =1 add optimization factor to the last one − 0
CABL =0: do not include automatically − 1
loadcase ”cable remove”
TEST calculate only stage from-to − -
(CTRL TEST 10 120)
VAL = from
V2 = to
V3 = creep steps yes/no = 1/0
With CTRL TEST ANI the constuction se-
quence can be checked in advance. Then
the loadcases are only created with the
group info but are not really calculated
VAL Value of the option − -

V2 possible 2nd value of the option − -
V3 possible 3rd value of the option − -
V4 possible 4th value of the option − -
TEXT input to CTRL ASE and CTRL AQB − - outube
CTRL BEAM TBEA

is used to contol slab systems with enbedded beams working with the SOFiSTiK T-
beam philosophy. Then the cross sectional internal losses due to prestress are calcu-
lated in AQB. The creep curvature is then not taken from AQB but computed in ASE
because ASE modifies the beam stiffness for the SOFiSTiK T-beam philosophy.
CTRL EMOD - Development of stiffenss of concrete elements
CSM calculates now the temperature adjusted concrete age T1 according to CEB-
FIP model code 1990 (2.1-87) and writes this age T1 to the ASE GRP input. The
age GRP...T0 must be given temperature adjusted! ASE then takes into account the
development of stiffness according to the design code and plots the curve graphically
for checks.
CTRL B_G1 - Saving of the construction stages as type G_1
With this the construction stages can be allocated to the type G_1 for the superposi-
tion.
The input NO stores the construction stages B as type B and not as type G_1. The
default CTRL B_G1 YES stores them as type G_1 to avoid problems in MAXIMA.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-5

CTRL GAMC - Factor for the consideration of the support moment due to creep
If two single spans are placed, at the middle support the bending moment is 0.0 in
the beginning. After closing the gap, only creep activates a bending moment there.
In the ultimate limit state, this force must be considered as G with the unfavourable
factor of GAMU=1.35 (1.40 for British Standard) because the moment represents dead
load (or comes from dead load). The moment creeps into the direction of the cast in
one bending moment - and in the cast in one system this moment is a dead load
moment! Thus the statically indeterminate parts of creep and shrinkage are activated
with GAMC in the ultimate limit state for beam structures, if at least one B construction
stage or different GRP ICS1 appear! With CTRL GAMC another factor can be set, e.g.
1.0, if no dead load redistribution due to creep and shrinkage may occur.
With input CTRL GAMC -1 the static undetermined part is written without GAMU-
GAMF safety factor. These values are then taken from defined actions C.
With input CTRL GAMC -2 this is also done for pure cross section creeping.
CTRL PKIN - Input of Pk,nƒ for tendons
e.g. CTRL PKIN 0.95 for prestress with immediate bond.
Default 0.90 (later grouting). Pk,sup is set equivalent (1.05 for CTRL PKIN 0.95). For
special use Pk,sup can also be input with CTRL PKSU.
The value for PKIN is used for P generally, in any case for P_0.
With V2 a value for CS..TYPE= P_1 can be defined.
Example see csm3_P_0_P_1.dat
CTRL STOR - Bit input:
+1: storage of all results stresses [ AQB-LCST-run] (7000 load cases - see generated
_csm file) 1= save, 0= do not save
+2: Storage of the ASE group settings e.g. for eigenfrequencies
only with the grup numbers and CS (DYNA). See
csm34_stage_design.dat for design in construction stages
+4: Write _desi.dat with single MAXIMA runs
+64: do not delete any old construction stage loadcases
by default loadcases of old now unused stages are deleted
CTRL PROB NONL
For the non-linear analysis it is possible to define the number of the iterations with V2.
e.g. CTRL PROB NONL V2 120 for 120 iterations
CTRL CANT
adding new elements: see also Figure 2.2:
0: in system position
1: with original inclination but moved to extension
2: tangential erection (free cantilever erection)
3-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

3: Sometimes if the cantilever part consists of multiple elements e.g. of two parallel
beams, the prefabricated cantilever part does not fit to the already created part (be-
cause this is distorted). In reality the new element must be squeezed to the old one.
CTRL CANT 3 takes now the new part as one block and first analyses a preliminary
state CS+10000 where the new part is predeformed to fit the deformation at the joint.
Example: see csm7_cant_3.dat
11 or 12: as 1 or 2 but adds a new part not as a block but each node separate.
This allows much better to add an in situ slab on an already deformed grid of beam
elements.
21 or 22: as 11 or 12 but without taking into account couplings.
Change of CTRL CANT in a CSM sequence:
The variable #cs_csm is set in every ASE run and can be used to change CTRL CANT:
PROG CSM
ctrl cant 2
ctrl ase text ’if xxx_cs_csm<25 ; ctrl cant 3 ; endif’
This uses ctrl cant 3 in the first CS stages up to CS 24 and following a ctrl cant 2.
As SSD, TEDDY and WPS immediately perform a variable substitution, the variable
#cs_csm must be written as xxx_cs_csm<25 in the CSM input. The CSM then uses
#cs_csm in the created _csm.dat file. See also example csm48_spiral_ani.dat
See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taaBfPlIRGA
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-7

3.4 LAUN – Launching
See also: CS
LAUN
GRP Group number for the elements which should be dis- − -

placed
DX Displacement as unit vector. − -

DY Input then done in CS-LAUN in m. − -
DZ − -
XM Circle centre for rotation around [m] 1001 -
YM a global axis [m] 1001 -
ZM [m] 1001 -
NR1 Reference nodes for rotation around a .− -
NR2 free axis − -
PHI PHI=1 for rotations. The rotation input in [−] 3 -
CS-TAKT then acts in radiant
NO_L Number of the launching process − 1
1 launching from one side
2 launching from the second side
See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euuJqK8TqFk
With LAUN a launching direction DX DY DZ can be defined for a launching group GRP. DX DY
DZ must be input as unit vector with length 1.0. The current launching distance will be defined
then in CS LAUN in [ m] for each construction stage. For a circular launching in XY plane the
centre XM,YM must be defined and PHI=1 must be input. Other rotations see ASE-LAUN.
A detailed description and training can be found in the CSM manual: Theoretical background -
Incremental Launching Training.
In order to allow a parallel launching from the right and from the left, two launching commands
LAUN can be input with NO_L 1 and 2. In CS the launching distances can be separately
defined then with LAUN and LAU2.
Without GRP input (GRP -) the actual CS LAUN values are only written to a CADIMP variable
#laun_csm an can be used e.g. in CTRL ASE TEXT ’LAUN GRP 5 xxx_laun_csm[m]’ , see
example csm48_spiral_ani.dat
Examples:
3-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

Examples to LAUN: Input file

Introduction launching csm41_launching_principle.dat
Big example csm42_incremental_launching.dat
Circle supports lauched csm43_incremental_launching_circle.dat
Circle superstructure lauched csm44_incremental_launching_circle_2.dat
Launching precambered beam csm45_launching_precamber.dat
Nonlinear contact csm46_launching_nose_nonlinear.dat
Nonlinear test csm47_nonlinear_test.dat
Introduction ASE launching movs_incremental_launching_principle.dat
-> Example overviews -> Summary of example overviews
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-9

3.5 CS – Construction Stages
See also: LC, LAUN

CS
NO Construction stage number (1-9998) − 1

TYPE Type LT B
T Effective duration of period dys 0.0
RH Relative humidity % 80
ARID = 30 % dry environment
INTE = 50 % inner rooms
TEMP = 70 % moderate environment
TROP = 90 % tropical or maritime
TEMP Temperature of concrete [degrees] 1215 20
NCRE Dividing in NCRE creep steps − 1
PROB Control of ASE - SYST PROB only for this construc- LT -
tion stage
LINE Linear analysis
LAUN Launching distance of this construction stage for [m] 1001 -

LAUN NO_L 1
LAU2 Launching distance of this construction stage for [m] 1001 -
LAUN NO_L 2
FACV Start deformation for the defined construction stage − -

CANT Temporary setting for the defined construction stage, − -
see CSM CTRL
ICS1 Prestress stage for partial prestress − NO

FACP Partial prestress of ICS1 - see − -
csm31_partial_prestress.dat
TITL Title of the construction stage LT24 -
This first table contains at least all required construction stages with a description. Creep steps
require additional input of effective duration of period as well as parameters relative humidity
and temperature of concrete.
Concerning the numeration of the construction stages see also: Theoretical background -
Numeration.
3-10 SOFiSTiK 2020

TYPE:
G_1 or G hardening of a new concreted member
e.g. placing of a new element (spring, cable..)
Dead load will be activated (→ CTRL DL).
D_1 or D in case of AASHTO code (instead of G_1 or G)
C creep step
NCRE defines the number of individuall creep steps if the
duration is too long (to avoid too high delta-phi in a single step)
C_1 for check of creep until traffic handover
(applied in all design checks)
C_2 for check of creep from traffic handover
(only applies if unfavorable)
K, K_1 and K_2 should only be used for german DIN 4227
CR, CR_1...CR_4 creep and shrinkage for AASHTO
P, P_0...P_4 prestress
To separate prestress with both immediate and post bond in the design you can
use type P_0 and P_1 instead of P and define the corresponding factors with
CTRL PKIN VAL ... V2 ...
Example see csm3_P_0_P_1.dat
PS, PS_0...PS_4 prestress for AASHTO
SL short load without creep effect
(this live load will be removed at once - the following load case
will not set on this step but will continue from the previous one
(PLC)
G_2 activating a load with creep effect - additional dead load
ZC Stage for additional creep-active live load. In contrary to G_2
or B this part is only applied for creep and shrinkage. It is
not added in the design! Each LC ... TYPE ZC loading must
correspond to a CS TYPE ZC, because the differential load case
CS+5000 may not be mixed with dead load, prestress or other
creep load cases in the design. Example see csm31_design.dat
B construction stage
e.g. activating or removing of a temporary support
activating a short term construction load
B-load cases are taken into account for MAXIMA or AQB
calculations as G_1-load cases, so that they act always with G,
also for the design (DESI).
R earth pressure, also allowed as R_1, R_2...
The input PROB LINE sets this construction stage to linear analysis, also if CTRL PROB TH3
was defined for non-linear analysis for other stages.
With the input CS...FACV 0 the start deformation for a certain construction stage can be set to
0. So a horizontal launching plane can be defined for start of launching. Possible deformations
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-11

e.g. of an arch to be launched over can be ignored. In reality the launching supports are also
new leveled.
3-12 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.6 GRP – Groups
See also: CAMB

GRP
NO Group number − ALL

ALL or - : all groups
ICS1 Construction stage number of first activation of the − !
stiffness of this group, -1 or 99999=never
ATIL Activ until construction stage ... − -
(default: active until t-infinite)
VAL see ASE-GRP-VAL YES/LIN LT YES
ASTI Stiffness activ until (EQIT - cable revove) − -
(default: active until t-infinite)
HFIX Hinges fixed at construction stage ... − -
(default: hinges are always active)
BEDD QUAD bedding activated at ... − 0
(default: bedding is always active)
SITU In situ concrete load activation for AQUA CS partial − *
sections (SITU ≥ ICS1)
(default: active at once)
T0 Effective concrete age at stripping d 7

(related to 20 degree celsius)
TS Starting of shrinkage - shrinkage from TS-T0 will d min(3,T0)

not be taken into account! If necessary please set
T0=TS=3.
A value TS>3 usually has no sense.
FAC1 Stiffness factor for first group activation − 1.0

ICSD Construction stage number from which the dead load − ICS1
of a group should be activated (ICSD≥ICS1)
PHIF Factor for creep of springs, beddings, STEX and − 1.0

HASE: see theoretical part ’other elements’. In real
creep only 1 and 0 is allowed for creep YES and NO.
1.0 springs also creep
QUEA Input control see program ASE record GRP2 − -
QEMX Input control see program ASE record GRP2 − -

SOFiSTiK 2020 3-13

FACD Factor dead load (usage on two CSM runs see below) − -
The group table describes the sequence and properties of the activation of the
construction stages. A first GRP line without group number will set defaults for all groups.
Examples:
Examples to GRP: Input file

Introduction csm1_4span_centering.dat
Creep csm2_simplecreep.dat
Prestressed bridge csm31_design.dat
Precast prestressed girder csm3_composite_beam.dat
Quad prestress csm4_quad_singlespan.dat
QUAD prestressed bridge csm32_slab_design.dat
Free cantilever erection csm5_free_cantilever.dat
Building stepwise csm9_multistorey1.dat
Steel composite csm12_composite_activation.dat
Quad in situ on beam girder csm13_quad_weight_lar_activation.dat
Summary of further example overviews:
Example overview see

Introduction -> GRP
Incremental launching -> LAUN
Optimization -> EQLC
Overview workshop YOUTUBE videos (workshops Poland/Oslo 2016):
Subject Link
ASE dynamics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1W6xUmH4xk
ASE cables formfinding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmAeevUeJcU
ASE nonlinear shells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsGEUu1UGEU
ASE membranes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvJuyYhPQKk
ASE stability https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui9qVyoSYZs
CSM cantilever erection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taaBfPlIRGA
CSM precamber optimization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxljlRZ2gME
CSM force optimization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2GqbTaRSsE
3-14 SOFiSTiK 2020

Subject Link
CSM suspension bridge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPzlHHmn-mM
CSM incremental launching https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euuJqK8TqFk
CSM DESI bridge design https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCshbOx5qo
quad tendon eigenvalues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3CO2oMjVds
BEMESS layer design https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3dVC6tCSH8
english
BEMESS layer design https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okhQiEKGQWQ
german
ASE dynamics teddy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WooZ4h7V7M4
T0-TS:
For shrinkage now an age TS of 3 days is set by default, With the new input GRP...TS this
can be changed in CSM. Physically shrinkage starts at this age TS. The analyis creep and
shrinkage intervals start at T0 (loading age). So in the first creep and shrinkage interval T0
to T0+T the shrinkage part from TS to T0 is not applied! This is correct for the standard case
prestress with subsequent bond where prestress C+S loss starts at T0. With the same reason
also the total shrinkage value does not include this first shrinkage part from TS to T0!
In steel composite sections it is necessary to take into account the first shrinkage part from
TS up to the start of loading. To do this you must input T0=TS= 1 day, see example
steel_composite_orto.dat .
For in situ concrete slab on a prerefabricated beam T0 may not be input too small because
then the concrete wounld be too weak for first dead load G_1 or prestressing. Thus in example
csm3_composite_beam.dat T0=3 and TS=1 is set for group 10. Completely correct could also
be to input T0=TS= 1 day, calculate the first activation of the beams without dead load (GRP
FACD), then add a creep step with e.g. 7 days and then activate dead load G_1 and following
prestress P.
SITU:
For cross sections having an additional cast in-situ part, one can define the activation of the
additional deadload of higher construction stages with SITU without taking into account their
additional stiffness. With SITU>ICS1 the full section weight is activated in stage SITU. With
GRP SITU -1 the weight of a section part can be activated one stage before the activation of
the stiffness.
example → csm12_composite_activation.dat
AQUA with section parts in CS 1 and CS 21 and CS 51:
GRP SITU -1 activates the weight of the section part AQUA-CS-21 already in stage 20 and the
weight of the section part AQUA-CS-51 already in stage 50.
GRP SITU -5 activates the weight already 5 stages before the stiffness activation.
If dead load shall be activated later: with GRP SITU 10000+n the dead load of a part of a
section can be activated n steps later than the stiffness.
FACD:
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-15

If you already made a CSM run on SLS level you can continue on that with a second ULS CSM
run with:
CTRL PLC 4100 $ use this previous SLS stage as primary stage (example)
CTRL STOR +64 $ do not delete old stages
CS 4900 $ new ULS stages
GRP ... FACD 1.35 $ dead load now 1.35
LC ... FACT 1.50 $ extern loads now 1.50
This second CSM is not allowed to have creep steps. Load cases LC that have already been
applied in the first CSM run may not contain temperature , prestress or strain loads! Beam
tendons are not allowed.
PHIF: Why default 1.0 for PHIF?

Real steel springs are seldom used in civil engineering. In most cases springs are used to
represent concrete members or connections. Also a halfspace or soil has long term deflecions
(creeps). The problem is: if you mix creeping and non-creeping elements, the creeping causes
often unexpected redistributions towards the noncreeping element.
3-16 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.7 GRCS – Group-stage special settings
See also: CAMB

GRCS
NO Group number − !
CS Construction stage number − !
FACS Factor of stiffness − 1

0 = group is removed
FACL Factor of load from primary loadcase − 1

please refer to ASE-GRP
0 = element does not take stress or load from primary
loadcase
(put in place stressfree again)
Usage (without EQLC): removal of a group with later re-usage:
GRP 21 ICS1 40
GRCS 21 CS (60 69 1) FACS 0 $ removal
From stage 70 on the group is again active.
Usage (without EQLC): restress a cable to a new defined force:
GRCS 31 CS 210 FACS 1E-9 FACL 0 ; LC 210 ICS1 210
(cable in group 31, new cable prestress force in loadcase 210):
Attention: do not use GRCS-FACL in combination with the equation system EQLC. Then better
always use cables with 100 % stiffness and insert a scalable loadcase with target cableforce=0
for stage cable removal!
see csm25_equation_cable_removal.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-17

3.8 WAIT – Creep Inactive Phases
WAIT
NO Group number − !
FROM Construction stage number of − !
TO the inactive phase − !
With WAIT individual groups can be defined as not-creep-active. This can be used to introduce
a time shift in the construction sequence.
For example if in reality you build a pier in 85 days with 40 stages and 20 creep stages and
100 days later a 2. pier in 40 stages and 20 creep stages you need 60+60=120 stages.
In the CSM analysis you can do: build both piers in parallel (60 stages) and then insert a creep
step of 100 days where only the first pier creeps and the second pier waits. So you get the
correct erection of both piers. If you then continue and connect the lever arms, the first pier is
85+100 days old, the second only 85 days old - as in reality - and you only need 60+1 stages
-> less loadcases, smaller database, quicker analysis.
3-18 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.9 LC – Load Cases
See also: CS
LC
NO Load case number − 1
TYPE obsolet, has no effect. Decisive is ICS1 and ATIL for LT -
the duration of a load. Important is the TYPE in CS
ICS1 Construction stage when load first acts − NO
ATIL activ till construction stage ... −
default: untill t-infinite
On TYPE SL an input of ATIL=ICS1 is manditory.
FACT Load factor − 1
The load case table defines additional loads (e.g. G_2 additional dead load) considered by the
CSM and also defines when the loads are activated. For the sake of clarity it is advisable to
use the same number as load case and construction stage number.
The TYPE of a loadcase has no effect and may only be useful as a title. Importand is the TYPE
in CS.
In this load case table only additional loads have to be considered, loading due to prestress is
computed automatically in accordance to the given number defined with TENDON...CS ICS1.
Used prestress load cases will be printed in the CSM output and may be checked then.
Loads can be also input multiple times, e.g. if the load factor increases:
LC 901 ICS1 41 ATIL 60 FACT 0.40

LC 901 ICS1 61 ATIL - FACT 1.00
or if a short time loading shall act in several stages:
CS 101 TYPE SL ; LC 902 ICS1 101 ATIL 101

Concerning the numeration of the load cases see also: Theoretical Background - Numbering.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-19

3.10 CAMB – Precamber Analysis
See also: GRP

CAMB
CS Construction stage number − -

MODE Analysis mode LT LINE
LINE linear analysis
EQIT optimizing of interal forces and moments
with simultaneous precamber analysis
FIX analysis with fixed precamber
ANI Plot of precamber for the whole model
for the printing of linear precamber:

TABN Selection of nodes (default: all) − *
TABB Selection of boundary elements (to select nodes) − -
TABC Selection of construcction stages (default: all) − *
TABV Selection of result values − 3
1 = vx, 2 = vy, 3 = vz, 4 = phix, 5 = phiy,
6 = phiz
TABF Format − 1
1 CS to the right, nodes downwards
2 the other way
MODE LINE: Example: csm26_precamber_spanbyspan.dat

In a linear analysis the precamber has no effect on the internal forces and moments.
Thus the deformations of the load cases 4000.. can directly be modified. For checks
a copy of the original 4000.. load cases is made in load cases 14000...
MODE EQIT: Example: csm29_precamber_nonl.dat
Optimizing of the internal forces and moments with simultaneous precamber analysis
This example also includes tips and background to precamber analysis.
MODE FIX: Example: csm30_c_precamber_site.dat
Description see Theoretical Background - Nonlinear precamber analysis
MODE ANI: Example: csm29_precamber_plot.dat
Description see Theoretical Background - Nonlinear precamber analysis
It is often useful to first activate elements without dead load to get the height levels for the
formwork. For this an input for GRP ICSD allows a later activation of dead load for a group.
The precamber technique is also well shown in Theoretical Background - precamber
3-20 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.11 CREP – Creep Parameters
See also: DEPS

CREP
MNO Material number − !

GRP Group number − -
PHI Creep factor, not allowed for real creep! − *
EPS Shrinkage coefficient (note neg. sign!) − *

−
DEFQ Effective member thickness for QUAD+BRIC area el- [m] 1001 -1.40
ements
negative value as factor to quad thickness
T0 Separate value e.g. for an in-situ added concrete in a d -

construction stage section
TS ” A value TS>3 usually has no sense d -
EXP Name of an exposition class for explicit creep curves, d -

see example explicit_creep_curve.dat
With CREP user creep and shrinkage values can be modified. PHI can only be used for the
simple standard creep and not for the real creep!
For real creep you best scale your creep values with a factor to the default creep curve, see
example real_creep_creepparameter.dat.
A compare of possibilities to modify creep curves and a recommendation is shown at the end
of example file explicit_creep_curve.dat.
EPS is also allowed in the real creep. The program then scales the internal calculated eps
values to the enforced input value EPS. But then AQB will not use a variable effective thichness
per beam but will only use the CSM printed average value per group. So it is better to use a
simple factor to shinkage, best possible in AQUA with MEXT TYP EIGE VAL3+5, see material
3 in explicit_creep_curve.dat.
QUAD-elements: without an input to CREP...DEFQ, the CSM computes an averaged value for
the effective thickness over all QUAD elements of each group. Due to top covering of quads in
nearly all circumstances (bad air contact), the default effective thickness for quad elements is
set to 1.40*h.
For BRIC elements the effective member thickness must be input for the BRIC groups.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-21

The effective thickness of beam cross sections can be changed in AQUA ... SV—DEFF.
For creep of springs, elastic boundaries, Quad bedding, FLEX- and HASE- elements see re-
marks in theoretical part ’other elements’.
3-22 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.12 DEPS – Additional Creep and Shrinkage Input
See also: CREP

DEPS
MNO Material number − -

GRP Group number − -
DPHI Delta-phi creep factor − -
DEPS Delta-eps shrinkage coefficient (note neg. sign!) − -

RH Special humidity of an element − -
With DEPS additional creep and shrinkage values can be defined for single construction
stages. E.g. for the first concrete hardening, an additional shrinkage value can be input to
take into account special hardening behaviour. The program adds the defined values to the
internally calculated values. Additional PHIP input is considered in advance! If no input is
done for CS, the value is added in the first construction stage when an element is active for the
first time! Without MNO or GRP input all relevant elements are considered. Please check the
addition in the CSM output.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-23

3.13 TBEX – T-beam-philosophy on excentric beam elements
TBEX
QGRP Group number of quad slab −/ LT !

Secondary groups not allowed
EACR factor on the E*A stiffness of the quad slab for creep − -
and shrinkage
Using the ASE TBEX T-beam-philosophy, the beam elements of the longitudinal superstructure
and the quad elements of the deck slab usually get different creep and shrinkage coefficients
due to a different effective thickness. This sometimes causes unexpected slight redistribution
of forces between the beam elements and the quad deck slab.
With CSM TBEX the E*A stiffness of the quad deck slab can be reduced for creep and shrink-
age analysis. Then the moments and normal forces are better comparable with the results of
a pure beam analysis. All other stages such as G or P run with the full isotropic E*A quad
stiffness.
To the TBEX T-beam-philosophy please also refer to ASE manual TBEX.
Example see t_beam_bridge_excentric.dat

There the CSM TBEX is commented out but we did run the example without slab prestress
and the check print delivers nearly same stresses with/without CSM TBEX EACR 1E-5
Of course you are not allowed to reduce E*A stiffness if you have a transverse slab prestress
because otherwise the compression of the tendons cannot be carried.
See YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoT1f0aGdgs
3-24 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.14 ACT – Additional Actions
ACT
TYPE Type of the action LT !

FOR Design state, the action shall be used: LT CODE
SLS Serviceability checks
ULS Ultimate limit checks
FAT exact fatigue check with load model 3
ACCI Accidental checks
EARQ Earthquake checks
default: CODE
CSM tries to set FOR automatically due to
the code but only for actions listed below.
Usually FOR has to be input explicitly
SLSF Factor in serviceability limit state for dead load G_2 − 1.0
and G_3
ACT defines additional actions for the design.

Example: csm31_design.dat
Actually usable actions for automatic FOR=CODE:
L_U traffic UD (DIN)

L_T tandemsystem (DIN)
ZL braking and centrifugal loads
ZQ additional traffic load
T temperature
ZF expected settlement (FOR=SLS)
SF possible settlement (FOR=ULS)
ZW wind on traffic
SW wind without traffic
W Wind (in combination with ZW see below)
FAT fatigue loadmodel 3 (FOR=FAT)
In case of FOR=CODE Action T, ZW and SW are combined in dependence to the code, usually
with three stes of combinations. One with traffic+temperature, one with traffic+wind(on traffic)
and one with wind without traffic.
Instead of ZW+SW you can also use ZW+W, then W is the wind without traffic.
Without ZW input, W is added as a normal action!
Iif at least an action is defined as earthquake (ACT FOR EARQ), an earthquake ULS design will
be produced. Example: csm33_earthquake_bridge.dat and csm32_earthquake_quad.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-25

With ACT SLSF, for additional dead load G_2 and G_3 a SLS-factor can be defined - used in
MAXIMA and AQB for SLS checks (Australian Standard), but then fixed with this factor and not
alternatively with 1.0!
Usage:
ACT G_2 FOR SLS,ULS SLSF 1.20

L_U FOR SLS,ULS
L_T FOR SLS,ULS
T FOR SLS,ULS
Not written G load cases are taken with default factor 1.0.
3-26 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.15 DESI – Design
See also: GRPD, LAM, DESC

DESI
TYPE Type of design check: LT !

MAX only MAXIMA combinations
MAXI ” and AQB linear stress
analysis (see below)
STAN all default design checks
STAN includes:
CHEK checkprint (stress points)
MREI minimum reinforcement
DECO decompression check
SIG stress checks
CRAC crack width design
ULTI ultimate design
FAT fatigue check with LM 3
(if ACT for FAT is input)
ACCI accidental ultimate design
(if ACT for ACCI is input)
EARQ earthquake ultimate design
(if ACT for EARQ is input)
ETYP Element type LT *
BEAM Beams
QUAD QUAD elements
PAR1 Design parameter − -

...
PAR8 Parameter P8 - see below
PUNC Punching check for ultimate design LT CHEK
NO No punching design
CHEK only check punching (without
increasing reinforcement)
YES Input for column nodes
see manual BEMESS
Please also watch the YOUTUBE video ’CSM DESI Bridge Design’ on this topic.
Superposition- and design concept - see theoretical background.

It is best to start with the pure superposition with a run with ACT and DESI MAX. In the following
DESI runs without ACT then the individual checks can be performed.
Main examples:
Beam: csm31_design.dat
Quad: csm32_slab_design.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-27

DESI MAX, MAXI:

With DESI MAX only the MAXIMA parts run. For WINGRAF then all forces for the following
superposition are stored:
- LC 1120 .. rare (characteristic) superposition
- LC 1220 .. nonf ”
- LC 1320 .. freq ”
- LC 1420 .. perm ”
- LC 2120 .. desi ”
To be used for support reactions, spring-, quad- and beam forces for beams without
composite or prestress! Beams composite or prestress must be treated with AQB (DESI
STAN...)!
With DESI MAXI also an AQB linear stress analysis runs. So also for composite beams
the linear stresses are stored for WINGRAF for the above mentioned superpositions (loadcase
numbers can be seen in the created _desi.dat → AQB-COMB-GMAX-LCST).
For checks in cracked state the funktions DESI ULTI or DESI STAN should be used.
Fatigue check
With the traffic loads of load model 1 a simplified fatigue check will be performed for DESI
STAN:
1. Stress analysis for 75% prestress for welded connections and tendon couplings acc.
DIN 1045 10.8.4. or EN 1992-1-1 6.8.6
2. Simplified fatigue check acc. DIN 1045 10.8.4 or EN 1992-1-1 6.8.6 : stress range <
70 mPa
If in ACT an action FAT [ fatigue] is declared, the exact check follows. Additional input for time
of usage and amount of traffic are preset in file _desi.dat and have to be checked. Without
an input of a high minimum reinforcement the fatigue check will not succeed in most cases,
because according to DIN FB-102 (4.3.7.3) or EN 1992-1-1 6.8.6 often a very high bond factor
eta will be adopted.
Settlement and temperatur: as the CSM does not know which settlement or temperature load-
case is unfavorable (at every point in the structure another case can be unfavorable), the CSM
does not add settlement or temperature to the permanent action in the fatigue check. Only the
traffic loadcases are stress range active - as in the original Eurocode.
Parameter
Most parameter are unused in the moment. They are reserved for later extensions. Used
parameter:
Superposition DESI MAX and DESI MAXI

DESI MAX PAR1 1 = definition of a single span system (statically determined system)
The deco check then runs permanent with psi2=0.5 according din_en_1992-2 NA Tabelle
7.101DE - see csm32_slab_design.dat
3-28 SOFiSTiK 2020

Crack width check

With PAR1 the crack width can be set,
e.g. DESI CRAC PAR1 0.25.
With PAR2 the action can be selected:
DESI CRAC PAR2 1100,1200,1300 or 1400 with:
- 1100 : rare (characteristic) action combination
- 1200 : nonfrequent ”
- 1300 : frequent ”
- 1400 : permanent ”
With DESI MBEW PAR1 -1 the minimum reinforcement check can be switched off.
Decompression check
With PAR2 the action can be selected:
DESI DECO PAR2 1100,1200,1300 or 1400 (values see CRAC)
On statically determined systems = single span you can enforce the deco check perma-
nent with psi2=0.5 according din_en_1992-2 NA Tabelle 7.101DE via DESI MAX PAR1 - see
csm32_slab_design.dat
MREI - robustness reinforcement

With DESI MREI PAR1 0 the robustness reinforcement check can be switched off.
With DESI MREI PAR1 -1 also the minimum reinforcement in the crack check is switched off.
Fatigue check FAT with LM3

With PAR1 the number of used permanenten TEMP-Settlement parts can be limited,
e.g. PAR1 4 : only use MAMI-MY and MAMI-VZ loadcases. With DESI FAT PAR1 0 no
temperature or settlement loadcases are taken into account.
the number of used permanenten TEMP-Settlement parts can be limited,
e.g. PAR1 4 : only use MAMI-MY and MAMI-VZ loadcases. With DESI FAT PAR1 0 no
temperature or settlement loadcases are taken into account.
usage see csm31_design.dat
PAR2: SIGS for quad stress range design (not used for beam elements)
PAR3: SIGT for quad stirrup stress range design (not used for beam elements)
SIGP is only checked on quads and does not increase reinforcement, so no input provided.
Parameter PAR3 and PAR4:

With DESI ... PAR3 und PAR4 the factor for primary (PAR3) and secondary (PAR4) effect of
prestress can be set, e.g. DESI FAT PAR3 0.9 PAR4 1.0 (see csm31_design.dat - last CSM)
Parameter PAR8: BEAM:

With DESI ... PAR8 the amount of BEAM AQB-combinations can be set for all checks or each
check separately:
• PAR8=1 simple combinations with COMB MAMI MY and only pk-inf in the ULS
design also with MAMI VZ and MT
• PAR8=2 as 1 but pk-inf and pk-sup
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-29

• PAR8=3 as 2 but also combinations MAMI MY,N in SLS

• PAR8=4 as 3 but also combinations MAMI MY,N,MZ in SLS
• PAR8=9 as 1 but MAMI MY,N,MZ,VY,VZ,MT in the ULS and fatigue design
• PAR8+100 (101-109) Check at traffic opening and t-infinite
default: only the one generally controlling
default: ETYP BEAM PAR8=9 ,

for construction stage design: ETYP BEAM PAR8=1
Parameter PAR8: QUAD:

With DESI ... PAR8 the amount of designed QUAD-forces can be set for the fatigue check FAT
with LM3:
• PAR8=1 simple combinations with COMB MAMI MY and only pk-inf in the ULS
design also with MAMI VZ and MT
• PAR8=2 nur mami mxx verwenden
• PAR8=4 nur mami mxx+myy verwenden
• PAR8=6 mami mxx+myy+nxx
• PAR8=8 mami mxx+myy+nxx+nyy
• PAR8=10 mami mxx+myy+nxx+nyy+vx
• PAR8=12 mami mxx+myy+nxx+nyy+vx+vy
• PAR8=14 mami mxx+myy+nxx+nyy+vx+vy+mxy
• PAR8=16 mami mxx+myy+nxx+nyy+vx+vy+mxy+nxy = alles
default: ETYP QUAD PAR8=16
3-30 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.16 GRPD – Group selection for the design
See also: DESI, BOX, AUSW

GRPD
NO Group selection for the design − -
E.G. GRPD 1,2,6,12
To be used in DESI. Will be taken into account in the AQB and BEMESS design tasks. For
WINGRAF please use BOX.
Example see csm31_design.dat at the DECO check.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-31

3.17 LAM – Lambda Values for the Fatigue Design
LAM
LAMS Coefficient equivalent stress range reinforcements − 1.0

midspan
LMS2 Coefficient equivalent stress range reinforcements − LAMS
inner supports
LAMT Coefficient equivalent stress range tendons − 1.0
midspan
LMT2 Coefficient equivalent stress range tendons − LAMT
inner supports
LAML Coefficient equivalent stress range shear links − 1.0
midspan
LML2 Coefficient equivalent stress range shear links − LAML
inner supports
LAMC Coefficient equivalent stress range concrete − 1.0
3-32 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.18 COMB – Combinations AASHTO
See also: DESI

COMB
COMB Combination number (1-19) − -

ACT1 Action 1 LT -
GAM1 Safety factor − -
AC10 Action 10 LT -
GA10 Safety factor − -
TITL Title of the combination LT24 -
See YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJxF50C7pN8
This input defines the combinations according AASHTO table 3.4.1-1:
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-33

Figure 3.1: AASHTO table 3.4.1-1 Load Combinations and Load Factors
Examples:
In metric units: csm31_design_aashto_metric.dat
In imperial inch and feet: csm31_design_aashto_inch.dat
Superposition and design concept:

In the first presuperposition MAXIMA run the superposition of the variable action without GPC
(G=dead load, P=prestress, C=creep+shrinkage) is defined.
In a following second MAXIMA run this superposition is done, the results are stord in container
Y_1 ... Y_9 (without GPC).
In two following Maxima runs the same is done including GPC for e.g. quad design, spring
results or nodal deformations.
A following AQB beam design uses these container Y_1 ... Y_9 of the variable actions and
adds the section depending force and inners stress states G,P and C
On AASHTO the literals are often used as follows: GPC -> D,PS,CR (D=dead load,
PS=prestress, CR=creep+shrinkage
Actually the following DESI tasks are possible after the COMB superpositioning:
DESI CHEK = Check Print of a single beam - see YOUTUBE Video CSM DESI Result
Checks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in8OTk24f1U
DESI ULTI = ULS design of all combinations with text ’STRENGTH’ or ’STRE’ and
without text ’DEFO’
DESI SIG = Analysis of nonlinear stresses in cracked section of all SLS combina-
3-34 SOFiSTiK 2020

tionen (without text ’STRE’ and without text ’DEFO’)
The ’DEFO’ combinations are only meant for deformations and the results can
be printed manually, see task ’Deformations’ behind task ’Superposition’ in example
csm31_design_aashto_inch.dat
The crack design in AASHTO is mainly a steel stress limitation according equation 5.6.7-1
depending on the concrete cover, the bar diameter and the bar distance:
Figure 3.2: AASHTO equation 5.6.7-1 for crack design
We recommend to calculate the allowable steel stress by hand (e.g. 220 N/mm2, represents
1.1 o/oo strain) and compare this stress with the results of the DESI SIG run. In special cases
you can make an AQB SLS design with input of a maximum steel strain S2, e.g. with AQB -
DESI STAT SERV S2 1.1
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-35

3.19 LCCS – Design of Construction Stages - additional loadcases
See also: DESC

LCCS
NO loadcase number − -
ACT Action − -
TYPE TYPE as in MAXIMAL LC TYPE : only in case it differs − -
to the SOFILOAD action definition
CALC 1: loadcase is to be calculated − 1
0: loadcase is already calculated (e.g. from ELLA)
To be used in addition to DESC. Example construction stage: see csm34_stage_design.dat
Comments see Theoretical Background - CSM Construction Stage Design
3-36 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.20 DECS – Design Construction Stage
See also: LCCS

DECS
CS Number of Construction stage to be designed − -
To be used in addition to LCCS. Example construction stage: see csm34_stage_design.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-37

3.21 COPY – Make a copy of construction stage design results
See also: DESB

COPY
LCR Reinforcement distribution number − -

LCRC Reinforcement distribution number LCR will be copied − -
to number LCRC
LC Loadcase number (can also be an AQB COMB stor- − -
age result)
LCC Loadcase number LC will be copied to number LCC − -
To be used in addition to DESB. Example construction stage: see csm34_stage_design.dat
3-38 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.22 SUMA – Sum of CSM stage actions
SUMA
TYPE Elementtype LT ALL

BEAM beams
TRUS trusses
CABL cables
SPRI springs
QUAD quads
NODE support reactions
ALL = default
SUMA stores the summed up beam forces separated to the used CSM actions. Example see:
csm31_design_aci.dat
HEAD
SUMA
END
This helps to check the CSM DESI forces and can also be used for an extern design of con-
struction stages.
Attention: inner tendon steel stress losses due to creep and shrinkage are not included!
For 1000 construction stages and 8 actions, 8000 new loadcases are stored. So it may be
clever to copy the .cdb and use SUMA only on the copied .cdb for a further design.
Example csm31_design.dat with the following actions:
CS 10 TYPE G_1
CS 11 TYPE P - will be stored as PB and ZP
CS 14 TYPE SL - will be sorted out as not permanent !
CS 15 TYPE C_1
CS 20 TYPE G_2
CS 25 TYPE C_1
CS 34 TYPE ZC - OK, we take this as well
CS 35 TYPE C_2 NKRI 4
will store with SUMA:
LC 210000... G_1 Sums in LC 210010, 210011, 210015, 210020, 210025, 210034, 210035-38
LC 220000... G_2 Sums in LC 220020, 220025, 220034, 220035-38
LC 310000... PB Sums in LC 300011, 300015, 300020, 300025, 300034, 300035-38
LC 320000... ZP Sums in LC 310011, 310015, 310020, 310025, 310034, 310035-38
PB= static determined part p
ZP= static indetermined part
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-39

LC 410000... C_1 Sums in LC 410015, 410020, 410025, 410034, 410035-38

LC 420000... C_2 Sums in LC 420035-38
LC 510000... ZC Sums in LC 510034, 510035-38
- from LC 510000 on all actions are added that occur seldom, e.g. ZC, R_1
- using CTRL GPCS, the 110000-130000 parts are added
Comment: e.g. LC 220043 contains only the part of LC 50020 (only G_2 part), as this load is
still active in CS 34.
3-40 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.23 REIN – Reinforcementparameter AQB
REIN
LCR Number of reinforcement distribution − 1

only for AQB (not BEMESS)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-41

3.24 BOX – Selection for Graphic
BOX
BOX according to the WING input:

XMIN Minimum coordinates of a [m] 1001
YMIN part of the system [m] 1001
ZMIN [m] 1001
XMAX Maximum coordinates of a [m] 1001

YMAX part of the system [m] 1001
ZMAX [m] 1001
GRP Group numgers (group selection) − AUTO
To achieve better plots in the automatically generated WING run, with BOX a part of the system
can be selected, e.g. only the superstructure of a bridge csm5_free_cantilever.dat.
With GPR goups can be preselected for the graphical plots in the program WING. In case the
system has tendons or composite section, on GRP AUTO in the CSM Design Checks only
these groups are set.
An input to XMIN-ZMAX is used in the first construction stage CSM run and the CSM-DESI
runs.
A new input to BOX-GRP will also be taken into account in later CSM-DESI runs.
3-42 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.25 QCUT – QUAD cuts for WINGRAF plots
QCUT
X1 start point of a cut (MOVE) [m] 1001 -

Y1 [m] 1001 -
X2 end point of a cut (DRAW) [m] 1001 -
Y2 [m] 1001 -
WINGRAF cuts for quads in the CSM-DESI plots, see examples csm32_slab_design.dat.
With a pure input of Y1 a horizontal cut at y=Y1 is created.
An empty input QCUT deletes previous defined QCUT cuts. Then standard cuts are created.
WINGRAF cuts from SOFIPLUS (Tools-Utility Cut-line) are also used in the CSM-DESI plots.
In the interactive WINGRAF they can be switched off in Menue-Edit-Cuts-Database cuts-’Use
DB cuts’. After deleting them in WINGRAF Menue-Edit-Cuts-Database cuts-’Delete DB cuts’
only the QCUT cuts are used.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-43

3.26 SCAL – Plot Scales
SCAL
DISP Magnification factor for displacements − 0

0 do not plot
BEAM Scale for beam bending moment kNm 0
BEAN Scale for beam normal force kN 0
LOAD Scale for loads kN 0

QU_M Scale for QUAD bending moment kNm/ m 0
QU_N Scale for QUAD normal force kN/ m 0
QU_S Scale for QUAD stresses N/ mm2 0
AQ_S Scale for AQB beam section stresses N/ mm2 -
Reinforcement stresses use AQ_S*5
In ULS scaling is done automatically
0 no beam section stresses
SIGD Scale WING concrete compressive stresses N/ mm2 -
QUAS Reinforcement at QUAD WING cuts cm2 / m 0
DESI WINGRAF plots in the CSM Design − 1
SCAL replaces the old CSM input UNIT with same funktion!
To achieve better plots in the automatically generated WING run, some scalings can be
preset with SCAL.
With SCAL DISP 0 the WING-run in the _csm file can be deactivated, with SCAL AQ_S 0 the
beam section stresses can be deactivated.
The CSM-DESI can be switched off with SCAL DESI 0.
3-44 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.27 SELE – Selection Stress View
SELE
BEAM Beam element number − !

X Beam ordinate m 0
Y Y-coordinate for quad selection [m] 1001 -
Z suad selection [m] 1001 -
Beam selecion:
With SELE beam x via AQB a stress analysis is generated for this beam section.With ROG
RESULTS a stress plot follows. Please use AQUA stress points to print stresses on top and
bottom of your beam.
Quad selecion:
In a quad design you can select a quad with SELE X,Y,Z. Then you get stress plots and
numerical output for this quad in the BEMESS runs. For further checks on quad design see
also example voided_slab.dat
WINGRAF cuts for quads can be defined with QCUT.
For BEAM x it is possible to input several beam numbers, e.g. with two records SELE, for a
more detailed result printout.
Per default only the start of a beam is printed or designed in the check design (x=0). For exact
shear design it may be necessary to select multiple beam sections in a beam, because only
then AQB can exact design haunches and flange connections. Then for the selected beam
please input x=0 and x=3.50[m] (example for a 3.50m long beam).
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-45

3.28 EXPO – Export
EXPO
Exports the relevant CSM input to file ..._cse.dat.
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3.29 EQLC – Equation Load Cases
See also: EQUU, EQPP, EQBE

EQLC
NO Load case number − !
TYPE Type of load case: LT FREE

G permanent load case
or target loadcase
FREE uniform scalable load case
F following loadcase
FMIN minimum used factor -
FMAX maximum used factor -
CSM EQUATION SYSTEM:

With this feature, for a set of uniform load cases a set of desired deformation or stress states
can be computed. The CSM calculates the load case factors that will satisfy the restrictions -
together with the permanent loads.
Examples:
Examples to optimization: Input file

Linear precamber csm26_precamber_spanbyspan.dat
All calculated on final system csm21_eqation_cable_stayed.dat
Optimization in stage analysis csm23_cable_stay_optimisation_2.dat
Optimization incl. creep csm24_equation_iteration_creep.dat
Cable removal csm25_equation_cable_removal.dat
Suspension bridge csm27_suspension_w_nonlopti.dat
Introduction TH3 optimization csm29_precamber_nonl.dat

and suspension bridge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPzlHHmn-mM
In case of a given construction stage analysis and if 5000- CS loadcases are used as scalable
loadcases, in EQLC TYPE G the target loadcase must be specified. This target loadcase is
used as default in EQUU...EQBE for target consgtruction stage CS.
In order to optimize the internal forces and moments it is also possible to define target condi-
tions in previous construction stages, see csm25_equation_cable_removal.dat.
With a following loadcase F after a scalable loadcase the two loadcases get the same factor
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-47

and count as on condition.
Remarks using optimizations in a construction staged analysis:

Main goal of the equation technique is the optimization of a desired force state!
e.g. good bending moment distribution in the superstructure (main beam)
(or for an arch bridge: good bending moment distribution in the arch)
(or for a cable stayed bridge: no bending moment in pylon)
Thus usually no displacement targets should be used in the Equation technique.
If the desired force state is reached, the precamber is very easy

in linear systems → UEBE ... MODE LINE. This even does not
require a new analysis (only correction run at the end):
Just the starting deformations are modified and as
in linear systems the deformations has no additional effect on the forces,
the system must not be reanalyzed!→ see csm23_cable_stay_optimisation_2.dat.
Only in case of nonlinear systems an iteration is necessary → csm29_precamber_nonl.dat
The optimization technique is also well shown in Theoretical Background - Shape and force
optimization.
3-48 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.30 EQUU – Displacement Restriction
See also: EQLC, EQPP, EQBE, EQIT

EQUU
NO Node number − !
UX Value of desired displacement m -

UY -
UZ -
PHIX RAD -
PHIY -
PHIZ -
ADD Addition factor to the previous condition − -
TOL Tolerance (same dimension as target value) − -
DRX direction vector for displacement UX − -
DRY or direction for local rotation PHIX − -
DRZ e.g. 0mm under 45 degree: UX 0 DRX 1 DRY 1 − -
The normal usage does not contain an ADD, e..g. EQUU 312 uz 0.115:
Node 312 shall get a displacement of 115[mm].
Using ADD, only the node number and ADD must be input in the ADD line - usage e.g.:
EQUU 18 uz 0
EQUU 19 ADD -1
requires that the nodes 18+19 shall get the same displacement: uz(18)=uz(19)
Equation uz(18)-1.0*uz(19)=0.0
In the first line [EQUU 18 uz 0] uz now defines the result of the equation, not the final displace-
ment.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-49

3.31 EQPP – Reaction Restriction
See also: EQLC, EQUU, EQBE, EQIT

EQPP
NO Node number − !
PX Value of desired reaction force kN, kNm -

PY
PZ
MX
MY
MZ
Please refer to EQLC
3-50 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.32 EQBE – Beam Force Restriction
See also: EQLC, EQUU, EQPP, EQIT

EQBE
NO Element number − !
X Beam ordinate [m] 1001 0
N Value of desired element force kN, kNm -

VY
VZ
MT
MY
MZ
DSIG delta bottom-top (bottom minus top) N/ mm2
MNO material number for DSIG in a composite section
ETYP Element type LT BEAM

BEAM Beam elements
CABL Cable elements
TRUS Truss elements
SPRI Spring elements
Also for cables and truss- and spring elements a normal force restriction can be defined. A
spring torsional moment must be input with ”MT” and ETYP SPRI.
An EQBE DSIG 50 MNO 5 defines a target of delta-sigma = 50 N/mm2. That represents a

specific moment in the partial section with material 5.
Please refer to EQLC
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-51

3.33 EQIT – Construction Stage Iteration
See also: EQBE, EQUU, EQPP

EQIT
ITER Number of iterations − -

FMAX Iteration parameter − -
as ASE - SYST ... FMAX
For non-linear effects e.g. for creep and shrinkage, the construction stage analysis can be
iterated to achieve a target force in the final stage. The iteration can be switched on with EQIT.
Tolerances für iteration stop can be defined in the restriction input e.g. EQBE, EQUU or EQPP.
Example see csm24_equation_iteration_creep.dat.
For example with EQIT 20 FMAX 1.5 it is possible to prevent a too great modification of the
new load case factors. A negative value for FMAX e.g. -4.0 activates a old iteration method
regula-falsi. A positive value (deafult) uses a Crisfield acceleration as used in ASE.
EQIT improved in combination with CAMB...MODE EQIT:

If force convergence is reached an additional run of the construction phase is done with the
last factors to achieve a better precamber result, see example csm29_precamber_nonl.dat.
Also csm30_c_precamber_site.dat shows this on the example of a cable stayed bridge, de-
scription see Theoretical Background - Nonlinear precamber analysis
Figure 3.3: csm30...dat: Problem on closing the gap due to unsymmetric settlement
3-52 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.34 KINK – Add a new segment with a Kink
KINK
CS Construction stage − !
GRP group number − !
DXX kink rotation around global x [mrd] 1004 0
DYY kink rotation [mrd] 1004 0
DZZ kink rotation [mrd] 1004 0
To fix a deformation problem detected on site you can introduce a kink in a CS stage. Example
see csm30_e_precamber_kink.dat
An empty input KINK or a new CSM construction stage input deletes old KINK input stored in
the .cdb.
Description of the whole workflow see Theoretical Background - precamber
Figure 3.4: Solving the problem with a kink (highly enlarged)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-53

3.35 CABL – Cable Anchorage Angle Check
CABL
LC1 loadcase number for the angle check − -

LC2 to: LC1 up to LC2 are used − -
TYPE type of loadcase LT FULL
FULL LC inlude dead load and prestress
DIFF only difference to the permanent loadcase
This function has not much to do with the CSM itself. But it may help do design rotation angles
at cable anchorages.
For cables see also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmAeevUeJcU
All existing loadcases from LC1 to LC2 are used. Multiple input lines are allowed. LC1 of
the first input line defines the permanent state (in following lines the permanent LC may occur
again).
Example see: csm21_cable_anchorage_angle.dat and csm21_cable_anchorage_angle_3d.dat
a3A
a2A
a1
h
fz
z a2E
+a
s a3E
l-xy E
3.35.1 Main plane

In a first table the angles for the main plane are printed (s-z plane).
Three parts are taken into account. In color red the possible corresponding displacement is
shown.
a1 Rotation of the nodal line with angle α . For SYST GDIR NEGZ (global z points
up), α of stays rotates up, for SYST GDIR POSZ α rotates downwards!
In hangers, α rotates opposite to local t, see figure 3.5 and 3.6
a2 Angle α of cable sagging. For the flat stressed cable the angle a2A on top is the
same (without regard to the sign) to a2E = 4*fz/(l-xy)
3-54 SOFiSTiK 2020

a3 Rotation of the superstructure or pylon at the cable anchorage (nodal rotation)
- direction s is the direction of the cable from node A to node E in the ground view
- for hangers s points into the local x axis of the bottom node
- a positive rotation α means an increase of z in direction s, in hangers increase of local u in ss
- only formulars for a flat stressed cable are used -> a2A = -a2E
- if a nonlinear sagging from ASE-TH3 is provided it is taken
- for linear loadcases fz is analyzed from the normal force using H0
- for this only deadload in z is supposed
- except for TYPE DIFF also linear loadcases must include dead load and prestress
- horizontal cable sagging is also inluded if available (wind in ASE-TH3)
The real end tangent inclination for a cable in a loadcase in the main plane is:
(in the above figure global z falls from A to E - so -h must be inserted:)
- at the startnode A : real end tangent inclination α A = ATAN(+-h/(l-xy) +a1 -a2E
- at the end-node E : real end tangent inclination α E = ATAN(+-h/(l-xy) +a1 +a2E
As only the difference to the cable anchorage tn the superstructure is of interest, the rotation a3
must be substracted. Also only the range of the angles compared to other loadcase is relevant,
so the often big number ATAN(+-h/(l-xy) is not printed in the output values daA and daE and
we get:
- at the startnode A : daA = +a1 -a2E -a3A = change of the cable anchorage for a loadcase
- at the end-node E : daE = +a1 +a2E -a3E . (compared to the system angle ATAN(+-h/(l-xy) )
Together with the value for the permanent loadcase you get all necessary values with the
printed min. and max. values for the main plane.
3.35.2 Main and transverse plane, skew direction

In a separate table also transverse angles due to transverse effects are printed and combined
with the main plane rotations. Again three parts are taken into account but now in the local
coordinate system ss-t-u of the cable. It is defined as follows, cable no. 14001 in example
csm21_cable_anchorage_angle_3d.dat with wind in transverse direction:
- direction ss is the direction of the cable from node A to node E

- direction u is perpendicular to ss in the direction of global Z
- for hangers u points into the local x axis of the bottom node
- direction t is the local transverse direction
- also horizontal cable sagging is inluded if available (wind in ASE-TH3)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-55

global Z u
A t
hanger
local ss
ss u
E
E
global X
Figure 3.5: cable coordinate system for SYST GDIR NEGZ and hanger start node A = upper node
Please notice that local t axis of hangers depends on the cable direction start-end. For System
SYST GDIR POSZ here the local t of the hanger points opposite to the local t of the stay cable.
The angle α for a1,a2,a3 always rotates opposite to the local t axis.
t
t
hanger
ss u u local ss
E
E
global X
global Z
Figure 3.6: cable coordinate system for SYST GDIR POSZ and hanger start node A = upper node
In the fixed directions u and t the angle differences are now also printed relative to the perma-
nent situation, see column daperm and dtperm.
a1,a2,a3,da and daperm are the same rotations as in the outprint of the main plane (α rotates
from ss to u = opposite to local t),
t1,t2,t3,dt and dtperm are rotations in transverse direction t (from ss to t = positive around the
u-axis).
Due to a combined sagging in u and t direction a maximum skew angle change can occur,
printed in column ’skew’. This is also an angle relative to the permanent situation.
3-56 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.36 MEX – Manual excentricity
MEX
LC Load case − !
DIFF created load case number (offset) − !
EX_Z excentricity of the Beam normal force or the Quad [m] 1011 0
normal force in lokal z
EX_Y excentricity of the Beam normal force in local y [m] 1011 0
EX_R beam excentricity in direction of the main bending [m] 1011 0
acts additive to EX_Z and EX_Y
EX_Q excentricity quad elements [m] 1011 0
GRP group number, without input = all groups − -
This function has not much to do with the CSM itself. But it may help do design compression
members.
MEX makes a copy of a loadcase and increases the bending moments in beams and quads if
the normalforce is compression. In Quads this is done in the two main normal force directions
using only ex_q
example:
+PROG CSM
HEAD
MEX lc 15 diff 100000 ex_z 60[mm] ex_y 30[mm]
end
EX_R 60[mm] will give e.g. for N=-1000kN and MY=300kNm and MZ=-400kNm
-> skew main moment = 500kNm:
delta-M= 0.060*1000 = 60kNm in direction of the skew main moment:
delta-MY= 60kNm*300/500 = 36kNm -> MY= 300+36 = 336kNm
delta-MZ= 60kNm*400/500 = 48kNm -> MZ= -400-48 = -448kNm
On MY=0 and MZ=0 , EX_R is applied for both directions.
If you want to vary the excentricities per group you can input following lines without LC and
DIFF, example:
MEX lc 15 diff 100000 ex\_z 60[mm] ex\_y 30[mm] $ default all groups
MEX lc - diff - ex\_z 80[mm] ex\_y 50[mm] GRP 4
MEX lc - diff - ex\_z 20[mm] ex\_y 20[mm] GRP 6
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-57

3.37 ECHO – Output Control
ECHO
OPT A literal from the following list: LT FULL

CS construction stages
GRP groups
LC load cases
CREP creep paramters with possible input of
width of output line
RCRE partial creep factors
EXPO
FULL all the above options
VAL Output extent LT YES

OFF no calculation / output
NO no output
YES regular output
FULL extensive output
EXTR extreme output
With ECHO RCRE FULL/NO a listing of creep values of later acting load parts can be switched
on/off in case of CTRL CREP RCRE.
The output of the creep parameters in a wide table shows the development of the construction
stages in a good overview. If you have many stages, you can increase the width of this table
with ECHO CREP 245. Using report e.g. with greater paper format, please do not input ECHO
CREP greater than 150 because otherwise not all columns are visible!
To view such a wide table please use TEDDY and view the result file .erg or .lst. In an SSD-Task
you can store the .lst file with a +sys copy into a file file.lst:
PROG TEXTILE
HEAD
...
END
+sys copy $(name).lst file.lst
3-58 SOFiSTiK 2020

Examples | CSM
4 Examples
The input files which are explained here are to be found in the installation directory SOFiSTiK
in the subdirectory csm.dat\english. You will find an overview there in file
overview_csm_examples_english.pdf
Alternatively you will find the examples via the TEDDY menu HELP > EXAMPLES sorted by
program name and language.
For additional help like tutorials, tutorial movies and practical examples please refer to the
SOFiSTiK Infoportal (www.sofistik.com/Infoportal).
4.1 4-span Bridge With Stepwise Construction
Figure 4.1: 4-span Bridge
A 4-span bridge is build in construction stages. A detailed description is found in theoretical

principles - precamber - see also example csm26_precamber_spanbyspan.dat
4.2 Two Span Girder Creeping
Figure 4.2: Two Span Girder Creeping
Two single girders are put in place and then connected. Due to creep and shrinkage the
bending moment will change from a single span distribution to a twospan distribution.
The activation and fixing of the beam hinge runs automatically with the CSM...GRP...HING
input - please refer to ASE...GRP...HING.
4.3 Precast Girder Bridge With Cast In Situ Deck

Essentiell important in this example is the definition of the composite section in AQUA, using
the AQUA...SECT...CS technique. This controlls together with the CSM...GRP input the acti-
vation of a varying cross section stiffness. The connection of the two singls span girders to a
two span system is done with short connection beams. Different support springs are switched
on and off in different construction stages. Please look at the produced sectional stress plots
at the end of the csm3..._csm.dat run.
SOFiSTiK 2020 4-1

CSM | Examples
Figure 4.3: Precast Girder Bridge With Cast In Situ Deck
4.4 Prestresses FE Slab - Test System
Figure 4.4: Prestresses FE Slab - Test System
This example shows the usage on prestressed finite element slabs.
4.5 Free Cantilever Erection - Small Test Bridge
Figure 4.5: Free Cantilever Erection - Small Test Bridge
Classical free cantilever erection bridge including temporary loads of the moving formtraveler.
4.6 Free Cantilever Erection - Big Bridge

Big free cantilever erection bridge with a huge number of internal and external tendons. Impor-
tant ist the input ot their activation in TENDON...CS...ICS1. See also "Theoretical background
- Numbering".
4.7 Multistorey - Incremental Erection

Also during the stepwise erection of a building, restraint forces appear. They can be analyzed
in a realistic way with the CSM.
4-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

Examples | CSM
Figure 4.6: Free Cantilever Erection - Big Bridge
Figure 4.7: Multistorey - Incremental Erection
SOFiSTiK 2020 4-3

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CSM

Construction Stage Manager

CSM Manual, Service Pack 2020-6 Build 289

Copyright © 2020 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.

HQ Oberschleissheim Office Nuremberg

T +49 (0)89 315878-0 T +49 (0)911 39901-0

2 Theoretical Background 2-1

2.12.5 Design check print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44

3 Input Description 3-1

3.35.2 Main and transverse plane, skew direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55

SOFiSTiK 2020 iii

SOFiSTiK 2020 1-1

1-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

The construction stages are controlled with the following tables:

- the table CS defines the used construction stages

2.2 Activation of new elements

Figure 2.1: CTRL CANT - activation of a new group

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-1

Figure 2.2: Activation of a new group, formwork stands on ground

Figure 2.3: Free cantilever erection: a new segment is hanging on a crane

2-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

For example: Group 50 is activated in construction stage 50 (hardening of concrete in CS 50)

2.4 Construction Stages to be Computed

2.5 Load Cases - Primary Load Cases - Difference Load Cases

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-3

redistribution of forces caused by creep and shrinkage.

2-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

PROG ASE Difference LC 5015

LC 4000... = summed up load cases =

LC 6000... = AQB inner stresses

LC 5000... = difference load cases =

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-5

Lets assume a prestressed beam on creep acting loading G+P:

Δσ P-6000 curvature load LC 6000...

• Total CS displacements and forces starting LC 4000...

2-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

Overview loadcases used by CSM:

using more than 1000 stages (or CTRL GPCS 1):

On CTRL GPCS (GPC separated on stages ’removint temp. supports’:

For CSM precamber analysis (CAMB)

For CSM new segments with CTRL CANT 3:

For CSM Equation System usage

CSM DESI Design usage:

2101-2199: ULS design

9001-9499: Superposition with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-7

Overview reinforcement distribution numbers used by CSM:

Quad elements (BEMESS):

2-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.6 Analysis of Creep and Shrinkage

See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taaBfPlIRGA

2.6.1 Loading start T0 and shrinkage start TS

2.6.2 Real Creep

- t0 = 7 days : Stripping construction stage CS 10

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-9

difference loadcase 5020

2-10 SOFiSTiK 2020

In example real_creep_creepparameter.dat we get the following output (first CSM run):

2.6.3 Simple creeping

Here a compare of the creep values of example csm1_4span_centering.dat. CTRL CREP

Shrinkage coefficients are computed accordingly.

Now to compare: the same example with CTRL CREP RCRE:

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-11