1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 MIXING SYSTEM AND INGREDIENTS

The mixing system we choose is the solid-liquid mixing system. A solid–liquid mixture
consists of solid and liquid matter, such as a mixture of sand and water or a mixture of salt
and water.
Mixing in solid–liquid systems is used for dispersing agglomerates, keeping the solid particles
in suspension, blending various solid particles and colloids in a liquid, or blending two liquids
as in the case of paints and foods. [1]
Our selection for this system is varnish. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or
film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a
combination of a drying oil, a pigment, and a thinner or solvent. [2]
We selected for ingredients and their density;
Dry oil – Linseed oil (so as to give the resulting coat more elasticity), 930 kg/m3 [3]
Pigment- Resin, 1045 kg/m3 [4]
Solvent – Diethyl Ether (Pigment more soluble in Diethyl Ether), 714 kg/m3 [5]
1.2 SELECTION OF IMPELLER

We selected six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton Turbine) with baffle for our solid-liquid
system.

Figure 1.2.1 Six-Blade Turbine with Disk

Turbines are rotating devices with a plurality of radially extending blades. The ambition is to
reduce non-uniformities in the fluid containing liquids, blend soluble components, disperse
gases and solid particles such as cells and promote heat transfer.
Fermentation depends vastly on the success of the fermenter design in order to obtain
optimum flow field, shear distribution, bubble distribution, Oxygen distribution, mass transfer
throughout the entire fermenters liquid volume. [6]
1.3 AGITATING TANK FOR A TOTAL VOLUME OF 10 LİTER

Firstly, calculated diameter of tank with equation;

𝑉=𝜋 𝑟2 ℎ [Equation 1.3.1]
Then, we find value of DT (Diameter of Tank) and thank to this value we can calculate other
dimensions, such as, diameter of impeller, height of tank, width and thickness of blades etc.
We can use the equations in the figure below for turbine measurements.

Figure 1.3.1 Measurement of Turbine (After Rushton et al.45)

1.4 POSITION OF THE IMPELLER AND ITS INSTALLATION TO THE MIXING VESSEL

Our selection was six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton Turbine) with baffle. Baffles are
important parts of the stirred tanks which improve the mixing efficiency and suppress the
vortex formation. In baffled vessels a Rushton turbine impeller develops radial flow pattern.
Impeller should be centrally for more efficiency and good mixing. In this way, dissolving
time of solid particles in liquid will accelerate thank to radial flow.

Figure 1.4.1 Centrally Placed Impeller in Baffled Vessel Figure 1.4.2 Radial-Flow Pattern
1.5 AGITATING TANK FOR A TOTAL VOLUME OF 1 TON

Scale up made for 1 ton in given equation below.

( VP 11 ) =( VP 22 )
10 L 1TON
[Equation 1.5.1]

1.6 FEEDING INGREDIENTS AND DISCHARGING PRODUCTS

Our raw materials was pigment(resin), linseed oil and diethyl ether. Feeding of pigment sent
thank to fan system, because pigment is solid particle for our solid-liquid system. Liquid raw
materials, linseed oil and diethyl ether, sent thank to pumps. Discharging become fact with
only one pump, and mix passed to filter.
You can see on flowsheet more understandable in next sections.
1.7 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION

A piping and instrumentation is a detailed diagram in the process industry which shows the
piping and process equipment together with the instrumentation and control devices. In this
section, we will give information of selected units.
Motor: An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. According to the calculations, an engine with 75 HP and RPM 1200
power was selected. This motor is powerful enough to stir the mixer. [7]
Valves: Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or
process. Our selection for valve is Standard Pattern Globe Valve and it body design is the
most common body type.
 The horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel perpendicular to
the flow direction of the fluid.
 Due to its tortuous flow passage this design offers highest resistance to flow among all
of the available patterns. This design has the lowest coefficient of flow and highest
pressure drop.
 They are used in severe throttling services, such as in bypass lines around a control
valve.
 Standard pattern globe valves may also be used in applications where pressure drop is
not a major concern and only throttling is required. [8]
Flow Meters: A flow meter works by measuring the amount of a liquid, gas, or steam flowing
through or around the flow meter sensors. Our selection for flow meter, Oval Gear Flow
Meter (Type of Positive Displacement Flow Meter).
 High Accuracy of Reading
 Excellent Repeatability
 Minimal Maintenance
 Suitable for numerous fluids including Water and High Viscous Fluids
 Ease of Installation, No Flow conditioning
 Exceptional Turn Down Ratios
 Accuracy unaffected by changes in Viscosity
 No power required with pulse or mechanical register
 Industrial Heavy Duty Robust Design [9]
Electrical Controllers: A controller is a comparative device that receives an input signal from
a measured process variable, compares this value with that of a predetermined control point
value (set point), and determines the appropriate amount of output signal required by the final
control element to provide corrective action within a control loop.
Our selection of electrical controllers is integrated electrical system in DCS (distributed
controller system).
 Total plant visualization
 Centralized operation and maintenance platform for both process and electrical control
 Possibility to combine production data with energy consumption in every level of the
plant
 Cost effective system footprint
 Procurement and installation of only one system
 Reduced engineering and commissioning time
 Reduced project and integration risks
 Energy efficient operations
 Services (engineering): savings on reusing Process documents and system
configuration; less cabinets to design and test [10]
Level Sensors: Level sensors are devices that can be used to monitor or establish the level of a
liquid or solid in a tank, vessel, or another container used as part of a process or system. Our
selection for level sensor is Vibrating or Tuning Fork Level Sensor.
 Level control of liquid, powders and fine grained solids within mining, chemical
processing and food and beverage industries.
 The vibrating sensor technology is perfect for solid and liquid level control, including
sticky materials and foam, as well as powders and fine grained solids. However, the
types of applications that can use tuning forks is limited to overfill or run dry type
applications and they do not provide continuous process measurement. However can
be used in conjunction with continuous level detection systems, acting as alarm points
for over-filling and leaks. [11]
Pumps: A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Our
selection for pump is Diaphragm Pumps.
 Diaphragm pumps have very significant properties, which make them particularly
suitable for use in agriculture on spraying bars and air-blast sprayers.
 Excellent head and self-priming capacity.
 Good dry running capacity
 Resistance to abrasion and corrosion
 The diaphragm pump is a type of pump which uses alternating variations in the
volume of a chamber (expansion and contraction) to generate imbalances in pressure
between the chamber and adjacent spaces.
 Trying to compensate for the difference in pressure between two environments, the
fluid naturally moves from the space with greater pressure to the space with lower
 pressure, resulting in a downward movement, a rise, and in short in the pumping of the
fluid itself. [12]
Fan: The fan makes the solid pigment go to the mixing tank by air flow. Our selection is
centrifugal fan for fan selection.
 A centrifugal fan or centrifugal blower is a pump or motor that moves air. It pulls the
air inside the blower and then pushes it out at a 90º angle. The two main components
of a centrifugal fan are the motor and the impeller. An impeller sucks or pulls air, in
contrast to a propeller which pushes air. [13]
1.8 FLOW SHEET OF MIXING SYSTEM

Size of Tank;
1.9 COST
We specified all the instruments and raw materials used. You can see the prices from the tables below.

INSTRUMENTAL QUANTITY PRICE($)

Mixing tank 1 9525,16
Level sensor 2 742,18
Electric motor 1 789,27
Globe valve 4 415,6
Pump 3 1920
Impeller 1 535,32
Fan 1 80,20
Table 1.9.1 Cost of Instumentations

MATERIAL QUANTITY PRICE($/L)

Pigment 177,8 1107,694
Ether 124,7 3080,09
Linseed oil 759,5 4177,25
Table 1.9.2 Cost of Raw Materials