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THE ROMAN EMPIRE
By the time it got an emperor, Rome was
already an empire. Its conquests
connected new parts of the world, but
cultural exchange, new trade networks,
and luxury shopping habits also changed
Rome. Rome had begun expanding
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shortly after the founding of the republic
in the 6th century BC, though it did not
expand outside the Italian peninsula
until the 3rd century BC. Then, it was an
"empire" long before it had an emperor.
The fate of Western Rome was partially
sealed in the late third century, when the
Emperor Diocletian divided the Empire
into two halves—the Western Empire
seated in the city of Milan, and the
Eastern Empire in Byzantium, later
known as Constantinople. With such a
vast territory to govern, the empire faced
an administrative and logistical
nightmare. Even with their excellent road
systems, the Romans were unable to
communicate quickly or effectively
enough to manage their holdings.
 The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to
220 AD, which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's

HAN DYNASTY last ruler, Emperor Xian. During this period, the country was thrown into turmoil
by the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–205). Meanwhile, the Han Empire's
institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo, and fractured into regional
The government monopolies were regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the
eventually repealed when a political Han imperial court. Eventually, one of those warlords, Cao Cao, was able to
faction known as the Reformists gained gradually reunify the empire, ostensibly under Emperor Xian's rule, but the
greater influence in the court. The empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself.
Reformists opposed the Modernist
faction that had dominated court politics
in Emperor Wu's reign and during the
subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68
BC). During the turbulent reign of Wang
Mang, China lost control over the Tarim
Basin, which was conquered by the
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Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a

base to invade the Hexi Corridor in
Gansu. In the hierarchical social order,
the emperor was at the apex of Han
society and government.
 The first dynasty of the Persian Empire was created by the Achaemenids,
PERSIAN established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of the Median,
Lydian and Babylonian empires. It covered much of the then known Ancient

EMPIRE world. Persepolis, the most famous historical site related to Persian Empire in
the Achaemenid era, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The
Afsharid dynasty was an Iranian dynasty that originated in Khorasan from the
Afshar tribe. The dynasty was founded by Nader Shah. Nader rose to power
during a period of chaos in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Pashtuns had
overthrown the weak Sultan Husayn, while the arch-enemy of the Safavids, the
Ottomans, as well as the Russians had seized Iranian territory for themselves.
Nader reunited the Iranian realm and removed the invaders. He became so
powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty,
which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become Shah himself in 1736. The
Afsharids ruled Iran from 1736 to 1796. In 1796, after the fall of the Zand and
Afsharid dynasties, Agha Mohammad Khan of Qajar dynasty was the sole ruler
of Iran. But soon after, in 1797, he was assassinated by his servants. Since he had
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no children, the shah was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah.[11] The reign
of Fath-Ali Shah saw huge and irrecoverable territorial loss for the Persian
Empire after wars against the Russians in 1804–13 and 1826–28.[12] Fath-Ali
died in 1834 and was succeeded by his grandson, Mohammad Shah.