Water Cycle for the Earth :

Land 30 % Oceans = 70 %
Land ET
P 72 cm/yr. 41 cm
runoff to oceans 31 cm

0.3
Oceans 112 cm/yr + 31 × = 125 cm (E) ↑
0.7

≅
* Lakes and rivers ≅ 270 x 1012 m3/yr

Egypt share 55 x 109 ≅ 0.02% of the world fresh water

Irrigation : It is an artificial mean of water application to soil to ensure
enough moisture essential for plant life

Drainage: It is an artificial mean of removal of excess

groundwater from the root zone

Water Budget:
ET P
P ET
Ro
P + RI + GI = ET + Ro + Go. R
I
River
+ΔSm + ΔSg
Sm
P = ET + ΔR + ΔG + ΔSm + ΔSg GI
Sg Go
Rainfed Versus Irrigated Agriculture:
Regions P (mm/yr) Irrigation Drainage
Humid 1500-2000 Forrests ------
Semi-Humid 1000-1500 Rainfed May be
Semi-Arid 500-1000 Supplementary May be
Arid 250-500 Irrigation May be
Desert Less than 250 Irrigation May be

Cultivated Versus Irrigated Areas:

Country Cultivated Area (106 fed.) Irrigated %
Egypt 8.1 7.8 96
China 275.0 13.0 47
France 77.0 6.0 8
Japan 14.5 8.0 55
USA 300.0 30.0 10
Total Irrigation area in the world ≅ 500 x 106 feddans
Irrigation Process

Field Irrigation
Water Delivery Irrigation
System Method Application

Source Quality Canals Surface Sprinkle Drip

Traditional Amount (Depth)
• Fresh Irrigation Str.
Frequency
Surface Water • Saline Pump Stations (Soil Inf. Rate and ET)
Ground Water
Non-Traditional
Agr. Drainage Reuse
Treated Wastewater Reuse
Desalinization
Fog Collection
Cloud Seeding