Lamanoc Island Terminal Report - Revised

I.
BASIC INFORMATION
Program Title : Enhancing Resilience in Coastal and Wetland

Areas for Enhanced Biodiversity
Conservation and Ecotourism Activities
Project Title : Biodiversity Profiling and Carrying Capacity

Determination of Priority Nature-based
Ecotourism Areas in Visayas Region
Study Title : Biodiversity Profiling and Carrying Capacity

Determination of Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour
and Mangrove Tour Within the Candijay Anda
Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest
Reserve/Wilderness Area in Badiang, Anda,
Bohol
Project Implementer : ERDB-BCWERC
Project Leader : Dr. Alicia L. Lustica/Female

OIC-Head, BCWERC
Study Leader : Chona M. Tura/Female

Sen. Sci. Res. Specialist
Co-workers/
Project Staff : For. Anselmo Aurestila/ Male
Science Research Specialist 1
For. Bruno O. Carreon/Male

Science Research Specialist 1
For. Bernardo R. Redoblado/Male

Sci. Res. Technician 1
(February-December 2015)
Hanna Lou P. Castillo/Female

Sci. Res. Technician 1
(January 2015-July 2016)
Implementing Agency : ERDB-BCWERC
Cooperating Agencies: CENRO Talibon, Bohol

Local Government Unit of Badiang, Anda,
Bohol
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Badiang Fishermen’s Association
II ABSTRACT
This study determines the biodiversity profile and carrying

capacity (CarCap) of Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour and Mangrove
Tour within the Candijay Anda Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest
Reserve and Wilderness area in Badiang, Anda, Bohol in terms of
maximum number of visitors which can be accommodated in various
activities in the ecotourism area without putting adverse impact on
the coastal and mangrove and beach forest resources and at the
same time, meeting and satisfying the needs of visitors and the host
community. A total of 102 visitors- 82 local tourists and 20
foreigners of various nationalities were considered respondents to a
one-on-one interview using a structured interview schedule. Socio-
demographic data, tourists preferences, assessment of facilities
including gender suitability and limiting factors influencing preferred
activity in the area were used as basis in determining the standard
area requirement and time spent of visitors on preferred activity and
the area’s carrying capacity.
In the assessment of biodiversity, flora composition includes

the mangroves and beach forest resources from Barangay Badiang
to Lamanoc Island, 19 species of true mangrove and associate
species were identified belonging to 9 families, while 12 species of
beach forest were identified and recorded under 11 families in
Lamanoc Island. Among the mangrove species in Badiang and
Lamanoc Island, Bakauan Lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) is the
highest in terms of Importance Value (IV) followed by Bungalon
(Avicennia marina), and Bakauan Bangkau (Rhizophora stylosa).
Mangrove and beach forest species in Lamanoc Island has a
species diversity of 2.34 which means low diverse in terms of
species composition while an evenness of 0.71 meaning high
diversity in terms of density.
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As to the faunal composition, only species of birds, bats, and
monkey were identified and recorded. There were 30 species of
birds belonging to 19 families 7 species of bats under 2 families, and
one species of Philippine long tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis
philippensis)
Four major ecotourism activities were considered in the

computation of carrying capacity using the Boullon’s (1985) basic
formula and mathematical computation, namely: swimming,
snorkeling, mangrove tour, and Lamanoc Island mystic tour.
Considering some factors that limit the visitation of tourists in the
area, the following computed real carrying capacity (RCC) are as
follows: 97 visitors in a day for the mystic tour, 48 visitors in a day
for the mangrove tour, 13 visitors in a day for swimming and 19
visitors in a day for snorkelling activity. Based on the tourist arrival
records in 2014-2015, the computed carrying capacity is far higher
compared to the visitors coming in the area at present. Hence
physical carrying capacity has not yet exceeded as far as
ecotourism activities in Lamanoc Island is concerned.
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III. RATIONALE
Assessment of the existing resources in the area is an

important pre-requisite activity before establishing an ecotourism
project. Ecotourism activities and facilities can be carefully and
properly planned upon knowing what resources are present and
available and what specific tourism activity is economical and
environmental-friendly that needs to be promoted. Assessment
should be focused on existing activities that should be maintained
and what existing facilities should be improved so that better
services are provided to visitors.
The presence of diversed flora and fauna is crucial in

planning for ecotourism development of the area. Complementation
must be considered between the proposed activities and existing
natural resources and socio-cultural attributes. It is also a must to
know the resources needing utmost protection and conservation
before any activity is allowed. In the conduct of resource
assessment in upland ecosystems, various considerations shall
include the presence of important species of plants, birds and other
animal species. Special important features of the area shall be
designed for specific activity.
Lamanoc Island is one of the tourist attractions in Bohol

promoted as an ecological destinations of the province. It is known,
not only for the natural beauty and for various species of flora and
fauna, but also for the mystical history attached to it. The name of
the island itself revealed a story that the place was once told “a
sacred place of the spirit”. Some visitors going into the island had
experienced certain manifestations of the rituals once practiced in
this mystic place. The mystic tour brings the tourists to six
designated “stop over”, namely: ancient graveyard, red hematite
painting, tangob cave, fossilized clam, Ka Iska cave, and Siaman’s
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cave. Every destination has its own mystic history. Hence, this
unique feature invited the interests of some tourists to undergo this
mystic experience.
Barangay Badiang has 115 hectare-mudflat areas where

naturally-grown mangrove and established plantations are managed
for mangrove tour activity. It also included the 70 hectares marine
sanctuary under the monitoring and supervision of the local
government unit (LGU) of the municipality of Anda.
The Lamanoc Island mystic tour and mangrove tour are

currently under the supervision and management of the Tourism
Office of the local government unit (LGU) of Anda and co-managed
by Badiang Fishermen’s Association (BAFIAS). The people
organization (PO) is a holder of Protected Area Community-based
Resource Management Agreement (PACBRMA) issued by the
DENR in 2006.
Carrying capacity refers to the ability of a particular area to

provide goods and services within threshold limits without causing
negative or detrimental effects on the resource base and
stakeholders, users, and local population.
When human activities for livelihood, or non-consumptive

uses exceed threshold limits at a particular ecosystem, negative
effects or impact are manifested. Once this happens, degradation
and deterioration becomes very apparent and could result to
damage to property and diverse types of losses, in productivity,
benefits, and even human lives.
In the case of Lamanoc Island, changes in the biophysical,

socio-economic, policy, and institutional structures should consider
mitigation of negative impacts for it to sustainably provide goods and
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services. In determining the carrying capacity of this area, a
qualitative and quantitative analyses shall be undertaken to develop
models and formulate strategies for biodiversity protection and
conservation, for water resources management and utilization, for
agroforestry and livestock production, and for ecotourism and
livelihood development, hence this study.
IV. OBJECTIVES
This project has the following objectives:
1. To establish baseline information on the biodiversity and carrying

capacity of important resources of Lamanoc Island within the
Candijay-Anda-Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve and
Wilderness Area in Badiang, Anda, Bohol for sustainable resource
utilization, protection, conservation, and management;
2. To formulate and recommend appropriate carrying capacity

models for the Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour and Mangrove Tour in
Badiang, Anda, Bohol.
3. To formulate and recommend strategies for sustainable resource

utilization, protection, conservation, and management; and
4. To generate information for policy and planning applications.
V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
As economy grows continuously, and consumption of

resources (food and energy) exceeds natural capital (such as
biodiversity, air, land, water, timber, etc.) negative impacts are
manifested in the decline of biodiversity, pollution of land, air, water,
climatic changes, soil erosion, and floods, etc. With environmental
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factors taken into account in evaluating production and utilization of
resources, carrying capacity would mean the maximum rates of
resource harvesting and waste generation that can be sustained
without progressively impairing productivity and functional integrity
of ecosystems whenever these are located (Rees, 1988).
In the context of tourism carrying capacity, Ceballos-

Lascuráin (1996) integrates its definition by citing authors in the
following manner; Wolters (1991) defines it as a specific type of
environmental carrying capacity and refers to carrying capacity of
the biophysical and social environment with respect to tourist activity
and development. IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1991) defines environmental
carrying capacity as the capacity of an ecosystem to support healthy
organisms while maintaining its productivity, adaptation and capacity
of renewal. With this, carrying capacity represents a threshold level
of human activity, if exceeded the resource base will deteriorate
(Wolters, 1991). McIntyre and Hetherington, (1991) added that if
threshold level is exceeded, deterioration of area’s resources,
diminishing visitors satisfaction, and/or adverse impact upon the
society, economy, and culture of the area can be expected to ensue.
As pointed out by Ceballos-Lascuráin (1996), basic knowledge and
understanding of the environmental impacts arising from tourism
development are vital prerequisite if carrying capacity
methodologies are applied in addition to the understanding of
visitors and their expectations.
On the other hand, Chamberlain (1977) defines sustainable

development as one which meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. He further considered carrying capacity as a
measure of sustainability. Thus, carrying capacity is defined as level
of human activity that an area can accommodate without causing
deterioration of the area and the resident community not adversely
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affected or deprived.
Social scientists consider impact of social, cultural, and

institutional factors on population environment relationship and
emphasize that these have mediating role in said relationship,
particularly policy and the state (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987;
Billsbarrow, 1987, 1992). Mediating roles of social, economic, and
environment variables happen at household, community, national,
and international levels.
Carrying capacity had been defined in various ways,

depending on the resources in question, like land, clean air, water,
biodiversity and related to the consumers or population, and specific
activities towards exploiting or using the available resources.
Odum (1971) basically defined carrying capacity as the

maximum population of a species that can be supported indefinitely
in a defined habitat without permanently impairing productivity of the
habitat, as the case of game, and range management. However,
this cannot be strictly applied to human population because of
market trade and technological innovations which improve or
increase human production and consumption of goods and services
(Catton, 1986). Along this view, carrying capacity has to be restated
as the maximum load that can be safely imposed in the environment
by people and not as maximum population per unit area.
Human load in the environment is exacerbated by increase in

per capita consumption, expanded trade or market economy and
technology. Through industrial economy, mankind becomes the
dominant consumer of the resources in major ecosystems.
Vitousek, et. al (1986) estimated that man appropriates 40% of
photosynthesis products (crops, food, fruits, grains, etc.) while Pauly
and Christensen (1995) accounted for 25-35% of primary production
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in coastal shelves.
The concept of carrying capacity of land resources to

produce goods like food (crops and livestock) sufficient for a given
population had earlier been set forth in the Malthusian theory on
population growth. Higgins, et. al (1982) recognized the limitations
posed by fixed nature of land resources against growing population.
They proposed consideration of population/human ecology in terms
of optimum levels and environmental factors. As a result, carrying
capacity on land and environmental resources had been formulated
and studied (Hawley, 1986; Drummond, 1975). In other realms of
the study, population growth, size, and density are correlated to level
of consumption (of goods and services) and technological
advances, which have greater environmental impacts or effects.
(Ehrlich and Holdren 1971, 1974; Harrison, 1992; Commoner
1991/1992; Boserup,1981). Simon (1990) suggested that
population growth indices sufficient technological change to increase
food production faster than population growth.
According to Rees (1990) even with rapid technological

advances, humankind are “obligately dependent on productivity and
life support systems of ecosystems. This condition is attributed to
the fixed nature of productive land and natural capital, i.e. resources
from ecosystems, aggravated by intensive exploitation and
utilization that resource bases could decline. As a consequence,
analyses of carrying capacity of land and natural resources became
imperative for sustainable development planning.
The concept of carrying capacity as it applies to other

animals and plants, to the non human populations which humans
would like to exploit for their own benefit, is defined as the maximum
number of species that can be supported indefinitely by a particular
habitat, allowing for seasonal and random changes, without
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degradation of the environment and without diminishing carrying
capacity in the future (Hardin, 1977). It is a time-bound, posterity-
oriented concept. Hardin further opined that this is one of the
reasons that it threatens the conventional of the present times,
which leans heavily on short term economic theory, the theory of
discounting, using commercially realistic rates of interest, virtually
writes off the future.
Considering the above cited literatures, Calanog and

Calderon (2006) opined that one can surmise that carrying capacity
is understood and perceived in many different ways. Such
understanding and perception depend on what purpose(s) and
interests are served and what objectives are hoped to attain. They
added further that one thing is common from these different
concepts and definition, carrying capacity is dependent and
influenced by many factors (social, psychological, economic,
environmental, etc), and these factors normally limit the level of
carrying capacity of a certain area. In the same token, these factors
can be altered and manipulated to increase, in one way or another,
the level of carrying capacity of the same area.
VI. METHODOLOGY
 Project Site Description

Information as to the geographic location,
demographic data, climatic data, and other biophysical data
with maps were gathered through research/readings and
actual survey and interview.
 Organization of composite team

A multidisciplinary composite team was organized to
conduct biodiversity profiling and to study carrying capacity.
Composition of the team includes discipline in biology or
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related environmental science courses, sociology, and
statistics.
 Consultative and Coordination Meetings

Coordination/linkaging with the CENRO/PENRO concerned
personnel was initiated and research study was presented
and approved by the Protected Area Management Board
(PAMB).
 Identification of parameters
Biophysical data and socio-economic profile of the local
community in the area were gathered. Sources of
information included the general management plan for the
protected area and the existing land use plan of the
municipality where the protected area is situated. Other
information was gathered from studies already conducted
such as research and private institutions that have stakes in
the area.
 Data gathering, tabulation, and analyses

Primary and secondary data on biophysical
characteristics and attributes, socio-economic aspects, land
uses, and resources (both consumptive and non-
consumptive) were gathered, tabulated, and analyzed.
Statistical tools for data analyses included regression
and correlation, comparison of means, percentages, and
frequencies.
The Boullon’s (1985) basic formula and mathematical
computation was used in computing the carrying capacity of
the study site. Boullon’s formula focuses on the
determination of the maximum number of tourists (or visits)
that can be accommodated in a given ecotourism site or
protected area without compromising the satisfaction of the
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visitors and putting in danger to the ecological condition of
the said area.
a. Vegetation survey
The vegetation survey employed the Point Centered
Quarter Method (Mueller-Dombois 1974), and Quadrat
Method (Braun-Blanquet, 1932). Parameters included:
Importance Value (Relative Frequency+ Relative Density +
Relative Dominance) and Species Diversity Index.
b. Faunal survey
Terrestrial fauna was obtained from the secondary
data and was validated through actual survey using mist net
traps, but only species list of birds and bats was recorded.
c. Soil survey
Soil samples were collected in order to describe and
assess the soil condition of the area, as to soil types, area
coverage, mineral content, and other related information.
d. Interviews and Survey

The stakeholders were identified by interviewing local
community and asking them who are involved and have
stakes over the area. The identification of various
stakeholders is very important for a clear understanding of
the needs and aspirations of the people in the area; their
problems; and their potentials and capabilities in as far as
ecotourism is concerned.
Through the use of a structured interview schedule,
information was obtained from interviews and was properly
documented.
 Model derivation and validation
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Based on collected, reviewed, and evaluated/analyzed
data (primary/secondary) a model for carrying capacity of the
site was derived. Computed CARCAP models were validated
through a focus group discussion (FGD) participated by the
DENR, LGU, PAMB, and PO representatives.
 Model revision and dissemination

Revision of the developed model was done after
evaluation, assessment, and final review.
 Report writing and submission

Quarterly, annual progress reports, and terminal report
of the project were drafted, reviewed, evaluated, and
submitted to ERDB. Copies of the terminal report were
likewise provided to CENRO/PENRO and PAMB after the
final review of the ERDB Technical Board.
VII EXPECTED OUTPUT/IMPACTS
1. Baseline information on biodiversity of important resources of

Lamanoc Island within the Candijay-Anda-Mabini Mangrove
Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area in Badiang, Anda,
Bohol for policy and planning applications.
2. Carrying capacity models for the Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour

and Mangrove Tour within the Candijay-Anda-Mabini Mangrove
Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area in Badiang, Anda,
Bohol.
3. Recommend strategies for sustainable resource utilization,

protection, conservation, and management of nature-based
ecotourism sites.
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VIII RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Project Site Description
The project site is within the Candijay-Anda-Mabini Mangrove

Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area specifically located in
Barangay Badiang, Anda, Bohol where the ecotourism activities are
presently conducted. These include the ‘’Lamanoc Island Mystic
Tour’’ and ‘’mangrove tour’’ around the natural and man-made
mangrove plantations in Barangay Badiang of the municipality of
Anda, Bohol.
Barangay Badiang has 115 hectare-mudflat areas where

naturally-grown mangrove and established plantations are managed
for mangrove tour activity. It also included 70 hectares marine
sanctuary under the monitoring and supervision of the local
government unit (LGU) of Anda.
The municipality of Anda is strategically bounded in the north

by the municipality of Candijay, Mindanao Sea in the south,
municipality of Mabini in the east and municipality of Guindulman in
the west. It has a total land area of 6,286.1495 hectares covering 16
barangays. Three (3) of its barangays were proclaimed as an initial
component of the protected area namely: Badiang, Linawan and
Talisay which are located along the coastal side of the municipality.
Based on the draft General Management Plan, Candijay-

Anda-Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness
Area (CAMMSRF/WA) covers a total of 171.0 hectares of mangrove
forest. It is located at the south eastern part of Bohol Island which
was declared as wilderness area and mangrove swamp forest
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reserve by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 2151 and
Presidential Proclamation No. 2152 dated December 20, 1981 and
December 29, 1981, respectively. Candijay is 92.2 kilometers from
the capital city of Tagbilaran, while Anda is approximately 100
kilometers east of Tagbilaran City, and Mabini is around 104
kilometers from the City of Tagbilaran.).
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Figure 1. Map showing the study site in Lamanoc Island, Badiang, Anda,
Bohol located within the coordinates of 9º 49` 00” latitude and
124º 36` 00” longitude
The shorelines of Talisay, Linawan, Badiang, Panas, San

Jose, Del Mar, and Paraiso were proclaimed as mangrove swamp
forest reserve under Presidential Proclamation No. 2151 dated
December 20,1981, while islets of Lumislis, Catiil, Tabangdio and
Colanggaman were proclaimed as a wilderness area under
Presidential Proclamation No. 2152 dated December 29,1981.
Anda has relatively the same climate as to all coastal

towns of Bohol with two distinct seasons, the dry season during
the months of February to August and wet season during the
months of September to January. Sporadic rains helped sustain
the greenery of the land and the growth of vegetation. (ICM Plan,
2014-2018).
The present land use of the area is mangrove forest

where the mangrove tour in Barangay Badiang is held. It is thickly
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covered with mangrove of about 19 species dominantly bakauan,
pagatpat, and bungalon. The dense vegetation also serves as
protection for strong winds and habitats of existing terrestrial and
aquatic wildlife species. Other areas of Candijay Anda Mabini
Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area are built-
ups and fishpond.
A special important feature under the jurisdiction of

Barangay Badiang is the Lamanoc Island where the mystic tour is
presently held and visited by local and foreign tourists (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Lamanoc Island in Badiang, Anda, Bohol
B. Vegetation Survey
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A total of twenty-two (22) transect lines were established
perpendicular to the shore from the boundary of Barangay Linawan
and Barangay Badiang up to Sitio Big-ot mangrove forest. Among
the 22 transects, 17 of those were established in the mangrove
area of Barangay Badiang and Sitio Big-ot, while the other four (4)
transects were established in Lamanoc Island. A total of 344
quadrats/plots were laid out within the study area.
Figure 3. Researchers conducting vegetation survey during the

implementation of the study in Badiang, Anda, Bohol
in 2015
In Lamanoc Island, nineteen (19) species of mangrove

were identified and recorded belonging to nine (9) families while
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twelve (12) species of beach forest under eleven (11) families
(Table 1).
Bakauan bangkau obtained the highest relative frequency
with 21.95% followed by Bakauan lalaki, Bungalon, and Pagatpat
with corresponding values of 29.1%, 20.47% and 10.6%,
respectively. Among the species identified in the mangrove area
including Badiang and Big-ot, Bakauan lalaki has the highest
percentage of relative dominance having 26.8%, followed by
Bungalon with 19.65%, Pagatpat 19.12%, and Bakauan bangkau
with 18.11%.
Out of the mangrove and beach forest species identified in the

area, Bakauan lalaki ranks the highest in terms of importance value
with a percentage of 75.43%, followed by Bungalon, Bakauan
bangkau, Pagatpat, Busain and Bakauan babae corresponds the
value of 52.86%, 41.35%, 35.65%, 19.54% and 19.39%,
respectively. However, the species diversity of mangrove and beach
forest in Lamanoc Island is 2.34 and evenness value of 0.71 which
means that species diversity is low (Fernando et al. 1998) while
Evenness value of 0.71 means that it has a very high evenness
index ( Appendix Table 1).
While in Badiang mangrove area where mangrove tour is

held, bakauan lalaki obtained the highest relative density with
42.3%, followed by Bakauan bangkau and Bungalon with 24.85%
and 23.34%, respectively. In terms of the importance value of all
species, Bakauan lalaki obtained the highest percentage having
98.21%, followed by Bakauan bangkau, Bungalon and Pagatpat
with corresponding value of 64.91%, 63.45% and 32.18%,
respectively. As regards to species diversity of the mangroves is
has a biodiversity index of 1.79, and an evenness of 0.66 (Appendix
Table 2).
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Table 1. Lists of mangrove (true and associate species) and beach
forest species in Lamanoc Island, Badiang, Anda, Bohol
Badiang, Anda , Bohol
Common Name Family Name Scientific Name

1. Bakauan babae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata
2. Bakauan bangkau Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora stylosa
3. Bakauan lalaki Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora apiculata
4. Bantigi Lythraceae Phempis acidula
5. Bungalon Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina
6. Busain Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
7. Buta-buta Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha
8. Kulasi Combretaceae Lumintzera racemosa
9. Malatangal Rhizophoraceae Ceriops decandra
10. Nipa Palmae Nypa fruticans
11. Pagatpat Lythraceae Sonneratia alba
12. Piagau Meliaceae Xylocarpus moluccensis
13. Piapi Avicenniaceae Avicennia latana
14. Pototan lalaki Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica
15. Saging-saging Myrsinaceae Aegiceras corniculatum
16. Tabigi Meliaceae Xylocarpus granatum
17. Tangal Rhizophoraceae Ceriops tangal
18. Taualis Myrtaceae Osbornia octodonta
19. Tinduk-tindukan Myrsinaceae Aegiceras floridum
Beach Forest Species
1. Alagau dagat Lamiaceae Premna integrefolia
2. Bakauan gubat Rhizophoraceae Carallia bracheata
3. Balete Moraceae Ficus balete
4. Banalo Malvaceae Thespesia populnea
5. Banilad Sterculiaceae Sterculia ceramica
6. Coconut Palmae Cocos nucifera
7. Libas Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata
8. Nam-nam Fabaceae Cynometra cauliflora
9. Native Ipil-ipil Fabaceae Leucaena glauca
10. Pandan/Baring Pandanaceae Pandanus dubium
11. Sea trumpet Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata
12. Talisai Combretaceae Terminalia catappa
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C. Faunal Survey
A total of 30 species of birds were identified and recorded

belonging to 19 families, while 7 different species of bats under two
(2) families and a group of Philippine long tailed macaque (Macaca
fascicularis philippensis) was spotted during the mangrove survey in
Sitio Big-ot of Barangay Badiang, Anda, Bohol (Table 2, Figure 4
and Figure 5).
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Figure 4. Common species of birds identified in Badiang, Anda, Bohol in 2015
Table 2. List of bird and bat species identified in the mangrove area
of Lamanoc Island and Badiang, Anda, Bohol in 2015
1.Asian Glossy Starling Sturnidae Aplonis panayensis
2.Black Caped Night-Heron Ardeidae Nycticorax nycticorax
Ramphiculus
3.Black Chinned Fruit Dove Columbidae
leclancheri
4.Black Naped-Oriole Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis
5.Black-crowned night heron Nycticorax Nycticorax nycticorax
6.Brown Shrike Laniidae Lanius cristatus
7.Chestnut Munia Estrildidae Lonchura atricapilla
8.Coleto Sturnidae Sarcops calvus
9.Common Emerald Dove Columbidae Chalcophaps indica
10.Common Kingfisher Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis
11, Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passeridae Passer montanus
12. Large-billed Crow Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos
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13. Little Egret Ardeidae Egretta garzetta
14. Mindanao Hornbill Bucerotidae Penelopides affinis
15. Olive-backed Sunbird Nectariniidae Nectarinia jugularis
16. Oriental Magpie-Robin Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis
17. Philippine Bulbul Pycnonotidae Ixos philippinus
18. Philippine Coucal Cuculidae Centropus viridis
19. Philippine pygmy woodpecker Picidae Picoides maculatus
20. Pied Fantail Rhipiduridae Rhipidura javanica
21. Pied Triller Campephagidae Lalage nigra
22. Red-keeled Flowerpecker Dicaeidae Dicaeum australe
23. Rufous Night-Heron Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus
24. Spotted Dove Columbidae Spilopelia chinensis
25. Stork-billed Kingfisher Alcedinidae Pelargopsis capensis
26. White Eared Brown Dove Columbidae Phapitreron leucotis
27. White-Collared Kingfisher Alcedinidae Todiramphus chloris
28. Yellow Breasted Fruit Dove Columbidae Ramphiculus occipitalis
29. Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier
30. Zebra Dove Columbidae Geopelia striata
Bat species and Monkey
1.Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat Pteropodidae Macroglossus minimus
2.Philippine musky fruit bat Pteropodidae Ptenochirus jagori
3.Lesser Dawn Fruit Bat Pteropodidae Eonycteris spelaea
4.Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis
5.Lesser Long-tongued Dawn Bat Pteropodidae Macroglossus minimus
6.Lesser short-nosed fruit bat Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis
7.Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bat Emballonuranidae Emballonura alecto
LesserTailed
8.Long dawnMacaque
fruit bat (Eonycteris spelea) identified inMacaca
Cercopithecidae
fascicularis
Barangay. Badiang,
Anda, Bohol in 2015 philippensis
Page 23 of 64
Figure 5. Common species of bats identified in Badiang, Anda, Bohol in
2015
Page 24 of 64
D. Soil Survey
Based on the General Management Plan of Candijay Anda

Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area, the
town of Anda has three (3) rock formations namely: the Sierra
Bullones, the Jagna Andesite and the Quaternary Aluminum. The
first is characterized by massive, cavernous, fossiliferous limestone
with sinkholes and channels developed where springs have
originated. This rock formation is dominant in the hinterland
barangays.
The second formation is the Jagna Andesite which is

characterized by Posphysitic Andesite where saline intrusion is
present. This is common near the coast, especially in the barangays
of Talisay and Linawan, where springs have low yield and dries up
during the summer months.
The third rock formation is generally mud silt, sand and gravel
along coastal area, flood plains and inner reaches of river system
including coral reefs.
There are two types of soil found along the plains namely:
Batuan Faraon Complex and mountain soil. The first is a
combination of Batuan Soil and Faraon Clay while the latter is
known to be highly susceptible to erosion by reason of its relief and
its uses must be limited and restricted.
Guano, an organic material which is as good as fertilizer can

be found inside caves located at Barangay Badiang and Talisay
( Anda CLUP, 2002-2011).
There were nine (9) stations collected with soil samples dug
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one foot depth from the soil surface. Results of the analysis showed
that soil texture within the mangrove area along the boundaries of
Barangay Linawan, Sitio Big-ot and Barangay Badiang are mostly
sandy loam, soil pH at an average of 6.96 which means that the soil
nearly neutral meaning it is neither acidic nor alkaline, organic
matter content in an oven dry basis is at an average of 7.62%, while
phosphorus and potassium content is at an average of 23.86 ppm
and 61.33 ppm, respectively (Table 3).
Table 3. Results of soil analysis of samples collected from the nine
stations within the landward to seaward area in the
boundary between Linawan, Sitio Big-ot and mangrove
plantation of Barangay Badiang analyzed by the
Department of Agriculture, Regional Soils Laboratory,
Mandaue City in December 2015
Station Sand Silt Clay Texture pH OM P K

% % % (%) (ppm) (ppm)
(oven
dry
basis)
Linawan landward 52.4 40.0 7.6 Sandy loam 6.95 9.8 20.4 92.0
Linawan middle 60.4 26.0 13.6 Sandy Loam 5.96 10.31 29.0 75.0
Linawan seaward 90.4 8.0 1.6 Sand 7.82 2.12 24.2 41.0
Mangrove landward 58.4 26.0 15.6 Sandy Loam 7.31 4.64 20.1 57.0
Mangrove middle 44.4 42.0 13.6 Loam 5.92 10.53 22.9 50.0
Mangrove seaward 58.4 26.0 15.6 Sandy Loam 7.13 9.58 25.3 67.0
Big-ot landward 56.4 36.0 7.6 Sandy Loam 7.19 8.55 15.5 70.0
Big-ot middle 46.4 40.0 13.6 Loam 6.82 10.1 33.1 50.0
Big-ot seaward 74.4 24.0 1.6 Loamy Sand 7.6 2.96 24.3 50.0
Mean 60.17 29.77 10.04 6.96 7.62 23.86 61.33
Page 26 of 64
E. Socio-Economic Demographic Survey
E.1. Community Profile
The community hosting the Lamanoc Island mystic tour and

mangrove tour within Candijay Anda Mabini Mangrove Swamp
Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area are mostly members of a
people organization (PO) named Badiang Fishermen’s Association
(BAFIAS). The organization was registered at the Department of
Labor and Employment with registration No. 3430 on January 17,
2006. Lately, the said association was registered at the Security
and Exchange Commission (SEC) with registration No. CN
201425236 on February 20, 2014 bearing another name
“Lamanok Badiang Association, Incorporated (LABAS,Inc).
BAFIAS is a holder of a “Protected Area Community-Based
Resource Management Agreement” (PCBRMA) covering a total
mangrove area of 209 hectares.
BAFIAS has a total of 60 members upon its formation in

2006. However, only 30 members are presently active and
involved in the ecotourism activities. These PO members are
particularly involved in the operation and management of the
receiving area, tour guiding and boating activities going to
Lamanoc Island. They are also beneficiaries of the National
Greening Program of the DENR where they are contracted in the
seedling production and plantation establishment within the
protected area.
The host community who are mostly members of BAFIAS

became respondents of the survey interview conducted during the
implementation of the research study.
Age Distribution of Respondents
Half (50%) of the respondents in the community are in their

Page 27 of 64
early adult ages ranging from 20 years old – 39 years old, while
some are already senior citizens (28.57%), and only few are in
middle aged group (21.43%).
Sex Distribution of Respondents

More than half of the respondents (57.14%) in the
community are male and the rest are female (42.86%).
Educational Attainment
Majority of the respondents have acquired education from
primary level (21.43%), secondary level (21.43%) and some even
reached up to college (21.43%). The rest have not gone formal
schooling in the locality.
Civil Status of Respondents

Majority of respondents are married (71.43%), some have
live-in partners (14.29%), while the rest are single (7.14%) and
widow (7.14%).
Household Type
Most of the respondents in the community have a nuclear
type of household (71.43%), while the rest of them declared they
have practiced extended type of family (28.57%).
Average number of household is five (5), with a maximum of

ten (10) members and a minimum of three (3).
Religious Affiliation of Respondents

All respondents declared they affiliate in Roman Catholic
Church.
Years of Residence in the Area
More than half of the respondents (57.14%) have been

Page 28 of 64
staying in the area for 16-30 years while some have stayed for 15
years and below (28.57%). Few said (7.14%), they stayed in the
locality for 31-45 years and the rest (7.14%) for 46-60 years.
Average year of residence of respondents in the area is 21

years, with a maximum of 46 years and a minimum of 2 years.
Source of Income
Fishing is the most common source of livelihood of the
respondents where more than half (57.1%) of them have been
relying on fishing as their main source of income. Others relied on
carpentry (14.3%) and farming (14.3%) as their source of living.
E.2. Visitor Respondents Profile
One-on-one interview with the PA management staff, the

host community specifically members of Badiang Fishermen’s
Association and visitors was conducted. They were the source of
primary information as to the carrying capacity determination in
every ecotourism activity.
Major Ecotourism activities done by the visitors include the
Lamanoc Island mystic tour, mangrove tour, swimming and
snorkeling. A total of 102 respondents were interviewed, eighty two
(82) were local visitors and twenty (20) were foreigners with
different nationalities, namely: Americans (65%); French (10%);
Israelis (10%); English (10%); and Dutch (5%). The 82 local visitor
respondents were dominated by Boholano (87.8%), few were
Cebuano (6.1%), Tagalog (4.9%), and Waray (1.2%).
As to sex category of respondents, 54.9% of them are males

and 45.1% are females. Majority of them are already married
(68.6%) while 27.5% are still single. As to the age of the
respondents, 46.1% are young adults (20-39 yrs old), 35.3% of
them are adults (40-59 yrs. old), 11.8% are senior citizens (60 %
Page 29 of 64
above yrs old). Only 6.9% are teenagers (13-19 yrs old).
As to their preference in specific ecotourism activity, majority

of them preferred to go in a group (85.3%), than going alone
(14.7%).
F. Ecotourism Activities in Badiang, Anda, Bohol
Lamanoc Island, Badiang, Anda, Bohol has four major

activities, namely: Swimming, Snorkeling, Mangrove Tour, and
Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour. Among these four, Lamanoc Island
Mystic Land Tour is the most common activity to the visitors
because of the mystical history attached to it (Table 4).
Table 4. Main ecotourism activities mostly undertaken by the visitors

in Lamanoc Island, Badiang, Anda, Bohol in 2015
No Yes Total
Activities
F % F % F %
Lamanoc Island
2 2% 100 98% 102 100
Mystic Tour
Swimming 56 54.90% 46 45.10% 102 100
Mangrove tour 79 77.50% 23 22.50% 102 100
Snorkeling 88 86.30% 14 13.70% 102 100
The mangrove tour is about a 45-minute paddle boating that

starts in Sitio Dapanas
docking area, then
passing through a 10-12
meters passage or locally
termed “bakauan
highway” within the
mangrove plantation. A
paddle boat can
accommodate only three Figure 6. Local tourists on a mangrove
tour around the mangrove
persons- two visitors and plantation in Barangay Bading
to Barangay Linawan.
Page 30 of 64
a boatman who also serves as the tour guide. The distance for the
mangrove tour is about one kilometer reckoned from the boundary
of Barangay Linawan up to the refreshment area located in
Barangay. Badiang (Figure 6).
Visitors who go into the “Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour” have

to walk and pass a “mangrove board walk” made of bamboo
materials leading to the docking port where paddle boating starts in
going to the Lamanoc Island (Figure 7).
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Figure 7. The 330-meter boardwalk going to the docking area for
Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour in Lamanoc Island, Badiang,
Anda, Bohol
A boating time of about 10-15 minutes is spend from the

docking port to the Lamanoc Island if water current is normal an
undisturbed. However, if water current is strong and windy, it will
take about 25-30 minutes to paddle and reach the mystic place.
Visitors spend about more than an hour and maximum of

two hours of traversing the moderately sloppy trail in going to the
six (6) “designated stops” of the Lamanoc Island mystic tour,
namely: Ancient Grave Yard, Tangob Cave, Fossilized Clam,
Shaman’s/Lamanoc Cave, Ka-iska Cave, and the Red Hematite
Painting (Figure 8).
Page 32 of 64
The Ancient Graveyard The Red hematite painting
The fossilized Clam The Tangob cave
The Ka-Iska cave The Shaman’s Cave

Figure 8. The six designated “stop over” for the Lamanoc Island
Mystic Tour in Lamanoc Island, Badiang, Anda, Bohol
In the “Ancient graveyard” visitors can see remnants of

wooden dug-out coffins locally known as “lungon” which contained
bones and skulls of human body. Accordingly, the graveyard can
Page 33 of 64
accommodate 30 persons as practiced during the Neolithic Era.
While in the “Red hematite painting”, an iron oxide pigment from
nodules of an oak tree which can be found in Anda Peninsula was
accordingly liquefied and gently rendered on the wall of the rock
shelters. Some of the paintings were so faint and faded that it can
no longer be identified. Burial rituals were also done in the “Red
hematite painting” area.
The caves in the island - Tangob, Ka-Iska and Shaman’s

have also stories to tell. Tangob cave was once a storage area of
Chinese traders from Mindanao during the 9 th century where they
trade their goods to Bohol Island. The Ka-Iska cave was once the
house of a notorious witch named “Ka-Iska” who lived in the island
for so many years, while the “Shaman’s “ cave offers a history
where the name “Lamanoc” was derived. It is in this cave where
“Diwata” or “Pagdiwata” ritual is held. The ritual is a widespread
ritual belief in which spirits of nature were called and invoked for the
community by a religious leader or shaman called “baylan” or
“tambalan” to aid and ensure a bountiful harvest, healing from
mystifying sickness and protection from bad spirits. In return, the
community offers a thanksgiving held in farms, forest and caves.
The fossilized giant clam is evident telling the visitors that

the area was once rich in sea shells and other marine resources.
The visitors will be accompanied by a local tour guide who

narrates a story of the six mystic places where rituals and offerings
were once held and practiced in ancient time (Figure 9).
Page 34 of 64
Figure 9. Foreign visitors briefed by a local tour guide
“Nong Forting” who is a member of BAFIAS
As to the swimming activity, the management has set a

temporary area for swimming which also happens to be the docking
area for mangrove tour and Lamanoc Island mystic tour, for them to
be able to monitor the security of their visitors.
The management allot 1000 m2 for snorkeling where giant

clams are cultured, monitored and protected. The visitors have to
ride a paddle boat with a guide to get into the exact location of the
giant clams.
Results of the interview among the majority of the visitors

revealed that only few of them went for swimming, snorkeling and
into mangrove tour. However, these ecotourism activities are very
much affected during low tide. Whenever, it is low tide, it is very
difficult for the boat men to convey the visitors to the snorkeling
site, to Lamanoc Island and to the mangrove area due to the tidal
flat. Aside from the low tide, the size of the boat also limits the
conduct of the tour and snorkelling particularly the foreigners or
Page 35 of 64
visitors with big body sizes.
Based on observations, interviews with some PO members

and management staff, and with the nearest community, different
limiting factors were identified such as typhoon occurrences in a
year, rainy days in a year, intense sunlight in a year, number of
hours of low tide in a year, number of days allotted for boat
maintenance, and actual size of boat used in the tour.
Several pre-identified limiting factors were subjected to

correlation and regression analysis in Statistica version 7.0
software. Factors that were significantly correlated with the
carrying capacity of the four tourism activities were analyzed into
the regression model.
G. Carrying Capacity Determination
Chamberlain (1977) defines sustainable development as one

which meets the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. In addition, he considered carrying capacity as a measure
of sustainability. Thus, carrying capacity is defined as level of
human activity that an area can accommodate without causing
deterioration of the area and the resident community not adversely
affected or deprived.
There are many ways to compute carrying capacity. For

tourism purposes, two simple models are applied: the Boullon’s
(1985) carrying capacity mathematical model (BCCMM) and the
Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC). For this study, the BCCMM is
used in computing the carrying capacity. The model requires the
determination of the standard requirement of the visitor which may
come in the form of time, space, material, psychological, ecological,
Page 36 of 64
and other needs of the visitor. The approach employed in
determining the standard is through a survey or personal interviews
with visitors. In doing so, psychological, economic, and socio-
cultural parameters were looked into.
Based on the “Manual on Computing Carrying Capacity of

Ecotourism Sites in Protected Areas (Calanog, 2015), the carrying
capacity is measured at three levels: basic carrying capacity (BCC),
potential carrying capacity (PCC), and real carrying capacity (RCC)
using the BCCMM.
Accordingly, in BCC, calculation was done by dividing the

total size of a particular area used by the visitors with the average
or standard size/space requirement of visitors.
Area used by visitors (i.e., in sq. m)
BCC = ----------------------------------------------------
Average visitors’ standard (i.e., in sq. m)
PCC is calculated by computing first the rotation coefficient

(RC) of a specific tourism activity.
PCC = BCC x RC
Total no. of hours a specific area is open for use

where: RC =--------------------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours an area is used by
visitors
RCC is the maximum permissible number of use of an area

once the limiting (i.e., corrective) factors (Lf1, Lf2,...Lfn) derived from
the particular characteristics of the site (or standards/needs of the
visitors) have been applied. RCC is computed by incorporating the
limiting factors identified during the interviews and observations in
the sites.
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------X ---------- X ---------- X ---------
100 100 100 100
M (a,b,c,…n)
Limiting Factors (Lf1,2,3,…n) = -------------- x 100
MT
Page 37 of 64
where: M (a,b,c,…n) = limiting magnitude of the factor/variable
MT = total magnitude of the factor/variable
Carrying Capacity Determination for the four main ecotourism

activities
Separate computations were done for local and foreign

tourists considering that their responses as to their standards in
every activity done had variations. There are also activities were
only local visitors were computed with carrying capacity. A tabular
presentation of the results of the computations is shown in every
table presented:
Table 5. Computed basic, potential, and real carrying capacity for

swimming activity in Badiang, Anda Bohol as a result of
the study of ERDB-BCWERC in CY 2015-2016
Average
Foreign
Particulars Local Tourist Swimmers/
Tourist
day
Total area used for swimming 60 m2 60 m2
Standard area
4.5 m2 1.34 m2
requirement/swimmer
Time viewing area is open 9 hours 9 hours
Average number of hours
1.4 hour 2.6 hours
spent in swimming
(Lf1 ) Typhoon Occurrences in
15 days 15 days
a year
(Lf2) Number of hours low tide
580 days 580 days
occur in a year
1460
(Lf3) Intense sunlight in a year 1460 hours
hours
(Lf4) Number of facility in
terms of the swimming area
based on regression result 70.2 76.8
of pre-identified limiting
factors.
Basic Carrying Capacity
13 45 29
(BCC)
Potential Carrying Capacity
85 157 121
(PCC)
Real Carrying Capacity (RCC) 12 14 13
Based on the computations above, where designated

swimming area is temporarily located at the front of the refreshment
Page 38 of 64
area and happens to be the docking area for Lamanoc Island
Mystic Tour and Mangrove Tour, the real carrying capacity (RCC)
for local and foreign visitors is 12 and 14 swimmers in a day,
respectively with an average of 13 swimmers in a day.
Three climatic occurrences limit the activity of swimming:

Typhoon, Low tide, and Intense sunlight. It is very difficult to let the
swimming activity open during typhoon, for it eventually causes
strong current and waves. On the other hand, the swimming area
would be completely flat during low tide. Results of regression
shows pre-identified limiting factors, swimming area itself also limits
the activity due to the allocated space/area for swimming which is
only 60 m2.

snorkeling activity in Badiang, Anda Bohol as a result of
the study of ERDB-BCWERC in CY 2015-2016
Average
Foreign
Particulars Local Tourist Snorkelers/
Tourist
day
Total area used for snorkeling 1000 m2
Standard area/space
14.46 m2
requirement/snorkeler
Time viewing area is open 9 hours
Average number of hours spent in
1.2 hour
snorkeling
(Lf1 ) Typhoon Occurrences in a
15 days
year
(Lf2) Rainy days in a year 169 days
(Lf3) Intense sunlight in a year 1460 hours
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year 14 days
(Lf5) Actual size of boats 2.2 m2
(Lf6) Number of facility in terms of
the number of snorkeling site
34.5
based on regression result of
pre-identified limiting factors.
Basic Carrying Capacity 69 69
Potential Carrying Capacity 517 517
Real Carrying Capacity 19 19
For snorkelling, it is located where giant clams are being
Page 39 of 64
protected and monitored, the real carrying capacity (RCC) for
visitors is 19 snorkelers in a day.
As to snorkeling activity, five limiting factors were

considered : typhoon and rainy season- which causes strong waves
and currents; intense sunlight-which gives difficulty for snorkelers to
stay long under the heat of the sun; boat maintenance- which lasts
for 14 days before it will be used again; size of boat- the boats used
by the management are the single bodied boats that has a capacity
of only 3 to 4 persons which is very dangerous to use during strong
winds and waves. However, based on the regression result of pre-
identified limiting factors, the number of snorkeling sites resulted as
one of the limiting factors considered.

mangrove tour in Badiang, Anda Bohol as a result of the
study of ERDB-BCWERC in CY 2015-2016
Local Foreign Average
Particulars
Tourist Tourist Visitors/day
Total distance used for mangrove
1000 m
tour
Standard distance requirement/boat
91 m
for mangrove tour
Time mangrove tour is open in a day 9 hours
1 hour
mangrove tour
(Lf1 ) Typhoon Occurrences in a year 15 days
(Lf3) Number of hours low tide occur
580 hours
in a year
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year 14 days
(Lf5) Actual size of boats 2.2 m2
(Lf6) Number of facility in terms of the
swimming area based on
36.4
regression result of pre-identified
limiting factors.
(Lf7) Number of existing facility in
terms of peace and order based on
21.1
limiting factors
Basic Carrying Capacity 132 132
Potential Carrying Capacity 1,176 1,176
Real Carrying Capacity 48 48
Page 40 of 64
For mangrove tour, which started from the refreshment
area to the boundary of Barangay Linawan and Barangay Badiang,
the real carrying capacity (RCC) for visitors is 48 visitors in a day.

Lamanoc Island mystic tour in Badiang, Anda Bohol as a
result of the study of ERDB-BCWERC in CY 2015-2016
Foreign Average
Particulars Local Tourist
Tourist Visitors/day
Total area for Lamanoc Island
1,119.2 m2 1,119.2 m2
Mystic Tour
Standard area requirement per
4.5 m2 4.8 m2
visitor
Time Lamanoc Island Mystic
9 hours 9 hours
Land Tour is open in a day
Average number of hours spent
2 hours 2 hours
in ancient grave yard
15 days 15 days
year
(Lf2) Rainy days in a year 169 days 169 days
580 hours 580 hours
occur in a year
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year 14 days 14 days
(Lf5) Actual size of boats 2.2 m2 2.2 m2
terms of docking station in
lamanoc island based on N/A 44.9
regression result of pre-
identified limiting factors
Basic Carrying Capacity 249 233 241
Potential Carrying Capacity 1119 1049 1084
Real Carrying Capacity 98 96 97
Aside from those four limiting factors explained in snorkeling,

low tide occurrences eventually limit the mangrove tour activity. The
coastal area of Barangay Badiang where tourism activities are
operating become totally flat during low tide and it includes the boat
ways for mangrove tour. However, based on the regression result of
pre-identified limiting factors, swimming area and peace & order
condition resulted as two of the limiting factors considered. As for
the peace & order, the management have not permanently
Page 41 of 64
assigned anyone to maintain it, particularly in the area where
voices and actions of any intruders would be very difficult to detect
particularly inside the mangrove area.
For mystic tour, which started from Ancient graveyard up to
the Shaman’s cave in Lamanoc Island, the real carrying capacity
(RCC) for local and foreign visitors are 98 and 96 visitors in a day,
respectively with an average of 97 swimmers in a day.
Aside from the identified limiting factors considered during
Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour which are typhoon occurrences, rainy
season, low tide occurrences, boat maintenance and actual size of
boats, the docking area in Lamanoc island is also considered as a
limiting factor based on the regression result of pre-identified
limiting factors for foreigners.
For the four main ecotourism activities held in Badiang,
Anda, Bohol, the computed carrying capacity (CarCap) is far higher
than the reported tourists arrival which means that the physical
carrying capacity has not yet exceeded (Table 9).
Table 9. Computed carrying capacity (BCC, PCC, RCC) for ecotourism

activities held in Badiang, Anda Bohol as a result of the study of
ERDB-BCWERC in CY 2015-2016
Basic Carrying Potential Real Carrying Average

Capacity (BCC) Carrying Capacity (RCC) RCC
Ecotourism Activity
Capacity (PCC) (local
Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign and
Tourist Tourist Tourist Tourist Tourist Tourist foreign
tourists)
a. Lamanoc Island
Mystic Tour 249 233 1,119 1,049 98 96 97
b. Mangrove tour 132 - 1,176 - 48 - 48
c. Swimming 13 45 85 157 12 14 13
d. Snorkeling 69 - 517 - 19 - 19
Page 42 of 64
IX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Mangrove and beach forest species in Lamanoc Island has a

species diversity of 2.34 which means low diverse in terms of
species composition while an evenness of 0.71 meaning high
diversity in terms of density or dominance. Faunal composition was
determined through mist net trapping and species listing was
reported where there are 30 species of birds belonging to 19
families, 7 species of bats under 2 families, and one species of
Philippine long tailed macaque or monkey.
Lamanoc Island possesses a unique feature which is quite

different from other ecological destinations. The mystic history
attached to the island invited the interests of some tourists
particularly the locals who still believed in some kind of rituals for
some “sacred places”.
Conservation and protection of the existing flora and fauna

and unique features in Badiang needs a co-management approach
and partnership with all the sectors in the locality under the over-all
supervision of the DENR in collaboration with the barangay local
government unit and legitimate people organization which is a
holder of the Protected Area Community-Based Resource
Management Agreement (PACBRMA). Efforts on the conservation,
management and protection of these mangrove, terrestrial and
coastal resources in the protected area should be strengthened and
sustained.
Four major ecotourism activities were considered in the

computation of carrying capacity using the Boullon’s (1985) basic
formula and mathematical computation, namely: swimming,
snorkeling, mangrove tour, and Lamanoc Island mystic tour. After
considering some factors that limit the visitation of tourists in the
area, the following computed real carrying capacity (RCC) are as
Page 43 of 64
follows: 97 visitors in a day for the mystic tour, 48 visitors in a day
for the mangrove tour, 13 visitors in a day for swimming and 19
visitors in a day for snorkelling activity. Based on the tourist arrival
records in 2014-2015, the computed carrying capacity is far higher
compared to the visitors coming in the area at present. Hence its
physical carrying capacity has not yet exceeded as far as
ecotourism activities in Badiang particularly Lamanoc Island is
concerned.
Out of 102 visitor respondents, most of them feel that

Lamanoc island mystic tour and mangrove tour activities are fitting
for both the male and female gender
X RECOMMENDATIONS
Strengthen monitoring activities of Lamanoc Island Mystic

Tour and mangrove tour to assess the impacts of tourist activities in
the area.
Massive information, education and communication

campaign as to the environmental laws shall be religiously done by
the concerned stakeholders. DENR to conduct seminar
/training/workshop on environmental laws and on ENR
conservation, management and protection.
Strengthen and enhance the capability of the PO members

in terms of management of the ecotourism site and involvement of
other sectors in the community in the management of the
resources.
Improve signage and its existing structures and facilities

particularly the water system, board walk, communication facility
and construction of additional comfort room in the refreshment
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area.
Strict implementation of solid waste management program

by providing garbage receptacles in strategic places with proper
signage.
Installation of additional tourism information boards in

strategic locations like in the barangay proper where visitors can
readily see.
Continuous capability building of the people organization

(PO) to improve their skills and services shall be done.
Proper record keeping of transactions in the ecotourism

area/protected area among PO members shall be encouraged and
motivated.
Strengthen promotional activities of the area through tri-

media-print, audio and video presentations.
Briefing and orientation of tourists about the area and its

services prior to their actual activity shall be conducted.
Revisit the management plan to include equally important

concern and activities of Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour and
Mangrove Tour is highly recommended.
Page 45 of 64
XI REFERENCES
CANDIJAY ANDA MABINI MANGROVE SWAMP FOREST RESERVE

AND WILDERNESS AREA , 2014 General Management Plan
BARKER, N.H.L. and C.M. ROBERTS, 2004. Scuba diver behavior and
the management of diving impacts on coral reefs.
BOULLON, R. C., 1985. Plantifacion del Espacio Touristico. Ed. Trillas,
Mexico. DE
CALANOG, L.A. and A. CALDERON, 2006. Handout material distributed
during the training on “Carrying Capacity of Community-Based
Forest Management Areas, Protected Areas and Small Islands and
Vulnerability Assessment of Watershed Areas”
CATTON, W.R. 1986. Carrying capacity and the limits to freedom Paper
prepared for Social Ecology Session 1, XI World Congress of
Sociology. New Delhi, India. August, 18, 1986
CALUMPONG, H., ET.AL., 2008. Abstract: Impacts Of Tourism On Apo
Island Protected Landscape and Seascape, Central Philippines.
www.nova.edu/ncri/11icrs/ms23_posters.html
COLIS, J.C.C.F., and D. CAMELLO, 2008. Determination of Carrying
Capacity of the Mt. Manunggal Camping Site at Brgy. Magsaysay,
Balamban, Cebu, Philippines (unpublished).
CEBALLOS-LASCURAIN, H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected
Areas: The state of nature-based tourism around the world and
guidelines for its development. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK.
DENR-EMB. Undated. http://www.emb.gov.ph/laws/environmental
%20impact%20assessment/DAO%202000-05.doc.
HARDIN, G., 1977. Ethical Implications of Carrying Capacity.
http://dieoff.org
HUTTCHE, C.M, A.T. WHITE, AND MM FLORES, 2002. Sustainable
Coastal Tourism Handbook for the Philippines. Coastal Resources
Management Project of the DENR and DOT, Cebu City, Philippines
JAMESON, S.C., ET.AL, 1999. A coral damage index and its application
to diving sites in the Egyptian Red Sea.
www.nova.edu/ocean/rieglb/pdfs/pdf10.pdf
IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991. Caring for the Earth. A Strategy for Sustainable

Living. Gland, Switzerland.
RIEGL, B. & B. VELIMIROV 1991. How many damaged corals in Red Sea
Page 46 of 64
reef systems? A quantitative survey.
www.nova.edu/ocean/rieglb/page3.html
VILORIA, A.T. (2008). Survey of marine turtles nesting sites in the
Philippines.
XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks go to the various involved offices and

individuals who provided data and valuable background
information, guided us in the conduct of one-on-one interview and
facilitated the proponent in the conduct of focus group discussion
with the stakeholders:
 Community Environment and Natural Resources Officer

of CENRO Talibon and Protected Area Superintendent
(PASU) of Candijay Anda Mabini Mangrove Swamp
Forest Reserve and Wilderness Area- Forester Elpidio
Palaca;
 Assistant Protected Area Superintendent (APASU) of

Candijay Anda Mabini Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve
and Wilderness Area – Mr. Esperidion Ludevesi.;
 Officers and members of Badiang Fishermen’s

Association especially to the President of the people
organization- Mr. Bregido Deligiro;
 Participants during the focus group discussion held

Barangay Badiang, Anda, Bohol for the validation of
derived carrying capacity models for Lamanoc Island
Mystic Tour and Mangrove tour and other ecotourism
activities, namely: LGU Anda Tourism
Officer/representative, Municipal Agriculturist of Anda, SB
Member on Environment, Barangay officials of Badiang
headed by Barangay Captain Nilo Mainit, people
organization, PAMB representative, and DENR-CENRO
representatives;
 The project staff that devoted their time and efforts in

data gathering, data collation and analysis especially the
foresters who conducted the flora and fauna survey,
namely: For. Bruno O. Carreon, For. Anselmo A.
Aurestila, For. Bernard Redoblado and For. Nestor
Molina; Daisy Luisa S. Camello and Hanna Lou P.
Castillo in data analysis on carrying capacity
determination and the hired enumerators who conducted
Page 47 of 64
the one-on-one interview with the local community and
the visitors in the area.
XIII APPENDICES
Species Occurrence Freq Rfreq Density Rden Dominance Rdom IV

Alagau dagat 4 0.011204 1.12 6 0.485 0.002906 1.023 2.628
Bakauan babae 27 0.07563 7.563 67 5.416 0.0182213 6.414 19.39
Bakauan
43 0.120448 12.04 235 19 0.0292954 10.31 41.35
bangkau
Bakauan gubat 1 0.002801 0.28 2 0.162 0.0003927 0.138 0.58
Bakauan lalaki 85 0.238095 23.81 392 31.69 0.0566273 19.93 75.43
Balete 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0009425 0.332 0.693
Banalo 2 0.005602 0.56 2 0.162 0.002042 0.719 1.441
Banilad 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0026704 0.94 1.301
Bantigi 3 0.008403 0.84 8 0.647 0.0028274 0.995 2.482
Bungalon 68 0.190476 19.05 143 11.56 0.0632247 22.26 52.86
Busain 24 0.067227 6.723 111 8.973 0.0109171 3.843 19.54
Buta-buta 6 0.016807 1.681 23 1.859 0.0056549 1.991 5.531
Coconut 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0031416 1.106 1.467
Kulasi 1 0.002801 0.28 2 0.162 0.0003142 0.111 0.552
Libas 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0015708 0.553 0.914
Malatangal 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0001571 0.055 0.416
Nam-nam 2 0.005602 0.56 3 0.243 0.002042 0.719 1.522
Native Ipil-ipil 5 0.014006 1.401 14 1.132 0.004948 1.742 4.274
Pagatpat 36 0.10084 10.08 108 8.731 0.0478309 16.84 35.65
Pandan/Baring 6 0.016807 1.681 12 0.97 0.0046339 1.631 4.282
Pototan lalaki 10 0.028011 2.801 50 4.042 0.0043197 1.521 8.364
Sea trumpet 2 0.005602 0.56 2 0.162 0.001885 0.664 1.385
Tabigi 13 0.036415 3.641 25 2.021 0.008875 3.124 8.787
Talisai 1 0.002801 0.28 1 0.081 0.0009425 0.332 0.693
Tangal 8 0.022409 2.241 17 1.374 0.0045553 1.604 5.219
Taualis 3 0.008403 0.84 7 0.566 0.0023562 0.829 2.236
Tinduk-tindukan 2 0.005602 0.56 2 0.162 0.0007854 0.276 0.998
Grand Total 1 100 1237 100 0.2840792 100 300
Appendix Table 1. Stand structure information showing the species diversity and species
richness of mangrove and beach forest species in Lamanoc Island,
Badiang, Anda, Bohol
Species diversity: 2.34 Species diversity: 2.34 Evenness: 0.71
Page 48 of 64
Appendix Table 2. Stand structure information of mangrove species in Badiang,
Anda, Bohol
Occurrenc
Species Freq (F) Rfreq Density Rden Dom Rdom IV
e
0.29099 0.19501
1.Bakauan lalaki 236 29.1 4735 42.3 26.8 98.21
9 5
2.Bakauan 0.21948 0.13175
178 21.95 2782 24.85 18.11 64.91
bangkau 2 1
0.20468 0.14294
3.Bungalon 166 20.47 2612 23.34 19.65 63.45
6 3
0.10604 0.13907
4.Pagatpat 86 10.6 275 2.457 19.12 32.18
2 1
0.05548 0.02792
5.Bakauan babae 45 5.549 197 1.76 3.838 11.15
7 1
0.01726 0.03298
6.Nipa 14 1.726 338 3.02 4.534 9.28
3 7
0.04932 0.02291
7.Busain 40 4.932 113 1.01 3.15 9.092
2 8
0.01849 0.01686
8.Piapi 15 1.85 20 0.179 2.318 4.346
6 3
0.00986
9.Tangal 8 0.986 43 0.384 0.01076 1.479 2.85
4
0.01726 0.00364
10. Malatangal 14 1.726 57 0.509 0.501 2.736
3 4
0.00493 0.00061
11. Tabigi 4 0.493 6 0.054 0.084 0.631
2 3
0.00246 0.00141
12. Kulasi 2 0.247 8 0.071 0.194 0.512
6 4
0.00123 0.00117
13. Piagau 1 0.123 1 0.009 0.162 0.294
3 8
0.00123 0.00023
14. Pototan lalaki 1 0.123 3 0.027 0.032 0.182
3 6
0.00123 0.00023
15. Saging-saging 1 0.123 3 0.027 0.032 0.182
3 6
0.72754
Grand Total 1 100 11193 100 100 300
7
Species diversity: 1.79 Evenness: 0.66
Page 49 of 64
Appendix Table 3. Ordinal Classification of Species Richness and
Dominance Indices (Fernando et. al. 1998)
Relative Value Species Divrsity (H’) Evenness (E)
Rating
Very High 3.50 - 5.00 0.75 - 1.00
High 3.00 - 3.49 0.50 - 0.74
Moderate 2.50 - 2.99 0.25 - 0.49
Low 2.00 - 2.49 0.15 - 0.24
Very Low 0.00 - 1.99 0.05 - 0.14
Appendix Table 4. Computation of the basic carrying capacity

(BCC), potential carrying capacity (PCC) and
real carrying capacity (RCC) for the swimming
activity in Badiang, Anda, Bohol based on the
study conducted by ERDB-BCWERC in 2015-
2016
Particular Local tourist Foreign Tourist
Total area used for swimming 60 m2 60 m2
Standard area/space
4.5 m2 1.34 m2
requirement per swimmer
Average number of hours spent
1.4 hour 2.6 hours
in swimming
15 days 15 days
year

580 days 580 days
occur in a year
(Lf3) Intense sunlight in a year 1460 hours 1460 hours

the swimming area based on
70.2 76.8
limiting factors.
Computation:
Basic Carrying Capacity for swimming of local tourists
Total area for swimming

BCC = ------------------------------------------------------
Standard area requirement per swimmer
60 sq.m.
= ------------
4.5 sq.m.
Page 50 of 64
BCC = 13.3 local swimmers per day
Potential Carrying Capacity for swimming of local tourists
PCC = BCC X RC (rotation coefficient)
Total no. of hours swimming area is open

RC = ----------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours spent in swimming
9 hrs
RC = ------------- = 6.4
1.4 hr
PCC = 13.3 local swimmers per day x 6.4
PCC = 85.12 ≈ 85 local swimmers per day
Real Carrying Capacity for swimming of local tourists
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------X---------- X---------- X----------
100 100 100 100
Typhoon occurrences in a year

Lf1 = --------------------------------------------------------------
number of days swimming area is open in a year
15 days
= ----------- X 100
365 days
= 4.11
Low tide occurrences in a year

Lf2 = --------------------------------------------------------------
number of hours swimming area is open in a year
580 hours
= ---------------- X 100
2920 hours
= 19.86
Intense sunlight in a year

Lf3 = ------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 51 of 64
1460 hours
= ---------------- X 100 = 50
2920 hours
Lf4 = Number of existing facility in terms of the

swimming area based on regression
result of the pre-identified limiting factors
= 70.2
Lf5 = Number of existing facility in terms of the

comfort room based on
regression result of the pre-identified
limiting factors = -19
100 - 4.11 100 - 19.86 100 – 50 100 - 70.2 100 - (-19)
RCC = PCC X ---------- X -------------X ------------ X ----------- X -------------
100 100 100 100 100
= 85 X 0.9589 X 0.8014 X 0.5 X 0.298 X 1.19
= 11.6 ≈ 12 local swimmers per day
Basic Carrying Capacity for swimming of foreign tourists
Total area for swimming

BCC = ------------------------------------------------------
Standard area requirement per swimmer
60 sq.m.
= ----------------
1.34 sq.m.
BCC = 44.8 foreign swimmers per day
Potential Carrying Capacity for swimming of foreign tourists
Total no. of hours swimming area is open

RC = ----------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours spent in swimming
9 hrs
RC = ------------- = 3.5
2.6 hr
Page 52 of 64
PCC = 44.8 foreign swimmers per day x 3.5
PCC = 156.8 ≈ 157 foreign swimmers per day
Real Carrying Capacity for swimming of foreign tourists
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ---------X----------- X ----------X ----------
100 100 100 100

Lf1 = --------------------------------------------------------------
number of days swimming area is open in a year
15 days
= ----------- X 100
365 days
= 4.11

Lf2 = --------------------------------------------------------------
580 hours
= ---------------- X 100
2920 hours
= 19.86

Lf3 = ------------------------------------------------------------------
1460 hours
= ---------------- X 100
2920 hours
= 50
Lf4 = Number of existing facility in terms of the swimming

area based on regression result of the pre-identified
limiting factors = 76.8
100 - 4.11 100 - 19.86100 - 50 100 - 76.8

RCC = PCC X ------- X --------------X --------- X -----------
100 100 100 100
= 157 X 0.9589 X 0.8014 X 0.50 X 0.232

Page 53 of 64
= 13.9 ≈ 14 foreign swimmers per day

real carrying capacity (RCC) for the Snorkeling
activity in Badiang, Anda, Bohol based on the
study conducted by ERDB-BCWERC in 2015-
2016
Particular Local tourist Foreign
Tourist
2
Total area used for snorkeling 1000 m 1000 m2
Standard area/space requirement
14.46 m2 N/A
per snorkeler
1.2 hour N/A
snorkeling
15 days N/A
year
(Lf2) Rainy days in a year 169 days N/A
(Lf3) Intense sunlight in a year 1460 hours N/A
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year 14 days N/A
2
(Lf5) Actual size of boats 2.2 m N/A
the number of snorkeling site
34.5 N/A
based on regression result of pre-
identified limiting factors.
Computations:
Basic Carrying Capacity for snorkeling of local tourists
Total area for snorkeling

BCC = -------------------------------------------------------
Standard area requirement per snorkeler
1000 m2
= -------------------
14.5 m2
BCC = 68.9 snorkelers per day for local tourists
Potential Carrying Capacity for snorkeling of local tourists
Total no. of hours snorkeling area is open

RC = --------------------------------------------------------
Page 54 of 64
Average no. of hours spent in snorkeling
9 hrs
RC = ------------- = 7.5
1.2 hr
PCC = 68.9 local snorkelers per day x 7.5
PCC = 516.8 ≈ 517 local snorkelers per da
Real Carrying Capacity for snorkeling of local tourist
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------X ---------- X ---------- X ----------
100 100 100 100

Lf1 = --------------------------------------------------------------
number of days snorkeling area is open in a year
15 days
= ----------- X 100
365 days
= 4.11
Rainy days in a year

Lf2 = --------------------------------------------------------------
169 days
= ------------- X 100
365 days
= 46.30

Lf3 = ------------------------------------------------------------------
number of hours snorkeling area is open in a year
1460 hours
= ---------------- X 100
2920 hours
= 50
Page 55 of 64
Number of days allotted for boat maintenance in a year
Lf4 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 days
= -------------- X 100
365 days
= 3.84
Actual area of boats

Lf5 = ------------------------------------------------------------------
Average ideal area requirement per visitor
2.2 m2
= ----------- X 100
2
2.82 m
= 78
Lf6 = Number of existing facility in terms of the available

number of snorkeling site based on regression result
of the pre-identified limiting factors = 34.5
100 - 4.11 100 - 46.3 100 - 50 100 - 3.84 100 - 78 100-34.5

RCC= PCC X --------- X ------------ X ------------ X ------------ X ----------- x ----------
100 100 100 100 100 100
= 517 X 0.9589 X 0.537 X 0.5 X 0.9616 X 0.22 X 0.655
= 18.5 ≈ 19 local snorkelers per day
Page 56 of 64
real carrying capacity (RCC) for the mangrove
tour in Badiang, Anda, Bohol based on the study
conducted by ERDB-BCWERC in 2015-2016
Particular Local Foreign

tourist Tourist
1000
Total distance used for mangrove tour 1000 m
m
Standard distance requirement per boat for
91 m N/A
mangrove tour
9
Time mangrove tour is open in a day 9 hours
hours
Average number of hours spent in mangrove 1
N/A
tour hour
15
(Lf1 ) Typhoon Occurrences in a year N/A
days
169
(Lf2) Rainy days in a year N/A
days
580
(Lf3) Number of hours low tide occur in a year N/A
hours
14
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year N/A
days
2.2
(Lf5) Actual size of boats N/A
m2
(Lf6) Number of facility in terms of the swimming
area based on regression result of pre-identified 36.4 N/A
limiting factors.
(Lf7) Number of existing facility in terms of peace
and order based on regression result of pre- 21.1 N/A
identified limiting factors
Basic Carrying Capacity for mangrove tour using boats of

local tourists
Total distance for boating (mangrove tour)
BCC = --------------------------------------------------------
Standard distance between boats
1000 meters
= ------------------
91 meters
Page 57 of 64
BCC = 10.9 boats per day for local tourists
NV = BCC X (number of available boats x number of

visitors per boat)
= 11 x (4 x 3)
NV = 132 local visitors per day
Potential Carrying Capacity for boating of local tourists
Total no. of hours mangrove tour (boating) is allowed

RC = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours spent in mangrove tour (boating)
9 hours
RC = -----------
1 hour
= 9
PCC = 10.9 boats per day x 9
PCC = 98 boats
NV = PCC X (number of available boats x
number of visitors per boat)
= 99 x (4 x 3)
NV = 1,176 local visitors per day
Real Carrying Capacity for boating of local tourists
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------ X ---------- X ---------- X ----------
100 100 100 100
Typhoon occurrence in a year

Lf1 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
number of days mangrove tour (boating) is open in a year
15 days
= ------------ X 100 = 4.11
365 days
Page 58 of 64
Lf2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
169 days
= ------------ X 100 = 46.3
365 days

Lf3 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
number of hours mangrove tour (boating) is open in a year
580 hours
= --------------- X 100 = 19.86
2920 hours
Number of days allotted for boat maintenance

Lf4 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 days
= ------------ X 100 = 3.84
365 days
Actual size/area of boats

Lf5 = ---------------------------------------------------------
2.2 m2
= ------------ X 100 = 78
2.82 m2
Lf6 = Number of existing facility in terms of swimming area

based on regression result of pre-identified limiting
factors = 36.4
Lf7 = Number of existing facility in terms of peace and order

based on regression result of pre-identified limiting
factors = 21.1
100-4.11 100-46.3 100-19.86 100-3.84 100-78
RCC = PCC X----------------X---------------X----------------X---------------X------------

100 100 100 100 100
100-36.4 100-21.1
-------------X-----------
100 100
= 98 X 0.9589 X 0.537 X 0.8014 X 0.9616 X 0.22 X 0.636 X 0.789

Page 59 of 64
= 4.3 ≈ 4 Boats
NV = RCC X (number of available boats x number

of visitors per boat)
= 4 x (4 x 3)
NV = 48 local visitors per day
Appendix Table 7. Computation of the basic carrying capacity (BCC),

potential carrying capacity (PCC) and real carrying
capacity (RCC) for the Lamanoc Island mystic tour
in Badiang, Anda, Bohol based on the study
conducted by ERDB-BCWERC in 2015-2016
Local Foreign Average

Particulars
Tourist Tourist Visitors/day
Total area for Lamanoc Island Mystic 1,119.2 1,119.2
Tour m2 m2
Standard area requirement per visitor 4.5 m2 4.8 m2
Time Lamanoc Island Mystic Land
9 hours 9 hours
Tour is open in a day
2 hours 2 hours
ancient grave yard
(Lf1 ) Typhoon Occurrences in a year 15 days 15 days
169
days
(Lf3) Number of hours low tide occur in 580 580
a year hours hours
(Lf4) Boat maintenance in a year 14 days 14 days
(Lf5) Actual size of boats 2.2 m2 2.2 m2
terms of docking station in
lamanoc island based on N/A 44.9
limiting factors
Basic Carrying Capacity 249 233 241
Potential Carrying Capacity 1119 1049 1084
Real Carrying Capacity 98 96 97
Computations:
Basic Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of local

tourists
Total area for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour

BCC = --------------------------------------------------------
Standard area requirement per visitor
Page 60 of 64
1, 119.2 m2
= -------------
4.5 m2
BCC = 248.7 visitors per day for local tourists
Potential Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of local

tourists
Total no. of hours ancient grave yard is open in a day

RC = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours spent in lamanoc island mystic tour
9 hours
RC = --------------
2 hours
= 4.5
PCC = 248.7 visitors per day x 4.5
PCC = 1, 119.2 ≈ 1, 119 visitors per day
Real Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of local

tourists
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------ X ---------- X ---------- X ----------
100 100 100 100

Lf1 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
number of days lamanoc island mystic tour is open in a year
15 days
= ------------ X 100 = 4.11
365 days

Lf2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
169 days
= ------------ X 100 = 46.3
365 days
Page 61 of 64
Lf3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
number of hours lamanoc island mystic tour is open in a year
580 hours
= - -------------- X 100 = 19.86
2920 hours

Lf4 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 days
= ------------ X 100 = 3.84
365 days

Lf5 = ---------------------------------------------------------
2.2 m2
= ------------ X 100 = 78
2.82 m2
100-4.11 100-46.3 100-19.86 100-3.84 100-78

RCC = PCC X------------X-------------X--------------X-------------X-----------
100 100 100 100 100
= 1, 119 X 0.9589 X 0.537 X 0.8014 X 0.9616 X 0.22
= 97.7 ≈ 98 visitors per day
Basic Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of

foreign tourists
Total area for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour

BCC = --------------------------------------------------------
Standard area requirement per visitor
1, 119.2 m2
= -------------
4.8 m2
BCC = 233.2 visitors per day for foreign tourists
Potential Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of

foreign tourists
Page 62 of 64
Total no. of hours lamanoc island mystic tour is open in a day

RC = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average no. of hours spent in lamanoc island mystic tour
9 hours
RC = --------------
2 hours
= 4.5
PCC = 233.2 visitors per day x 4.5
PCC = 1, 049.4 ≈ 1, 049 visitors per day
Real Carrying Capacity for Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour of

foreign tourists
100-Lf1 100-Lf2 100-Lf3 100-Lfn

RCC = PCC X ------------ X ---------- X ---------- X ----------
100 100 100 100

Lf1 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 days
= ------------ X 100 = 4.11
365 days

Lf2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
169 days
= ------------ X 100 = 46.3
365 days

Lf3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
number of hours lamanoc island mystic tour is open in a year
580 hours
= --------------- X 100 = 19.86
2920 hours
Page 63 of 64
Lf4 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 days
= ------------ X 100 = 3.84
365 days

Lf5 = ---------------------------------------------------------
2.2 m2
= ------------ X 100 = 57.9 ≈ 58
3.8 m2
Lf6 = Number of existing facility in terms of docking station in

lamanoc island based on regression result of
pre-identified limiting factors = 44.9
100-4.11 100-46.3 100-19.86 100-3.84 100-58 100-44.9

RCC= PCC X------------X-------------X--------------X-------------X-----------X-------------
100 100 100 100 100 100
= 1, 049 X 0.9589 X 0.537 X 0.8014 X 0.9616 X 0.42 X 0.551
= 96.3 ≈ 96 visitors per day
Page 64 of 64

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I.

Program Title : Enhancing Resilience in Coastal and Wetland

Project Title : Biodiversity Profiling and Carrying Capacity

Study Title : Biodiversity Profiling and Carrying Capacity

Project Implementer : ERDB-BCWERC

Project Leader : Dr. Alicia L. Lustica/Female

Study Leader : Chona M. Tura/Female

For. Bruno O. Carreon/Male

For. Bernardo R. Redoblado/Male

Hanna Lou P. Castillo/Female

Implementing Agency : ERDB-BCWERC

Cooperating Agencies: CENRO Talibon, Bohol

This study determines the biodiversity profile and carrying

In the assessment of biodiversity, flora composition includes

Four major ecotourism activities were considered in the

Assessment of the existing resources in the area is an

The presence of diversed flora and fauna is crucial in

Lamanoc Island is one of the tourist attractions in Bohol

Barangay Badiang has 115 hectare-mudflat areas where

The Lamanoc Island mystic tour and mangrove tour are

Carrying capacity refers to the ability of a particular area to

When human activities for livelihood, or non-consumptive

In the case of Lamanoc Island, changes in the biophysical,

This project has the following objectives:

1. To establish baseline information on the biodiversity and carrying

2. To formulate and recommend appropriate carrying capacity

3. To formulate and recommend strategies for sustainable resource

4. To generate information for policy and planning applications.

As economy grows continuously, and consumption of

In the context of tourism carrying capacity, Ceballos-

On the other hand, Chamberlain (1977) defines sustainable

Social scientists consider impact of social, cultural, and

Carrying capacity had been defined in various ways,

Odum (1971) basically defined carrying capacity as the

Human load in the environment is exacerbated by increase in

The concept of carrying capacity of land resources to

According to Rees (1990) even with rapid technological

The concept of carrying capacity as it applies to other

Considering the above cited literatures, Calanog and

 Project Site Description

 Organization of composite team

 Consultative and Coordination Meetings

 Data gathering, tabulation, and analyses

d. Interviews and Survey

 Model derivation and validation

 Model revision and dissemination

 Report writing and submission

VII EXPECTED OUTPUT/IMPACTS

1. Baseline information on biodiversity of important resources of

2. Carrying capacity models for the Lamanoc Island Mystic Tour

3. Recommend strategies for sustainable resource utilization,

A. Project Site Description

The project site is within the Candijay-Anda-Mabini Mangrove

Barangay Badiang has 115 hectare-mudflat areas where

The municipality of Anda is strategically bounded in the north

Based on the draft General Management Plan, Candijay-

The shorelines of Talisay, Linawan, Badiang, Panas, San

Anda has relatively the same climate as to all coastal

The present land use of the area is mangrove forest

A special important feature under the jurisdiction of

Figure 2. Lamanoc Island in Badiang, Anda, Bohol

Figure 3. Researchers conducting vegetation survey during the

In Lamanoc Island, nineteen (19) species of mangrove