01 Technical Report Adama WWTP

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF WATER, IRRIGATION AND
OF ETHIOPIA ELECTRICITY
CONSULTING SERVICES FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MEKELLE, ADAMA AND DIRE DAWA TOWNS
Contract No.: MOWIE/OWNP/CON/QCBS/03/2014
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN REPORT

ADAMA
Submitted by
Z&A P.ANTONAROPOULOS and ASSOCIATES S.A.
in association with
TROPICS CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
DECEMBER 2019
Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report
Adama Town Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1

1.1. Contract Details .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Background..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Scope of Work ................................................................................................................ 2
1.4. Legislation and Institution Constractions ........................................................................ 3
1.4.1. The Constitution ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 3
1.4.3. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 4
1.4.4. Federal Water Resource Policy .............................................................................................. 4
1.4.5. Legislation related to Environmrntal Impact Assesment ......................................................... 4
1.4.6. Environmental Protection Authority ........................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2. Design data .............................................................................................. 6

2.1. General Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Design Wastewater Flows .............................................................................................. 6
2.2.1. Network wastewater hydraulic design data ............................................................................ 6
2.3. Design Wastewater Loads.............................................................................................. 8
2.3.1. Network wastewater design loads .......................................................................................... 8
2.4. Effluent Limits ................................................................................................................. 9
2.5. Treatment Demands ..................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3. Wastewater treatment process .............................................................. 12

3.1. General Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12
3.2. Wastewater composition .............................................................................................. 12
3.3. Technical Description for the Activated Sludge Process.............................................. 14
3.4. Phases of process for the proposed system ................................................................ 16
3.5. Mechanical equipment for the proposed plant ............................................................. 18
Chapter 4. Detailed description ............................................................................... 35

4.1. General Introduction ..................................................................................................... 35
4.2. Inlet/Lift Pumping Station.............................................................................................. 35
4.3. Pretreatment Stage – Screening, Sand and grease collection and separation ........... 37
4.4. Distribution Chamber for the Primary Sedimentation Tanks ........................................ 43
4.5. Primary Sedimentation Tanks ...................................................................................... 44
4.6. Secondary treatment phase - Activated Sludge Process ............................................. 47
4.7. Nutrient removal ........................................................................................................... 48
4.8. Pre-anoxic tank ............................................................................................................. 50
4.9. Biological Phosphorus Removal Unit ........................................................................... 52
4.10. De nitrification Units.................................................................................................... 53
4.11. Nitrification Units ......................................................................................................... 55
Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

in association with Tropics Consulting Engineers Plc. i
4.12. Mixed Liquid Recirculation Pumping Station .............................................................. 60

4.13. Chemical Removal of Phosphorous ........................................................................... 61
4.13.1. General .............................................................................................................................. 61
4.13.2. Chemical removal of Phosphorous for the new plant ......................................................... 62
4.14. Clarification Tanks ...................................................................................................... 63
4.15. Recirculation & Excess Sludge pumping station ........................................................ 65
4.16. Flow Measurement ..................................................................................................... 67
4.17. Disinfection Unit – Chlorination Tank ......................................................................... 68
4.18. Sludge treatment ........................................................................................................ 69
4.18.1. General .............................................................................................................................. 69
4.18.2. Gravity Thickening for Primary Sludge ............................................................................... 70
4.18.3. Anaerobic Stabilization Primary Sludge Tank .................................................................... 71
4.18.4. Biogas Treatment ............................................................................................................... 76
4.18.5. Gravity Thickening for Biological Sludge ............................................................................ 77
4.18.6. Aerated Mixing Sludge Tank .............................................................................................. 79
4.18.7. Dewatering system ............................................................................................................. 81
4.19. Drainages Recirculation ............................................................................................. 83
4.20. Civil and architectural works ....................................................................................... 84
4.21. Road system ............................................................................................................... 84
4.22. Flood protection .......................................................................................................... 85
4.23. Landscape design ...................................................................................................... 85
Chapter 5. HYDRAULIC UNIT DATA ......................................................................... 86

5.1. General about hydraulic calculation ............................................................................. 86
5.1.1. General Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 86
5.1.2. Hydraulic Losses Calculation in channels and gravity pipes (formula Manning). ................ 87
5.1.3. Calculation of hydraulic losses at pressure pipeline (formula Colebrook-White). ................. 88
5.1.4. Calculation of critical depth of flow ....................................................................................... 88
5.1.5. Calculation of flow through triangle overflow weir ................................................................ 89
5.1.6. Calculation of flow at rectangular overflow weir .................................................................. 89
5.1.7. Overflow crest ...................................................................................................................... 89
5.1.8. Flow calculation through rectangular submersible opening . ................................................ 90
5.1.9. Flow calculation in collection channel.................................................................................. 90
5.1.10. Calculation of fittings losses, input, outputs, turn etc .......................................................... 90
5.1.11. General calculation of water depth flow.............................................................................. 91
5.2. Hydraulic study for peak flow........................................................................................ 91
5.3. Pumping Stations Calculation....................................................................................... 93

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1: Basic Mechanical equipment ................................................................................................. 18
Table 4-1: Design Data for lift pumping station ....................................................................................... 36
Table 4-2: Design Data for lift pumping station mixing ............................................................................ 37
Table 4-3: Design Data for Self Cleaning Screens.................................................................................. 39
Table 4-4: Design Data for the Grit Separator......................................................................................... 40
Table 4-5: Design Data for the oil/grease Separator ............................................................................... 41
Table 4-6: Design Data for distribution chamber ..................................................................................... 44
Table 4-7: Design Data for primary sedimentation tanks ........................................................................ 45
Table 4-8: Design Data for primary sludge production ............................................................................ 47
Table 4-9: Design Data for the Biological Treatment .............................................................................. 48
Table 4-10: Nutrient levels ...................................................................................................................... 49
Table 4-11: Design Data for the Pre Anoxic Tanks ................................................................................. 50
Table 4-12: Dimensions for the Pre Anoxic Tanks .................................................................................. 51
Table 4-13: Design Data for the Biological Phosphorous Removal......................................................... 52
Table 4-14: Design Data for the De – Nitrification Tanks ........................................................................ 54
Table 4-15: Dimensions of the De – Nitrification Tanks .......................................................................... 55
Table 4-16: Design Data for the Nitrification Tanks ................................................................................. 57
Table 4-17: Dimensions of the Nitrification Tanks ................................................................................... 58
Table 4-18: Design Data for the Aeration of Nitrification Tank ................................................................ 59
Table 4-19: Design Data for mixed liquid recirculation ............................................................................ 61
Table 4-20: Design Data for the Chemical Removal of Phosphorous ..................................................... 62
Table 4-21: Design Data for the Final Clarification Tanks ....................................................................... 64
Table 4-22: Dimension of final Clarification Tanks .................................................................................. 64
Table 4-23: Design Data for the Sludge Recirculation pumping station .................................................. 66
Table 4-24: Design Data for Disinfection Unit ......................................................................................... 68
Table 4-25: Design Data for the Gravity Thickener for Primary Sludge .................................................. 71
Table 4-26: Design Data for the Anaerobic Stabilization Primary Sludge Tank ...................................... 74
Table 4-27: Design Data for the Gravity Thickener for Biological Sludge ............................................... 78
Table 4-28: Design Data for the Aerated mixing Sludge Tank ................................................................ 79
Table 4-29: Design Data for the Dewatering system ............................................................................... 81
Table 4-30: Design Data for sludge flocculation...................................................................................... 82
Table 4-31: Design Data for the Drainages Pumping Station.................................................................. 83
Table 5- 1: Design flows for the hydraulic calculations ........................................................................... 86
Table 5- 2: Total table of hydraulic calculations ...................................................................................... 92

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Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report Introduction
Adama Town Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Contract Details
The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) has an approved budget towards the
cost of Services in order to use these funds under a contract for “Consulting Services for
Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Waste Water Management System for Mekelle, Adama
and Dire Dawa towns”. Accordingly, the MoWIE announced an invitation for proposals to
provide the required services. Z&A P. ANTONAROPOULOS AND ASSOCIATES SA in
association with TROPICS Consulting Engineers Plc was awarded the contract.
The Contract between MoWIE and the Consultant was signed on October 2017, the contract
became effective and the contract commencement date was set as the 28th of October 2017,
fifteen (15) days after signing the contract in accordance with the respective special
conditions
1.2. Background
Adama City is located in the central eastern part of Ethiopia located at 8° 30' 52.1172'' N
and39° 16' 9.3252'' E at an elevation of almost +1700masl.. It is situated in East Shoa Zone of
Oromia Regional State, in the main structural systems of the Great Rift Valley, at about 100
kilometres south east of Addis Ababa on the main road to Eastern parts of the country.
Adama lies on the railroad from Djibouti to Addis Ababa. This rail road passes through the
City and is an alternative means of transport that creates additional possibilities of industrial
development in the area.
Demographically, Adama is the most rapidly growing city both in terms of population and
physical areas in the region starting from the outset of its establishment due to ongoing urban
sprawl, natural growth of population and high level of rural migrations. According to the last
three consecutive censuses conducted in the county showed that there is large increase of
population in the city. The current population based on a CSA official 2018 population
projection dated 12.11.2018 is 374,332. The population residing in Adama is expected to
exceed 1,300,000 by 2050. The City is divided into six sub-city administrations, which are
divided into 18 Kebeles.
According to the socioeconomic profile of the city published in 2017, Adama has established
its unique identity as an icon of business center in the country. Trade is one of the key
aspects of the city's economic life that has enriched many self-employed optimistic private
companies, self-employed individuals and commercial activity spread throughout the city with
high concentration in the core area of the city. These operations mainly consist of activities
like hotel services, fuel stations, garages, manufacturing, services, construction, Industry,
Agriculture etc. Cattle fattening is also a major practice in the periphery of the city. In
surrounding villages, agriculture (mixed-farming system, i.e., crop production and animal

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husbandry) is practiced by many households on a small scale as the prime source of

livelihood.
To examine the quality of Adama wastewater during the assessment stage, samples were
taken at the point of disposal on the sludge drying bed, directly from the truck and from
sewers collected from cesspools, and latrines. New samples were also taken directly from the
truck and from sewers collected from Adama University, hotels and hospitals and analysed
during the feasibility stage (Please refer to Annex L of Sanitation Improvement Plan of
feasibility stage). The BOD of all samples was very high which indicates low water content or
the water percolates in the pit or cesspool and due to the long period between the de-sludging
of the pit latrines. If this is released to any water course, the oxygen concentration will be
exhausted and eventually the water will be unusable for any purpose. The Nitrogen
concentration was also very high which indicates that the public health and the aquatic
animals are greatly affected if wastewater is released without treatment. The overflow from
the pits and cesspools with this quality affects innocent people.
A sewerage system and a Wastewater Treatment Plant is proposed for Adama. The site is
accessible by vehicle and it is bordered by farmland, road and a church. At present the
proposed WWTP site is a farmland which is owned by the Adama city municipality. However,
various micro and small scale enterprises organized by the city municipality are cultivating
crops on the land. There is no house structure in the proposed area that will be affected by
project. The proposed area was visited and confirmed by the Adama Utility.
1.3. Scope of Work
The scope of this study is to prepare the design project for the construction of the wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP) in Adama. The WWTP will be designed and implemented for the
short term (2025) with provisions for easy future extensions. Since a large part of the
population will still be served by vacuum trucks, desludging existing cesspits and septic tanks,
one of the first concerns is the improvement of the faecal sludge management system. A new,
proper Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) will be designed at an earlier stage at the
same site with the WWTP in order to efficiently treat the existing faecal sludge. Having in the
same site the faecal sludge treatment plant with the WWTP, except from being more
effective, enables the co-treatment where possible (e.g. faecal sludge and WWTP sludge, or
co-treatment of pre-treated faecal sludge and wastewater).
More specifically the scope of works for the present project is the following
 Calculation of wastewater flows

 Calculation of wastewater quality
 Design Calculations for the proposed system
 Hydraulic Calculations for the proposed system

 Mechanical Calculations / Descriptions for the proposed system

 Technical Specifications for the mechanical equipment
 Civil works Calculations for the proposed system
 Technical Specifications for the civil works
 Electrical Calculations / Automations descriptions for the proposed system
 Cost estimation for the proposed system
 Architectural – Mechanical – Electrical and Structural Drawings.
1.4. Legislation and Institution Constractions
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was formally established by

proclamation No.1 on August 21, 1995. The FDRE comprises of the Federal States and nine
Regional State members. The relative roles of government at the different levels (Federal,
Regional and Local) in terms of power and duties, including fiscal matters, have been defined
by the Constitution, Proclamations Nos. 33 of 1992, 41 of 1993, and 4 of 1995. Under these
proclamations, duties and responsibilities of Regional States include: planning, directing and
developing social and economic programs, as well as the administration, and development
and protection of natural resources (of their respective regions).
1.4.1. The Constitution
The Constitution provides important provisions related to the country’s Environmental Policy.
Article 44 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states that all
persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment. It also states under Article 92 that:
 The Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and
healthy environment.
 The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not
damage or destroy the environment.
 People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the
planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them
directly.
 The Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment.
1.4.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997
(EPA and MEDaC, 1997). It is based on the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
The policy is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic development
strategy of the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation (ADLI) program and other key
policies, such as the National Population Policy and the National Policy on Women. The

policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and deficiencies, which in the
past have led to serious environmental degradation.
The EPE’s overall policy goal may be summarized in terms of the improvement and
enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and the promotion of
sustainable social and economic development, through the adoption of sound environmental
management principles.
1.4.3. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
The CSE provides a comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in

a very broad sense, covering national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross-sectoral
policies, action plans and programs. It recognizes the importance of incorporating
environmental factors into development activities from the outset, so that planners may take
into account environmental protection as an essential component of economic, social and
cultural development.
1.4.4. Federal Water Resource Policy
The Ministry of Water Resources has formulated the Federal Water Resource Policy for a
comprehensive and integrated Water Resource Management. The overall goal of the water
resources policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards efficient and optimum
utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on sustainable
basis. The policy is meant to establish and institutionalize environment conservation and
protection requirements as integral parts of water resources planning and project
development. The policy is also to ensure that all water resources schemes and projects shall
have “Environmental Impact Assessment and Evaluation.”
1.4.5. Legislation related to Environmrntal Impact Assesment
At present there is no legislation in Ethiopia that mandates Environmental Impact

Assessments for policies, programs or projects. However, an Environmental Impact
Assessment Proclamation has been developed and is currently being reviewed by the
Environmental Council and will soon be presented to the Council of Ministers for their
approval.
The following regulations and guidelines have also been prepared:
 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, Volume I, Procedural Guideline,

Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, June, 1997.
 EIA – Sectoral Guideline, Volume II, EIA – Guideline for Agricultural Sector
Development Projects, Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, June, 1997.

 EIA – Sectoral Guideline, Volume III, EIA – Guideline for Industrial Sector
Development Projects, Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, June 1997.
 EIA – Sectoral Guideline, Volume IV, EIA – Guideline for Transport Sector
Development Projects, Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, June 1997.
1.4.6. Environmental Protection Authority
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) at the Federal level was established under
Proclamation No. 9 of 1995 which placed the responsibility of Environmental Management, as
well as Environmental protection within the EPA.
The objective of the Authority is to ensure, that the country’s social and economic
development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human
beings, and that the resources – on which they depend for survival – will be sustainably
protected, developed and utilised. EPA is an autonomous government body, reporting directly
to the Council of Ministers.
The key functions of EPA are defined in Proclamation 9/1995 and are summarised as follows:
 Prepare environmental protection policies and laws and ensure that these are
implemented.
 Prepare directives and implement systems necessary for the evaluation of the
impacts of projects on the environment.
 Prepare environmental protection standards and directives concerning soil, water and
air.
 Conduct studies on desertification and co-ordinate efforts to combat it.
 Prepare recommendations regarding measures needed to protect the environment.
 Enhance environmental awareness programs.
 Review of Environmental Impact Assessment reports;
 Implement international treaties concerning the environment to which Ethiopia is a
signatory.
 Provide advice and technical support to the regions on environmental matters.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report Design Data
CHAPTER 2. DESIGN DATA
2.1. General Introduction
The aim of the present study is the calculation and design of a Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WwTP) in Adama. More specifically, it has been decided that one WwTP is going to treat the
wastewater for 81.809 people equivalent.
The wastewater, which is going to be collected and then treated to the Wastewater Treatment
Plant, is mainly domestic.
At the following paragraphs, the quality and quantity data of the wastewater which is used for
the design of the WwTP, are presented.
All data have been given to the Consultant by the MoWIE.
The following acknowledgements are taken under consideration:
 There is no septage wastewater.

 There is no heavy industry in the area which produces significant qualities of
industrial wastewaters. If there are industries which will connect with sewage system
then they have to construct individual WwTP before they discharge industrial
wastewater on system.
 Infiltration is included at the considering flows.
2.2. Design Wastewater Flows
2.2.1. Network wastewater hydraulic design data
Wastewater Ttreatment Plants are been designed with two parameters: the hydraulic loads
and the organic loads. In this paragraph are presenting the hydraulic data which are used in
order to design the Adama plant .
The expected WWTP equivalent population for the year 2025 is 81.809 P.E. and the design
flow of the plant is 6.797 m3/day or 78,6 l/sec as detailed calculated in the calculation sheets
of the Annex.
The maximum daily water consumption in the area is about 80 l/PE day. The 80% of the
water consumption drops in the sewage system so the maximum daily wastewater production
per capita is 64 l/PE_day.
The Wastewater Treatment Plant is been designed with the maximum daily flow for the
biological phase and with maximum hourly peak flow for the pretreatment units. For this

reason, we have calculated the peak flow and the hourly peak flow of the wastewater in order
to design the pretreatment unit of the plant.
The maximum hourly peak flow is calculated according to the follow formula:
Q max hourly = a x Qhour where
2.5
a  1,5 
Qhour
Qhour = Qmax daily / 24 [lt/sec]
The hourly peak flow coefficient fluctuates from 1.5 to 3.
Specifically, the peak flow for the predicted equivalent population of 2025, have been
estimated at 136 l/sec. At the following tables are presented the hydraulic data for the Adama
WWTP.
Table 2-1: Design Networks Flows Data for Adama WwTP
Hydraulic Design Data Hydraulic Design Data

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Summer Winter Summer Winter
Period Period Period Period
Network users pc 68.113 68.113 241.642 241.642
Kebele 1 condominium sites pc 5.430 5.430 * *
Kebele 9 condominium site pc 3.755 3.755 * *
Public/communal latrine pc 9.949 9.949 16.132 16.132

network users
Water consuption l/pc_d 80,00 80,00 100,00 100,00
Return factor k2 % 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80
Residential WW Production m3/day 5.584 5.584 20.622 20.622
Non residential users pc 13.696 13.696 41.766 41.766

(equivalent)
Water consuption l/pc_d 80 80 100 100
Return factor k2 % 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80
Non-Residential WW m3/day 877 877 3.341 3.341

Production
Network length (km) km 78,00 78,00 223,00 223,00
Groundwater infiltration l/s_km 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05

Hydraulic Design Data Hydraulic Design Data

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Total Daily Production m3/day 6.797 6.797 24.927 24.927
Design Flow l/sec 79 79 289 289
Coefficient Peak Flow 1,73 1,73 1,60 1,60
Peak Flow l/sec 136 136 461 461
Hourly peak flow m3/hr 490 490 1659 1659
Hourly Design Flow m3/hr 283 283 1039 1039

*Population of Kebele 1 and 9 condominium site are already included in the network users (241.642)
2.3. Design Wastewater Loads
2.3.1. Network wastewater design loads
To calculate the pollutant loads at the domestic wastewaters, we should calculate the
coefficients of the production of these loads per capita and per day. At the present study,
these coefficients have been determined according to previous studies for Ethiopia.
Organic loads BOD5: 45g BOD5/cap_day
Suspended Solid Loads TSS: 55g TSS/cap_day
Total N: 8g ΤΝ/cap_day
Total P: 1,0g TP/cap_day
At the following table the pollutant loads and their concentration are presented:

Table 2-2: Design Loads Data for Adama WwTP
Quality Design Data (2025) Quality Design Data (2035)

Parameters Units
Equivelant Population PE 81.809 81.809 283.408 283.408
Total Daily Production m3/day 6.797 6.797 24.927 24.927
oC
Wastewater Temperature 20 14 20 14
Daily organic load g BOD5 / 45,0 45,0 45,0 45,0

production per capita cap_day
Daily suspended solids load g SS / 55,0 55,0 55,0 55,0

Daily total nitrogen load g TN / 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0

Daily total phosphorous load g TP / 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

Daily organic load kg BOD5 / 3681,4 3681,4 12753,4 12753,4

production day
Daily suspended solids load kg SS / 4499,5 4499,5 15587,4 15587,4

production day
Daily total nitrogen load kg TN / 654,5 654,5 2267,3 2267,3

production day
Daily total phosphorous load kg TP / 81,8 81,8 283,4 283,4

production day
Concentration of Organic mg BOD5 /l 541,6 541,6 511,6 511,6

Load
Concentration of suspended mg SS/l 662,0 662,0 625,3 625,3

solids
Concentration of Total mg TN/l 96,3 96,3 91,0 91,0

Nitrogen
Concentration of total mg TP/l 12,0 12,0 11,4 11,4

Phosphorus
2.4. Effluent Limits
It is assumed that nutrient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is not a requirement at this
stage and that the treatment plant will focus on BOD removal only. It is possible however that
some of the systems may provide some nutrient removal and consideration will be given
during the design to phase in nutrient removal in future upgrades.
Treated effluent is expected to be used for irrigation and when irrigation isn’t required, such
as during the rainy season, it is to be discharged into the river. As such, the treated effluent

levels have been set in conjunction of various factors: protection of human health; protection
of the environment (both the river and crops to be irrigated); and within the constraints of the
technologies selected.
Review of various guidelines for treated wastewater effluent was performed including the
Ethiopian Environmental Protection Agency’s “Guideline for Surface Water Quality
Standards”, the Alberta Environment “Guidelines for Municipal Wastewater Irrigation”, the
World Health Organization (WHO) “Good Irrigation Practice” and “Health Based Targets”, the
Standards for Industrial Pollution Control’s “Controlled Application of Effluents to Land” and
“Effluent Discharges to Inland Waters”, Canada’s Municipal Wastewater System Effluent
Regulations as well as the previous December 2001 Master Plan guidelines. The Ethiopian
Environmental Protection Agency standards apply mostly to industrial effluents and are quite
stringent which would require very costly treatment systems. The December 2001 Master
Plan Guidelines follow the Canadian Regulations quite closely and are somewhat more
moderate requirements therefore treatment will be designed to obtain an effluent with
characteristics in the range of the following values that follow the 2001 Master Plan
Guidelines and the WHO “Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture” (2004):
Table 2-3: Wastewater Effluent Characteristics
Quality Design Data (2025) Quality Design Data (2035)

Parameters Units
Concentration of Organic mg BOD5 /l ≤ 25 ≤ 25 ≤ 25 ≤ 25

Load
Concentration of Organic mg COD/l ≤ 90 ≤ 90 ≤ 90 ≤ 90

Load
Concentration of mg SS/l ≤ 35 ≤ 35 ≤ 35 ≤ 35
suspended solids
Concentration of Total mg TN/l ≤ 15 ≤ 15 ≤ 15 ≤ 15

Nitrogen
Concentration of mg NH4 /l ≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2
Ammonium
Concentration of Nitrates mg NO3/l ≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 10
Concentration of total mg TP/l ≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2

Phosphorus
Faecal coliforms FC/100ml ≤ 1000 ≤ 1000 ≤ 1000 ≤ 1000
Intestinal nematode egg Egg/l ≤1 ≤1 ≤1 ≤1

2.5. Treatment Demands
According the above, the efficiency of the WWTP for each parameter is presented at the
following table:
Table 2-4: Treatment Demands
Parameters Efficiency
Concentration of Organic Load (BOD5) % 94%
Concentration of Organic Load (COD) % 90%
Concentration of suspended solids (TSS) % 93%
Concentration of Total Nitrogen (T-N) % 83%
Concentration of total Phosphorus (T-P) % 82%

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report Wastewater Treatment Process
CHAPTER 3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
The present study has to do with the preliminary design of the Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WwTP) for Adama, in order to be able to treat the wastewater of 81.809 P.E at 2025 and the
effluent of the Feacal sludge pretreatment for 292 m3 daily flow.
The works that are proposed for the construction of the new treatment plant are the following:
 A complete WwTP of maximum capacity 81.809 P.E. (6.797 m3/day), using the
method of conventional activated sludge (extended aeration system).
 One treatment line in order to treat the present quantity of the wastewater and space
for another two lines to treat the future flows.
 A complete sludge treatment line in order to stabilize and dewater the primary and the
biological sludge which will be produced.
The plant will be able to treat the Feacal sludge pre-treatment effluent of 292m3/day.
At the following paragraphs, a more detailed technical description for the above works will be
presented.
3.2. Wastewater composition
Domestic wastewater is a mix of water and pollution load, about 99% of water and 1%
pollution. Some pollutants are suspended and some are dissolved in the water. The purpose
of sewage treatment is to remove the pollution load and discharge clean water into the water
course.
Wastewater Treatment is the acceleration of natural degradation processes. It can involve

physical, chemical and biological processes. Settlement processes are generally employed to
remove suspended solids more to 60% and BOD5 more to 25-30%. Secondary biological
treatment can remove the BOD5 up to 92% of the pollution load.
If untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, the decomposition of the organic materials

it contains can lead to the production of large quantities of malodorous gases. In addition,
untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic or disease-causing micro-
organisms that dwell in the human intestinal tract or that may be present in certain industrial
wastes. It also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants, and it may
contain toxic compounds. For these reasons, the immediate and nuisance-free removal of
wastewater from its sources of generation, followed by treatment and disposal, is not only
desirable but also necessary in an industrialized society.

Inorganic solids can be defined as those that will not decay or decompose and include sand,
gravel, salts, metals, etc.
Organic solids arise from animals and plants and will decay or decompose with time.
The life forms in a water body form a complex system, which continuously recycles organic
and some inorganic materials by decay, decomposition and regrowth. A vital ingredient is
oxygen. In an undisturbed system (i.e. a river not polluted by man's activities), the balance
between the components is maintained by various natural cycles.
Biological treatment systems operate on the same basic principles of decomposition as in

natural systems, i.e. microbes utilize organic matter to produce more microbes, water and
gas.
There are two basic types of microbes: aerobic and anaerobic, those that need oxygen and
those that don’t need oxygen to survive.
The numbers of microbes present in a natural clean water system will be limited by the
availability of food and not by the oxygen supply, which is plentiful. If the food supply is
increased (e.g. a wastewater discharge) the number of microbes will increase and the rate at
which oxygen is used will also increase.
In aerobic biological treatment the food supply is much greater than that available in nature,
and consequently the number of microbes and the oxygen supply must also be maintained at
appropriately higher levels to ensure suitable assimilation of the organic matter.
The organisms (bacteria) in the treatment system utilize the organic matter in the wastewater,
as a carbon and energy source, for microbial growth. In doing so, the organisms convert the
organic matter into microbial cell tissue and oxidized end products such as carbon dioxide.
An approximate ratio of 100:6:1 for Carbon: Nitrogen: Phosphorus is generally accepted as

being most suitable.
Many effluents are deficient in nutrients, including milk, vegetable, fruit and textile wastes.
The deficiency can be generally be made up by the addition of Ammonium Sulphate (N) or
Sodium Phosphate (P).
BOD (in mg/l) is a measurement of the organic material in a wastewater. It is not an absolute
measure of the total organic material but is a measure of those organics that can be
assimilated by aerobic microbial action.
The term BOD is normally measured as the oxygen demand of a settled sample over five
days, (i.e. BOD5). However it is occasionally stated over seven, ten, or twenty-eight days or
the total BOD (i.e. BOD7, BODl0, BOD28, BOD), (BOD (BOD to infinity) for ordinary sewage

is normally between 1.5 and 2.5 times BOD5). The selection of 5 days seems arbitrary but
may be due to the likely time elapsing from the time of discharge of wastewater into the
longest river in the United Kingdom to the time of discharge of the river into the sea. The
realities of the working week would be better suited by measurement over 7 days.
One person generates approx. 60gr BOD per day at a concentration of approx. 300mg/l in the
wastewater. In a well run activated sludge plant, close to 95% efficiency is expected which
should give a final effluent quality of approx. 15mg/l.
BOD5 removal efficiency in conventional activated sludge process depends on the ratio of
organic matter to micro-organisms (referred to as food to micro-organisms ratio F/M or sludge
loading) and an adequate supply of oxygen (between 1mg/l and 2mg/l i.e. between 10% and
20% saturation). The rate of biological activity is also temperature dependent and the rate of
activity approximately doubles for each 10-degree Celsius rise in temperature at ambient
levels.
3.3. Technical Description for the Activated Sludge Process
The activated sludge process (or suspended growth system as it is commonly referred to
now) was developed in England in 1914 and was so named because it involved the
production of an activated mass of micro-organisms capable of aerobically stabilizing the
organic matter of the wastewater. Suspended Growth Systems are biological contact
processes where bacteria, fungi, protozoa and small organisms such as rotifers and
nematode worms are commonly found. The bacteria are the most important group of micro-
organisms for they are the ones responsible for the structural and functional activity of the
activated sludge floc.
The suspended growth systems are classified into three broad categories: low rate,
conventional and high rate. The divisions are based on the organic and hydraulic loading
rates and retention times. Subdivisions within these categories are based mainly on flow and
method of aeration.
In suspended growth systems, the biological process may or may not be preceded by primary
settlement. The conventional activated sludge system has primary settlement whereas the
extended-aeration system has not. It is essential that the primary tank is desludged regularly
so that sludge does not move into the biological zone. In suspended growth systems with
secondary settlement, some of the secondary sludge must be returned to the biological
reactor to maintain an adequate population of micro-organisms. Excess sludge should be
wasted to storage to avoid problems associated with sludge flotation due to denitrification and
to maintain the correct mixed liquor suspended solids concentration in the aeration tank.
Suspended growth systems include conventional activated sludge, extended-aeration,

oxidation ditches (a variation of the extended aeration process) and sequencing batch

reactors. Conventional activated sludge systems are not normally employed to treat
wastewater from small communities, primarily because they require frequent skilled attention
and other variations of the process generate less sludge for disposal. Because of the difficulty
of handling, storing and disposing of primary sludge, the use of primary settlement should be
avoided in the design of small suspended growth systems.
The activated sludge process is a versatile form of biological treatment, widely used for
purification of sewage and industrial wastes.
In its simplest form settled sewage is mixed with returned active sludge and given a period of
aeration in open tanks. The micro-organisms in the returned sludge aerobically stabilize the
organic matter in the aeration tanks and the effluent is then passed to the final settling tanks
where the activated sludge is settled and separated. Part of this sludge is then returned to the
aeration tanks to maintain the required level of suspended solids in the liquor. (Mixed Liquor
Suspended Solids, M.L.S.S.).
Activated sludge treatment can be subdivided into three processes, which can be used to
cover a wide spectrum of treatment requirements. These are:
 High-rate activated sludge process / Solids retention period less than 2 hrs.
 Conventional activated sludge process / Solids retention period from 4 to 8 hrs.
 Extended aeration process / Solids retention period exceeding about 24 hrs.
The proposed system (Conventional Avtivated Sludge) is characterized by medium loading

rates and medium hydraulic retention times (HRT) between 18 - 24 hours and solids retention
times of between 8 and 12 days.
Some conventional systems operate in completely mixed mode while other systems
approximate to a plug-flow mode.
Properly designed and operated conventional activated systems can be expected to produce
a wastewater with BOD5 and SS levels less than 20mg/l, 90% of the time and less than
15mg/l, 50% of the time. A flow diagram of the system is shown in below.
A conventional activated sludge system typically consists of coarse screening or maceration,

primary sedimentation, aeration using air diffusers or mechanical aerators, secondary
settlement with surface skimming and return sludge pumping. Primary sludge and excess
biological sludge must be removed.

Scheme 3-1: Conventional Activated Sludge System
The activated sludge system (conventional system) is the most widespread system of the
Municipal wastewater treatment. The major advantages of this system are the following:
 Satisfactory efficiency
 flexibility at the hydraulic and organic peaks
 low area demands
 low operating cost (especially in high capacity units)
 stable efficiency in climatic condition changes
The basic disadvantages of the classic activated sludge system (conventional activated
sludge system) are mainly the production of primary sludge (non stabilized sludge) and the
non stabilized produced biological sludge.
Moreover, the classical calculation of the conventional system uses low retention time of
solids (θc). Because of this, the total nitrification of ammonium is not allowed and this has as a
result more or less moderate denitrification efficiency.
In this study the conventional activated sludge system has been designed with solid retention
time (SRT) about 11 days. The high SRT has been selected in order to have complete
nitrification of ammonium and denitrification of the nitrates. This is important because of the
high temperatures of the area which increase the possibility for dentitrification in the
clarification tanks. So, a CAS system with nutrient removal is selected in order to reduce the
denitrification in the clarification tanks.
In the following paragraph the phases of the extended aeration system are presented.
3.4. Phases of process for the proposed system
The proposed system of activated sludge includes the following phases:
 Inlet / Lift Pumping Station

 Compact Pretreatment Unit (Combined system of screanings, oil, sand and grit
separation)

 Distribution Chamber for Primary sedimentation tanks

 Primary Sedimentation
 Distribution Chamber for Biological Treatment
 Pre Anoxic Tank for the sludge recirculation
 De-nitrification / Anoxic tanks (two parallel process lines)
 Nitrification / Aerated tanks (two parallel process lines)
 Internal Recirculation of Mixed Liquor
 Chemical precipitation of Phosphorous (two reaction pits)
 Final Clarification tanks (two tanks)
 Recirculation of biological sludge
 Flow measurement
 Disinfection Unit – Chlorination Tank
 Gravity thickener for primary sludge
 Anaerobic Tank for stabilization of primary sludge
 Gravity thickeners for biological sludge
 Aerated mixing sludge tank
 Dewatering system – Centrifuge decanter
 Drainage recirculation

3.5. Mechanical equipment for the proposed plant
The following table represents the main mechanical equipment of the proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant (activated sludge – extended aeration). The
analytical list of mechanical equipment is presented in Annex III of the study and in PID diagram in drawings Annex.
Table 3-1: Basic Mechanical equipment

Installed Power
No Code Mechanical Equipment Description Manufacturer Comments
(kW)
ADAMA_PRELIMINARY-PRIMARY TREATMENT (C01)- A.S. Conventional System
1 C01.01_P1 A1' Lift pump (280m3/hr at 14m) 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
2 C01.01_P2 A2' Lift pump (280m3/hr at 14m) 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
3 C01.01_P3 B1' Lift pump (280m3/hr at 14m) 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
4 C01.01_ST-P1 Soft Starter for P1 - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel

Equivalent

Equivalent

Equivalent
7 C01.01_FM-1 A' Input flow meter (max 400 m3/h) 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Equivalent
8 C01.01_FM-2 B' Input flow meter (max 400 m3/h) 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
9 C01.01_LC.1 Level transmitter for Lift pumping Station 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level transmitter
Equivalent
10 C01.01_LLFS_P1/2/3 Low level floater switch for P.1/2/3 Floating switch
11 C01.01_MX.1a Mixer for lift pumping station 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
Equivalent Propeller Mixer
12 C01.01_MX.1b Mixer for lift pumping station 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
13 C01.01_LLFS_MX.1 Low level floater switch for MX.1a/1b Floating switch
14 C01.02_CPU-1.1 A' Compact Preatreatment Unit - Screen 1,10 Filtran or Equivalent Drum screen - MESH
6.00mm
15 C01.02_CPU-2.1 B' Compact Preatreatment Unit - Screen 1,10 Filtran or Equivalent Drum screen - MESH
6.00mm
16 C01.02_AL-EL.CPU1.1 Alarm level electrode for CPU-1.1 -
17 C01.02_HL-EL.CPU1.1 Higher level electrode for CPU-1.1 -
18 C01.02_LL-EL.CPU1.1 Lower level electrode for CPU-1.1 -
19 C01.02_AL-EL.CPU2.1 Alarm level electrode for CPU-2.1 -
20 C01.02_HL-EL.CPU2.1 Higher level electrode for CPU-2.1 -
21 C01.02_LL-EL.CPU2.1 Lower level electrode for CPU-2.1 -
22 C01.02_CPU-2.1 Compact Preatreatment Unit - Grit 0,75 Filtran or Equivalent max flow 100l/sec

Installed Power
(kW)
Conveying Screw
Conveying Screw
Elevating Screw
Elevating Screw
26 C01.02_BL-1.1_CPU1 Blower for Sand Removal Unit (66,5m3/h 1,50 Elmo Ritchle or Equivalent Centrifugal blower
at 250mbar)
27 C01.02_BL-1.2_CPU2 Blower for Sand Removal Unit (66,5m3/h 1,50 Elmo Ritchle or Equivalent Centrifugal blower
at 250mbar)
28 C01.02_CPU-4.1 Compact Preatreatment Unit - Oil 0,55 Filtran or Equivalent max flow 100l/sec
Scrapper
29 C01.02_CPU-4.2 Compact Preatreatment Unit - Oil 0,55 Filtran or Equivalent max flow 100l/sec
Scrapper
30 C01.02_V_CPU.1 Electromagnetic valve for washing system Ball Valve - Normal Closed
CPU.1
31 C01.02_V_CPU.2 Electromagnetic valve for washing system Ball Valve - Normal Closed
CPU.2
32 C01.02_PPC1 Oil and grease pump 0,37 390 L/hr @ 263 rpm
33 C01.02_PPC2 Oil and grease pump 0,37 390 L/hr @ 263 rpm

Installed Power
(kW)
34 C01.03_BPST_1 Bridge system for A' Primary 0,55 Circular Tank D=17,5m
Sedimentation Tank (bridge, scrapper,
scum removal, overflower etc)
35 C01.03_BPST_2 Bridge system for B' Primary 0,55 Circular Tank D=17,5m
Sedimentation Tank (bridge, scrapper,
scum removal, overflower etc)
36 C01.03_P.4a A' Primary Sludge rejection pump (12m3/h 1,2 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
at 6,5m) Equivalent
37 C01.03_P.4b B' Primary Sludge rejection pump (12m3/h 1,2 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
at 6,5m) Equivalent
38 C01.03_FC_P4a Frequency Converter for P4a - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
39 C01.03_FC_P4b Frequency Converter for P4b - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
40 C01.03_FM-4 Primary Sludge Rejection flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
20 m3/h) Equivalent
41 C01.03_LC.2a Level control for Primary Sludge Pumping 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
Station Equivalent
42 C01.03_LLFS_P.4 Low level floater switch for P.4 24V Floating switch Floating Switch
43 C01.03_P.5a A' Primary Sedimentation scum pump (10 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
m3/h at 12m) Equivalent
44 C01.03_P.5b B' Primary Sedimentation scum pump (10 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
m3/h at 12m) Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
45 C01.03_LC.2b Level control for sludge rejection pumping 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
Station Equivalent
46 C01.03_LLFS_P.5a/b Low level floater switch for P.5a/b Floating Switch
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (C02)- A.S. Conventional System
1 C02.04_MX.2a A' Mixer for pre - anoxic tank 2,12 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
2 C02.04_MX.2b B' Mixer for pre - anoxic tank 2,12 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
3 C02.04_LLFS_MX.2 Low level floater switch for MX.2 Floating Switch
4 C02.05_MX.3a A' Mixer for A' Anaerobic tank 2,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
5 C02.05_MX.3b B' Mixer for A' Anaerobic tank 2,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
6 C02.05_LLFST_MX.3a Low level floater switch for MX.3a Local Market Floater Switch
7 C02.05_LLFS_MX.3b Low level floater switch for MX.3b Local Market Floater Switch
8 C02.05_MX.4a A' Mixer for B' Anaerobic tank 2,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
9 C02.05_MX.4b B' Mixer for B' Anaerobic tank 2,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
10 C02.05_LLFS_MX.4a Low level floater switch for MX.4a Local Market Floater Switch

Installed Power
(kW)
11 C02.05_LLFS_MX.4b Low level floater switch for MX.4b Local Market Floater Switch
12 C02.06_MX.5a A' Mixer for A' Anoxic Tank 8,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
13 C02.06_MX.5b B' Mixer for A' Anoxic Tank 8,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
14 C02.06_LLFS_MX.5 Low level floater switch for MX.5 Local Market Floater Switch
15 C02.06_MX.6a A' Mixer for B' Anoxic Tank 8,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
16 C02.06_MX.6b B' Mixer for B' Anoxic Tank 8,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Horizontal Submersible
17 C02.06_LLFS_MX.6 Low level floater switch for MX.6 Local Market Floater Switch
18 C02.06_RD.1 ORP meter for A' Anoxic Tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or ORP meter
Equivalent
19 C02.06_RD.2 ORP meter for B' Anoxic Tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or ORP meter
Equivalent
20 C02.07_BL-1_A/B A' Air blower for A/B aeration tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
21 C02.07_BL-2_A/B B' Air blower for A/B aeration tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
22 C02.07_BL-3_A/B C' Air blower for A/B aeration tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)

Installed Power
(kW)
23 C02.07_BL-4_A/B D' Air blower for A/B aeration tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
24 C02.07_BL-1_A/B E' Air blower for A/B aeration tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
25 C02.07_FC-BL-1_A/B Frequency Converter for BL1 - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent
30 C02.07_DO.1 Dissolved Oxygen Meter for A tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or D.O. meter
Equivalent
31 C02.07_DO.2 Dissolved Oxygen Meter for B tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or D.O. meter
Equivalent
32 C02.07_pH.1 pH meter for A Tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or pH meter

Equivalent
33 C02.07_pH.2 pH meter for B Tank 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or pH meter

Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
34 C02.08_P6a A1' MLSS Recirculation pump for A' 9,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Denitrification Tank (512m3/hr at 4,5m) Equivalent
35 C02.08_P6b A2' MLSS Recirculation pump for A' 9,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
36 C02.08_P7a B1' MLSS Recirculation pump for B' 9,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
37 C02.08_P7b B2' MLSS Recirculation pump for B' 9,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent
Equivalent
42 C02.08_FM-6 A' MLSS recirculation flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
1100m3/h) Equivalent
43 C02.08_FM-7 B' MLSS recirculation flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
1100m3/h) Equivalent
44 C02.08_LC.4a Level control for A' MLSS recirculation 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
pumping station Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
45 C02.08_LC.4b Level control for B' MLSS recirculation 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
46 C02.08_LLFS_P.6a/b Low level float switch for P.6a/b Local Market Floater Switch
47 C02.08_LLFS_P.7a/b Low level float switch for P.7 Local Market Floater Switch
48 C02.09_AG.1 Agitator for A' Flocculation Pit 0,37 Low speed agitator
49 C02.09_AG.2 Agitator for B' Flocculation Pit 0,37 Low speed agitator
50 C02.09_DP.1a A' Dosing Pump for P chemical removal 0,18 Grundfos or Equivalent Diaphragmatic pump
(20lt/h)
51 C02.09_DP.1d B' Dosing Pump for P chemical removal 0,18 Grundfos or Equivalent Diaphragmatic pump
(20lt/h)
52 C02.09_LC.5 Level control for FeCl3 storage vessel 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Ultrasonic level control
Equivalent
FINAL CLARIFICATION -CHLORINATION (C03)- A.S. Conventional System
1 C03.10_BST_1 Bridge system for A' Clarification Tank 0,55 Circular Tank D=23.5m
(bridge, scrapper, scum removal,
overflower etc) D=20m
2 C03.10_BST_2 Bridge system for B' Clarification Tank 0,55 Circular Tank D=23.5m
(bridge, scrapper, scum removal,
overflower etc) D=20m
3 C03.10_P8a A1' Sludge Recirculation pump for 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Nitrification Line (160m3/hr at 6,5m) Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
4 C03.10_P8b A2' Sludge Recirculation pump for 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
5 C03.10_P8c A3' Sludge Recirculation pump for 15,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
Equivalent
8 C03.10_FC_P8c Frequency Converter for P8c - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
9 C03.10_FM-8 A' Sludge Recirculation flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
500m3/h) Equivalent
10 C03.10_LC.6 Level control for sludge recirculation 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
11 C03.10_LLFS_P.8 Low level floater switch for P.8a/b/c Local Market Floater Switch
12 C03.10_P9a A' Sludge Rejection pump (15m3/hr at 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
10m) Equivalent
13 C03.10_P9b B' Sludge Rejection pump (15m3/hr at 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
10m) Equivalent
Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
Equivalent
16 C03.10_FM-9 Sludge Rejection flow meter (max 50m3/h) 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Equivalent
17 C03.10_LC.7 Level control for sludge rejection pumping 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
Station Equivalent
18 C03.10_LLFS_P.9 Low level floater switch for P.9a/b Local Market Floating Switch
19 C03.10_P.10a A' Sedimentation scum pump (10 m3/h at 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
12m) Equivalent
20 C01.10_P.10b B' Sedimentation scum pump (10 m3/h at 1,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
12m) Equivalent
21 C03.10_LC.8 Level control for sludge scum pumping 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
Station Equivalent
22 C03.10_LLFS_P.10 Low level floater switch for P.10a/b Local Market Floating Switch
23 C03.11_FM.10 Flow meter for treated wastewater (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Parshall Flume
850m3/hr) Equivalent
24 C03.11_CL.1 Free Chlorine Measurement 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or

Equivalent
25 C03.11_DP.2a A' Dosing Pump for NaOCl (80l/h) 0,18 Grundfos or Equivalent Electric Diaphragmatic pump
26 C03.11_DP.2b B' Dosing Pump for NaOCL (80l/h) 0,18 Grundfos or Equivalent Electric Diaphragmatic pump
27 C03.11_LC.9 Level control for NaOCl storage vessel 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Ultrasonic level control
Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
SLUDGE TREATMENT (C04) - A.S. Conventional System
1 C04.12_THM_1 A' Thickener scrapper for primary sludge 0,37 Circular Tank D=10m
2 C04.12_LC.10 Level control for A' thickener 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Ultrasonic level control
Equivalent
3 C04.12_P.11a A' anaerobic stabilization primary sludge 4,00 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
feeding pump (7m3/h at 2bar)
4 C04.12_P.11b B' anaerobic stabilization primary sludge 4,00 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
feeding pump (7m3/h at 2bar)
Equivalent
Equivalent
7 C04.12_EV-P11 Electromagnetic Valve for P11 - DN32 24 VDC Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
8 C04.12_FM.11 Thickening Primary Sludge flow meter 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
(max 50m3/h) Equivalent
9 C04.15_LC.11 Level control for Anaerobic primary sludge 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
stabilization tank Equivalent
10 C04.13_THM_2 B' Thickener scrapper for biological sludge 0,37 Circular Tank D=5,5m
11 C04.13_LC12 Level control for B' thickener 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Ultrasonic level control
Equivalent
12 C04.13_P.12a A' aerobic mixing sludge feeding pump 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump

Installed Power
(kW)
(22m3/h at 2bar)
13 C04.13_P.12b B' aerobic mixing sludge feeding pump 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
(22m3/h at 2bar)
Equivalent
Equivalent
16 C04.13_EV-P12 Electromagnetic Valve for P12 - DN32 220V Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
17 C04.14_FM.12 Thickening biological Sludge flow meter 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
(max50m3/h) Equivalent
18 C04.14_LC.13 Level control for Aerobic sludge mixing 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
tank Equivalent
19 C04.14_BL-7.1 A' Air blower for sludge mixing tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
20 C04.14_BL-7.2 B' Air blower for sludge mixing tank (3000 75,00 Aerzen of Equivalent Three Lobe Blower
m3/h at 650mbar)
21 C04.14_FC-BL-7.1 Frequency Converter for BL7.1 - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
22 C04.14_FC-BL-7.2 Frequency Converter for BL7.2 - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
23 C04.14_FM.13a A' Centrifugal separator feeding pumpflow 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
meter (max 50m3/h) Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
24 C04.14_FM.13b B' Centrifugal separator feeding pump 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
25 C04.14_P.13a A' Centrifuge Decanter feeding pump (1) 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
(18m3/h at 2bar)
26 C04.14_P.13b A' Centrifuge Decanter feeding pump (2) 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
(18m3/h at 2bar)
27 C04.14_P.13c B' Centrifuge Decanter feeding pump (1) 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
(18m3/h at 2bar)
28 C04.14_P.13d B' Centrifuge Decanter feeding pump (2) 5,50 Seepex or Equivalent Progresive cavity pump
(18m3/h at 2bar)
29 FC_P13a Frequency Converter for P13a - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
30 FC_P13b Frequency Converter for P13b - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
31 FC_P13c Frequency Converter for P13c - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
32 FC_P13d Frequency Converter for P13d - ABB / Danfoss or Inside to control panel
Equivalent
33 EV - P.13a/b Electromagnetic Valve for P13a/b - DN32 220V Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
34 EV - P.13c/d Electromagnetic Valve for P13c/d - DN32 220V Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
35 W3.ST_FM-13 A' Centrifuge Decanter feeding flow meter 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter

Installed Power
(kW)
36 W3.ST_FM-14 B' Centrifuge Decanter feeding flow meter 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
37 C04.16_CS.1 A' Centrifuge Decanter 22m3/h, 522Kg 37 + 7,5 Adritz or Equivalent Hydraulic Flow: 22,5m3/hr
SS/h Solids Load: 533 kg/hr
38 C04.16_CS.2 B' Centrifuge Decanter 22m3/h, 522Kg 37 + 7,5 Adritz or Equivalent Hydraulic Flow: 22,5m3/hr
SS/h Solids Load: 533 kg/hr
39 W3.ST_BP.1 A' Water pump (20m3/h at 6bar) 9,00 Grundfos or Equivalent Centrifugal pump
40 W3.ST_BP.2 B' Water pump (20m3/h at 6bar) 9,00 Grundfos or Equivalent Centrifugal pump
41 EV_BP.1 Electromagnetic Valve for BP.1 - DN32 220V Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
42 EV_BP.2 Electromagnetic Valve for BP.2 - DN32 220V Local Market Normal Closed - ball valve
43 C04.16_PPU.1 Polyelectrolyte Preparation Unit (2000lt/hr) 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
44 C04.16_PPU.2 Polyelectrolyte Preparation Unit (2000lt/hr) 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
45 C04.16_DP.3a A' Polyelectrolyte Dosing pump for BP.1 0,75 Seepex or Equivalent Screw mono pump
(2000l/h at 2bar)
46 C04.16_DP.3b B' Polyelectrolyte Dosing pump for BP.1 0,75 Seepex or Equivalent Screw mono pump
(2000l/h at 2bar)
47 C04.16_DP.4a A' Polyelectrolyte Dosing pump for BP.2 0,75 Seepex or Equivalent Screw mono pump
(2000l/h at 2bar)
48 C04.16_DP.4b B' Polyelectrolyte Dosing pump for BP.2 0,75 Seepex or Equivalent Screw mono pump
(2000l/h at 2bar)

Installed Power
(kW)
49 C04.16_FM-14a A' polyelectrolyte flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
10000l/h) Equivalent
50 C04.16_FM-14b B' polyelectrolyte flow meter (max 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Electromagnetic Flow Meter
10000l/h) Equivalent
51 C04.16_SC-14a A' Inclined Screw Conveyor 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
52 C04.16_PH-14a A' Pivoting horizontal screw conveyor 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
53 C04.16_SC-14b B' Inclined Screw Conveyor 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
54 C04.16_PH-14a B' Pivoting horizontal screw conveyor 1,50 Adritz or Equivalent
55 C04.17_P14a A' Drainage pump (55m3/hr at 12m) 3,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
56 C04.17_P14b B' Drainage pump (55m3/hr at 12m) 3,50 Sulzer / Xylem or Submersible Pump
Equivalent
57 C04.17_LC.14 Level control for drainage pumping 24 VDC Endress & Hauser or Hydraustatic level control
Station Equivalent
58 C04.17_LLFS_P.14a/b Low level floater switch for P.14 a/b Floater Switch
ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTERS (C06)- A.S. Convetional System
1 C06.19_SRP1 2,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Dry pump

Sludge Recycle Pump 1
Equivalent
2 C06.19_SRP2 2,00 Sulzer / Xylem or Dry pump

Sludge Recycle Pump 2
Equivalent

Installed Power
(kW)
3 C05.19_BB Biogas Blower 2,20 Mapro or Equivalent
4 C06.19_AB Air Blower 5,50 Mapro or Equivalent
5 C06.19_B1 Boiler 5,00 or Equivalent
6 C06.19_B2 Boiler 5,00 or Equivalent

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report Detailed Description
CHAPTER 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The detailed description for the design of the Adama Wastewater Treatment Plant with the
Conventional Activated Sludge system is presented at the following paragraphs.
4.2. Inlet/Lift Pumping Station
The wastewater is coming to the wastewater treatment plant through the sewage system,
which connects the town with the field of the proposed plant.
The first phase of the plant is the lift pumping station. In this concrete tank the wastewater is
collected, which is going to be led to the two pre-treatment units through three submersible
pumps (2 in operation and 1 stand by).
The lift pumping station has been designed for a retention time of about 10 minutes (peak
hourly flow). The overall dimensions of this chamber will be (W x L x H) 9,00 x 5.00x 6.00m,
with water volume 180m3.
All the detailed calculations are in Annex I and the drawings in Annex IV.
Three (3) submersible pumps (2 in operation and 1stand by) with capacity of 280m3/h at 10m,
will be installed , capable to cover the peak flow of 509 m3/h. These pumps will be ofopen
impeller type with minimum free passage of 120mm and maximum speed 2900rpm. The
operation of the pumps will be controlled by soft starter through PLC – Scada system
according the wastewater level in the pit. For this reason a hydrostatic level transmitter will be
installed in the pit. Also a safety floater switch will be installed in order to protect the pumps
from dry operation.
The pumps will be connected in a stainless steel collector DN 400 and they will feed with
wastewater the two compact preliminary treatment units. Two of the pumps will be in
operation (280m3/hr) and the third will be stand-by. For each pump a non return valve, an
isolation valve (knife valve) and a pressure gauge will be installed.
A Cast Iron Flanged Knife Valve, DN400 will be installed in the end of each stainless steel
collector in order to regulate the flow of the pumps. Dismantling pieces will be installed before
each valve.
Each pump will be protected with moisture wet sensor and thermal protection of coil of the
motor according to Manufacturer standards.
A manual hoist for the pumps will be installed above the pit in order to lift the pumps for
maintenance purpose.

An electromagnetic flow meter will be installed at the output of the pipeline in order to
measure the flow to the two Pretreatment units. Also a junction box with isolation switches will
be installed near to the pumping station in order to stop the electrical power to the pumps for
maintenance purposes
Table 4-1: Design Data for lift pumping station
Lift P.S. Design Data (2025) Lift P.S. Design Data (2035)
Parameters Units
Total Daily Wastewater m3/day 7070 7070 25230 25230

Production
Peak Flow l/sec 141 141 466 466
Hourly peak flow m3/hr 509 509 1678 1678
Retention Time in the lift min 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0

pumping station pit
Minimum water volume of m3 50,9 50,9 167,8 167,8

lift pumping station pit
Depth of water in the pit m 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0
Minimum Area of the pit m2 12,7 12,7 42,0 42,0
Length of the pit m 9,0 9,0 9,0 9,0
Width of the pit m 5,0 5,0 4,7 4,7
Number of pumps No 3,0 3,0 9,0 9,0
Pumps in operation No 2,0 2,0 6,0 6,0
Capacity of each pump l/sec 70,6 70,6 77,7 77,7
Hourly flow of each pump m3/hr 254,3 254,3 279,7 279,7
Depth of inlet pipe m 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0
Total Depth of pit m 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0
Two submersible mixers with installed power 1,5 kW will be installed in the pit in order to
avoid the sedimentation of the suspended solids in the bottom of the pit.
The operation of the mixer will be controlled by time program through PLC – Scada system
according to the wastewater level in the pit. A safety floater switch will be installed in order to
protect the mixer from dry operation.

A manual hoist for the mixer will be installed above the pit in order to lift it for maintenance
purpose.
Also a junction box with isolation switches will be installed near to the mixers in order to stop
the electrical power to the pumps for maintenance purpose.
Table 4-2: Design Data for lift pumping station mixing

Lift P.S. Design Data (2035)
Parameters Units
Summer Period Winter Period
Total Wet Volume of the pit m3 180 180
Installed power factor for mixing Watt/m3 15 15
Total installed power for mixing kW 2,70 2,70
Number of mixers No 2,00 2,00
4.3. Pretreatment Stage – Screening, Sand and grease collection and separation
The total capacity of the wastewater is entering by pumping to the common pre-treatment
phase which is a Compact Plant for screening, sand, grit and grease collecting and
separating with combined functions of sewage waste screening, compacting, dehydrating,
sand collecting and oil removal.
Two compact pre-treatment units for the maximum hourly flow (max flow 141 l/sec)
with capacity 80 l/sec each one are selected.
The tanks of the compact pre-treatment plant will be made of stainless steel AISI 304 and it
will be placed on a concrete base. These compact pre-treatment plants shall be capable for
treatment of 576 m3/h. This capacity will cover the peak flow of the total system (509 m3/h)
and also will be maintained by including by-pass screens in the design. The maximum

acceptable distance between the bars at by-pass screens is 30mm. The overall dimension of
each compact unit will be 10.2 x 1.85mx 4.6m.
The wastewater entering the plant is conveyed to a 6mm screen, where all the floating solids
and the fibres are kept.
The screens should be designed for efficient removal of particles in the wastewater, which
may have a negative impact on the treatment process or on the mechanical equipment. The
maximum acceptable openings of the screen are 6mm. The screens should be made of
stainless steel AISI 304.
The screen is mainly composed of a cylindrical screen open in front where wastewater is
filtered, and coarse materials are kept. A transport pipe is connected to the filtering body
through a scarcement. A shaft less spiral rotates inside the transport pipe, thus removing the
screenings kept by lapping the filter holes with wear-proof plastic bristles, and conveying the
screenings to the compacting zone.
An integrated device for the filtering washing bar, with solenoid valves, and washing nozzles
is installed in the compacting zone.
The design of tanks allows for the sedimentation of grit on the tank bottom, but not of organic
suspended solids which are led downstream for biological treatment.
Screened water and the organic substances contained are conveyed to the second step of
treatment, where an aerated sand and grease trap, manufactured in conformity with the ATV
rules, separates the sand through a sedimentation process. The grit chamber shall be
designed to remove more than 97% of sand with a grain size larger than 0.2mm from the
screened wastewater.
The settled sand is conveyed, against the stream, to a transport screw placed in the lower
part of the machine. The screw also washes the sand, thus contributing to a further removal
of particles. Once in the sump pit, the sand is conveyed towards the outlet through an
inclined-axle classifier screw; during this last step, the sand is drained from water and it is
collected to one container.
The compact plant will be equipped with an aeration system in the sand trap, and it will be
completed with blower combined with an automatic grease separator to divide floating
substances and oil.
The compact plant should be provided as a fully covered and closed unit to avoid problems
with odours.

The units operation will be totally automatic, and the evacuation of screenings and sand will
be controlled by a timer.
The collection, transportation of the dewatered screening, the sand and the grease should be
made in separate containers.
Table 4-3: Design Data for Self Cleaning Screens

Pretreatment Pretreatment
Calculations Calculations
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Number of Units no 2 2 6 6
Daily Flow m3/day 7.070 7.070 25.230 25.230
Peak Hourly Flow m3/hr 509 509 1.678 1.678
Peak Flow l/sec 141 141 466 466
Minimum Capacity of each unit l/sec 71 71 78 78
Capacity of each unit l/sec 80 80 80 80
Retention time min 10 10 10 10
Water Volume m3 85 85 280 280
Velocity of wastewater through the m/sec 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8

screen
Velocity before the screen m/sec 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6
Width of space between the bars m 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015
Width of bars m 0,010 0,010 0,010 0,010
Surface of the screen m2 0,177 0,177 0,583 0,583
Depth of water before the screen m 0,343 0,343 0,623 0,623
Screen Width m 0,51 0,51 0,93 0,93
Number of space between bars no 34 34 62 62
Number of bars no 35 35 63 63
Total screen width m 0,86 0,86 1,56 1,56
Rate 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40
Volume of screening lt/m3 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09
Total volume of screening m3/day 0,61 0,61 2,18 2,18

Table 4-4: Design Data for the Grit Separator
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Number of tanks no 2 2 6 6
Daily Flow m3/day 7.070 7.070 25.230 25.230
Peak Hourly Flow m3/sec 0,141 0,141 0,466 0,466
Minimum Retention time sec 180 180 180 180
Minimum Volume m3 13 13 14 14
Length of tank m 8,5 8,5 8,5 8,5
Width of tank m 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
Water depth m 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7
Ratio Length per Width 5 5 5 5
Volume of Grit separator tank m3 23 23 23 23
Real Retention Time sec 164 164 50 50
Surface of Grit separator tank m2 13,6 13,6 13,6 13,6
Horizontal velocity in the tank m/sec 0,052 0,052 0,171 0,171
Vertical velocity of sedimentation m/sec 37,4 37,4 123,4 123,4
Air demands per length of tank m3/hr_m 6 6 6 6
Air demands per tank m3 51 51 51 51
Safety factor 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3
Total Air demand per Grit tank m3/hr 66,3 66,3 66,3 66,3
Quantity of Grit per m3 of wastewater lt/m3 0,030 0,030 0,030 0,030
Total Quantity of Grit lt/day 212,1 212,1 756,9 756,9

Table 4-5: Design Data for the oil/grease Separator
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Number of tanks no 2 2 6 6
Daily Flow m3/day 7.070 7.070 25.230 25.230
Peak Hourly Flow m3/sec 0,141 0,141 0,466 0,466
Length of tank m 8,5 8,5 8,5 8,5
Width of tank m 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Water depth m 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7
Volume of oil / grease separator tank m3 7 7 7 7
Vertical velocity of sedimentation m/sec 119,7 119,7 394,8 394,8


4.4. Distribution Chamber for the Primary Sedimentation Tanks
The wastewater after the three pretreatment units through pipelines is passing by gravity in
the Distribution Chamber for the primary sedimentation tanks of the plant, which will secure
the equal distribution of the flow.
For the successful distribution of the wastewater flow of the 509 m3/h, the water is passing
through two straight weir plates.
Each strait weir will be 1,0m long and it will be designed for the flow of the 254.5m3/h.
The distribution chamber has been designed for a retention time of 2 minutes. The
dimensions of the input concrete chamber will be (WxLxH) 4.0 x 2.0x 3.5m.
All the detailed calculations are in Annex I and the drawings in Annex IV.
Two manual penstocks at the end of the distribution chamber will be installed in accordance
with the outlet pipes that will isolate the streams for maintenance.

Table 4-6: Design Data for distribution chamber
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Daily Flow m3/day 7.070 7.070 25.230 25.230
Number of distribution Chambers no 1 1 3 3
Design Hourly Flow m3/hr 509 509 1.678 1.678
Design Hourly Flow for each m3/hr 509 509 559 559
distribution chamber
Hourly Flow l/sec 141 141 155 155
Retention time min 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0
Water Volume of each chamber m3 17 17 19 19
Water Depth m 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Minimum Area of chamber m2 5 5 5 5
Width of chamber m 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0
Length of chamber m 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0
Area of Chamber m2 8 8 8 8
Number of distribution volumes no 1 1 3 3
Flow for each overflow l/sec 141,269 141,269 155,380 155,380
Length of A' overflow m 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Height of water before the A' overflow mm 18,04 18,04 19,22 19,22
4.5. Primary Sedimentation Tanks
The wastewater flow (design flow) of the 509 m3/h after the primary distribution chamber
enters by gravity to the two primary sedimentation tanks.
The primary sedimentation tank will be designed in such a way that an efficient surface load
and retention time of the wastewater is obtained. Furthermore, the sludge concentration in the
primary sludge shall be high in order to minimize the pumping cost.
The primary sedimentation tanks will be circular with diameter of 13m and a side depth of
3,00.

The primary sedimentation tanks shall be equipped with bottom suction and surface scrapers.
The scrapers operate automatically. The design of the scrapers shall be adequate compared
to the specific layout of the tanks. Operation during periods with severe frost must not have a
restrictive impact on the operation of this equipment.
All parts in contact with the wastewater shall be made of stainless steel, while parts that are
not in contact with wastewater may be made of galvanized ductile steel or painted with
suitable high anticorrosion paint.
The surface sludge shall be removed from the tank and collected in the sludge thickener
collection pit – pumping station for further digestion and dewatering.
The primary sludge shall be taken out automatically from the tank by using pumps to the
gravity sludge thickener pumping station. The sludge extraction shall be based on the flow
measurement at the outlet from the plant and will be measured by one electromagnetic flow
meter on line of the discharge pipeline.
Table 4-7: Design Data for primary sedimentation tanks

Prim. Treatment Calcs Prim. Treatment Calcs
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Maximum Daily Flow m3/day 7070 25230
Hourly Peak Flow m3/hr 508,6 1678,1
Peak flow l/sec 141,3 466,1
Number of Tanks no 2 6
Maximum daily flow per tank m3/day 3535 4205
Hourly Peak Flow per tank m3/hr 254 280
Peak flow per tank l/sec
Type of Tank circular circular
Hydraulic surface load m3/m2_day 31 33
Minimum surface of each m2 114,0 127,4

Tank
Minimum Radius of tank m 6,03 6,37
Radius of Tank m 6,50 6,50
Diameter of tank m 13,00 13,00
Operation depth m 3 3
Volume per tank m3 398 398


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Length of overflow m 41 41
Velocity of water from the m/sec 0,05 0,05

central drum
Area of Drum m2 1,41 1,55
Diameter of drum m 0,67 0,70
Retention Time hr 2,7 2,3
Two submersible sewage pumps with same capacity shall be used for the primary sludge and
it will be pumped to the primary sludge gravity thickener. One pump shall be stand-by.
The dimensions of the pumping station should be 4.0 x4.0 x 4,95m and the capacity of each
pump shall be 11,2m3/h at 12m.
These pumps must be open or vortex impeller type with minimum free passage of 50mm and
maximum speed 1450rpm. The operation of the pumps will be controlled by inverter through
PLC – Scada system according the wastewater level in the pit. For this reason a hydrostatic
level transmitter will be installed in the pit. Also a safety floater switch will be installed in order
to protect the pumps from dry operation.
The pumps will be connected in a stainless steel collector DN 100 and they will feed with
sludge the aerated sludge tank. One of the pumps will be in operation (11,2m3/hr) and the
second one will be stand by for each treatment line. For each pump a non return valve, an
isolation valve (gate valve) and a pressure gauge will be installed.
A Cast Iron Flanged Gate Valve, DN100 will be installed in the end of stainless steel collector
in order to regulate the flow of the pumps. Dismantling pieces will be installed before each
valve.
Electromagnetic flow meter will be installed at the output of each pipeline in order to measure
the flow of the sludge recirculation. Also a junction box with isolator switches will be installed
close to the pumping station in order to stop the electrical power to the pumps for

All the detailed calculations for the primary sedimentation tank are in Annex I.
Table 4-8: Design Data for primary sludge production

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Daily Flow m3/day 7070 7070 25230 25230
Removal of suspended % 60,00% 60,00% 60,00% 60,00%

solids in Primary
sedimentation tank
Daily suspended solids load kg SS / 5616,39 5616,39 16704,33 16704,33

production day
Daily Weight of primary kg / day 3369,83 3369,83 10022,60 10022,60

sludge
Concentration of SS in mg/l 15000,00 15000,00 15000,00 15000,00

primary sludge
% Dry Solids in Primary % 1,50 1,50 1,50 1,50

Sludge
Volume of primary sludge m3/day 224,66 224,66 668,17 668,17
4.6. Secondary treatment phase - Activated Sludge Process
After the primary sedimentations, the wastewater is entering to the secondary treatment
phase, which will be performed in two streams.
The secondary treatment phase for BOD5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal will have the
following stages:
 Pre-anoxic stage for the denitrification of sludge recirculation

 Biological phosphorus removal (Anaerobic stage)
 Anoxic stage for denitrification of nitrates
 Aeration stage for BOD5 removal and nitrification
 Mixed Liquor recirculation
 Phosphorus chemical precipitation.
 Final clarification – Sludge recirculation
The biological treatment will be an extended aeration activated sludge treatment, comprising
anoxic tanks, aeration tanks with mixed liquor return, and settlement tanks with biological
sludge return.

Table 4-9: Design Data for the Biological Treatment

Biol. Calculations Biol. Calculations
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Summer Winter Summer
Winter Period
Period Period Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6845 6845 24562 24562
Wastewater Temperature oC 20 14 20 14
Inlet Concentration of mg BOD5/l 426,60 426,60 377,44 377,44

Organic Load
Inlet Concentration of mg SS /l 328,18 328,18 272,04 272,04

Suspened Solids Load
Inlet Concentration of mg T-N/l 96,74 96,74 86,06 86,06

Nitrogen Load
Inlet Concentration of mg T-P /l 14,08 14,08 11,72 11,72

Phosphoric Load
Outlet Concentration of mg BOD5/l 20 20 20 20

Organic Load
Outlet Concentration of mg SS /l 15 15 15 15
Suspened Solids Load
Outlet Concentration of mg T-N/l 15 15 15 15

Nitrogen Load
Outlet Concentration of mg T-P /l 2 2 2 2

Phosphoric Load
Outlet Organic Load mg BOD5/l 9,75 9,75 9,75 9,75

(particle)
Outlet Organic Load mg BOD5/l 10,25 10,25 10,25 10,25

(soluble)
Outlet T-NH4 mg/l 2 2 2 2
Outlet t-NO3 mg/l 10 10 10 10
4.7. Nutrient removal
The relevant Nutrients, in the context of eutrophication, are Nitrogen and Phosphorus. In most
situations one or other is plentiful and the other is limiting.
Generally, in streams and rivers nitrogen is plentiful and phosphorus is not so plentiful. The
required control therefore is to reduce phosphorus input. If the plants do not get enough
phosphorus to grow, they cannot utilize the abundant nitrogen that exists.

The marine environment on the other hand has plenty of phosphorus and very little nitrogen.
The control therefore is to reduce nitrogen input. If the plants do not get enough nitrogen to
grow, they cannot utilize the abundant phosphorus that exists.
Typical values in sewage are as follows (all as N and P as appropriate and in mg/l);
Table 4-10: Nutrient levels

E.U. Directive level for
Secondary Sensitive Waters
Untreated Raw Sewage
Treated
PE< 100,000 PE>100,000
Low Medium High
Nitrogen 20 40 85 10 to 20% 15 10
Organic 8 15 35
Free Ammonia 12 25 50 Reduced
Nitrites 0 0 0
Nitrates 0 0 0 Increased
Phosphorus 4 8 15 10 to 30% 2 1
removed
Organic 1 3 5
Inorganic 3 5 10
Activated sludge secondary sewage treatment effects some reduction and is adequate if the
receiving water is not designated sensitive under the EU Urban Wastewater Directive.
If the receiving water is designated “sensitive” under that directive, then more of the nutrients,
Nitrogen and Phosphorus, may have to be removed.
Nutrients can be removed biologically and chemically. Biological removal of Nitrogen is

relatively simple, whereas the technologies for biological removal of Phosphorus are difficult
and still evolving.
The biological processes require the provision of anoxic, anaerobic and aerobic phases within
the treatment tanks, rather than just aeration as in normal secondary treatment. Separate
tanks in the treatment process are operated with the required air concentration to cause the
bacteria to behave as designed.
In the present study the consultant believes that the nutrients removal is needed for the
following reasons
 The treated wastewater discharge in the river so the phosphorous removal is needed
in order to avoid eutrophication problems

 Because of the high temperatures of the area the denitrification is needed in order to
avoid
 the denitrification in the final clarification tanks which will cause problems in the
sedimentation of the sludge
4.8. Pre-anoxic tank
The wastewater after the pretreatment stage enters by gravity through the distribution
chambers into the pre – anoxic tank.
The biological sludge contains a small quantity of nitrogen as NO3 in a concentration of 7mg/l.
These quantities of nitrogen enter to the anaerobic tanks with the recirculation of the
biological sludge. In order to have anaerobic condition in the tank (biological phosphorous
removal), there must not exist nitrates and oxygen. For this reason, a small denitrification
tank (pre anoxic) is constructed in which the recirculation of sludge enters before the
anaerobic tank. In this tank the nitrates of the biological sludge reduced at 1 mg/l.
In this tank enter the recirculation of the sludge and the pre-treated wastewater, before the
anaerobic stage.
Table 4-11: Design Data for the Pre Anoxic Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6.845 6.845 24.562 24.562
Recirculation Rate of sludge 0,92 0,92 0,93 0,93
Inlet N-NO3 in the tanks kg/day 43,90 43,90 159,88 159,88
Output N-NO3 from the tanks kg/day 6,27 6,27 22,84 22,84
N-NO3 for biomass kg/day 6,59 6,59 23,98 23,98
N-NO3 for denitrification kg/day 31,05 31,05 113,06 113,06
N-NO3 for denitrification mg/h 1.293.547 1.293.547 4.710.856 4.710.856
Denitrification Rate mg N-NO3/ g 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00

biomass_hr
Biomass for Denitrification kg VSS 1.294 1.294 4.711 4.711
Rate MLVSS / MLSS 0,740 0,740 0,740 0,740


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Solids in the anoxic tank kg SS 1.748 1.748 6.366 6.366
Minimum Volume of m3 219 219 796 796

denitrification tank
Table 4-12: Dimensions for the Pre Anoxic Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Number of Tanks no 1,0 1,0 3,0 3,0
Number of Corridors no 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
Width of Corridors m 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5
Length of Corridors m 9,0 9,0 9,0 9,0
Operation Level m 5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6
Area per Tank m2 49,5 49,5 49,5 49,5
Total Area m2 49,5 49,5 148,5 148,5
Volume per Tank m3 277,2 277,2 277,2 277,2
Total Volume m3 277,2 277,2 831,6 831,6
Installed power factor for Watt/m3 15 15 15 15

mixing
Total installed power for kW 4,16 4,16 12,47 12,47

mixing
Number of mixers No 2,00 2,00 6,00 6,00
Installed power of each No 2,08 2,08 2,08 2,08

mixer
The total dimensions of the pre anoxic tank shall be 9.0 x 5.5 x 6.0m. In the tank will be
installed in total two submerged mixers (2.12 kW each one) to keep the particles suspended
and to inhibit sediment formations in the tank bottoms.
The operation of the mixers will be controlled by time program through PLC – Scada system
according the wastewater level in the pit. It will be installed a safety floater switch in order to
protect the mixers from dry operation.

A manual hoist for each mixer will be installed above the pit in order to lift it for maintenance
purpose.
Also, a junction box with isolator switches will be installed near to the mixers in order to stop
4.9. Biological Phosphorus Removal Unit
The wastewater after the pre anoxic tank is entering through two overflow weirs into the
anaerobic stage for the biological phosphorus removal.
In this stage the raw wastewater is mixed with the return sludge, which comes from the
bottom of the secondary clarifiers and passes the pre-anoxic stage, through the respective
pumps.
The anaerobic tanks are designed with a retention time of one hour for the combined inlet and
return sludge flows. In this process, the phosphorous is accomplished by biology means as
under favorable anaerobic conditions the microorganisms in the activated sludge mixed liquor
are able to remove an excess amount of P over that required for their growth (phenomenon
called “luxury uptake”). Phosphorous is carried away from the system through the removal of
excess sludge, as it is incorporated within the microorganisms’ cell or absorbed on the cell
tissues.
Table 4-13: Design Data for the Biological Phosphorous Removal

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6.845 6.845 24.562 24.562
Retention Time hr 1,00 1,00 0,92 0,92
Minimum Volume of m3 546,6 546,6 1817,1 1817,1

anaerobic tank
Operation level m 5,3 5,3 5,3 5,3
Length of tank m 10,5 10,5 10,5 10,5
Width of tank m 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5
Volume per tank m3 306,1 306,1 306,1 306,1
Total Volume m3 612,2 612,2 1836,5 1836,5
First Volume with Ratio m3 146,0 146,0 463,5 463,5

F/M = 5


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Second and third m3 233,1 233,1 686,5 686,5

Volume
Length of V1 m3 2,5 2,5 2,7 2,7
Minimum Length of V2, m 4,0 4,0 3,9 3,9

V3
Length of V2, V3 m 3,9 3,9 3,9 3,9
Two equal concrete tanks shall be constructed and they are to be equipped with submerged
mixers in order to ensure mixing of sludge and water and to avoid settling.
The calculated capacity that is required in anaerobic tanks (please see the calculations in
annex I) is 658,4 m3. This total volume will be divided in two volumes. Each Volume will be
329,2 m3.
The total dimensions of each anaerobic tank shall be 10.5 x 5.5 x 6.0m. In the tanks will be
installed in total three submerged mixers (2.5kW) to keep the particles suspended and to
inhibit sediment formations in the tank bottoms.
The operation of the mixers will be controlled by time program through PLC – SCADA system
according the wastewater level in the pit. A safety floater will be installed switch in order to
purpose.
4.10. De nitrification Units
Each wastewater stream after the anaerobic tanks is overflowing to the next stage of
wastewater treatment, the denitrification.
Nitrogen removal, by nitrifying Ammonia (NH3 or NH4) to Nitrate (NO3) and then de-nitrifying
the Nitrate (NO3) molecules by stripping the Oxygen atoms to generate Nitrogen (N) gas, is
relatively simple. Oxygen level for nitrification should be > 2mg/l. Nitrification is temperature
dependent, with a doubling of retention time being required for the same level of treatment for
a 10°C fall in liquid temperature.

De-nitrification requires a retention time in Anoxic conditions of over 30 minutes in the

presence of a high concentration of Carbon. A separate compartment before the inlet to the
aeration tank is the normal method, where the Nitrate rich effluent is mixed with BOD5 rich
sewage, with no oxygen input.
The calculated capacity that is required in anoxic tanks for the existing plant is 2227.5 m3.
This will be provided in two separate tanks of capacity 1113.8 m3 each.
The total dimensions of each anoxic tank shall be 15.0 x 13.5 x 6.0 m. The two tanks are to
be equipped with submerged mixers in order to ensure mixing of sludge and water and to
avoid settling.
Two submerges mixers of 8.4kW each, must be installed in both tanks.
The operation of the mixers will be controlled by time program through PLC – Scada system
according the wastewater level in the pit. It will be installed a safety floater switch in order to
purpose.
the electrical power to the mixers for maintenance purpose.
Table 4-14: Design Data for the De – Nitrification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6845 6845 24562 24562

Nitrogen Load
Outlet Concentration of mg T-N/l 15,00 15,00 15,00 15,00

Nitrogen Load
Nitrificated Nitrogen kg/day 559,56 559,56 1745,33 1745,33
Outlet Nitrogen Load (N- kg/day 131,17 131,17 474,02 474,02

NO3)
Nitrogen in biomass (15%) kg/day 83,93 83,93 261,80 261,80
Nitrates for denitrification kg/day 344,45 344,45 1009,50 1009,50
Rate of denitrification (qDN kg N-NO3/ 0,091 0,052 0,091 0,052

= A*1010 e-B/RT) kg VSS


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Biomass for Denitrification kg VSS 3.774,697 6.676,245 11.062,736 19.566,481
Rate MLVSS / MLSS 0,740 0,740 0,740 0,740
Solids in the anoxic tank kg SS 5.100,941 9.021,952 14.949,643 26.441,191
Minimum Volume of m3 1.275 2.255 3.737 6.610

denitrification tank
Rate of Internal 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0

Recirculation of Mixed
Liquid
Flow of internal recirculation m3/hr 855,7 855,7 3.070,2 3.070,2

of Mixed Liquid
Table 4-15: Dimensions of the De – Nitrification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Area per Tank m2 202,5 202,5 202,5 202,5
Total Area m2 405,0 405,0 1215,0 1215,0
Volume per Tank m3 1113,8 1113,8 1113,8 1113,8
Total Volume m3 2227,5 2227,5 6682,5 6682,5
4.11. Nitrification Units
The aeration tanks shall be designed to allow the efficient removal of pollutants by biological
processes. Thus, for nitrogen removal the design should ensure that both aerobic and anoxic
zones are established and that there is recirculation from the aerobic zone to the anoxic zone
The calculated capacity that is required in the aeration tanks for the Plant is 6.885,00 m3. This
will be provided in two tanks with volume 3.442,5 m3 each. The dimensions of each tank shall

be (15x13x6.0)m. They will be operated for Carbonaceous BOD5 removal only. The O2 level
will be maintained at about 1-3 mg/l (average 2 mg/l).
The aeration system shall be based on bottom aeration, with compressed air introduced into
the tank by rubber membrane (or other proprietary system) diffusers placed at the bottom of
the tanks. The design of the system shall allow trouble free dismounting of each of the
diffuser unit to be performed by a maximum of two workers. Total 1.500 membrane diffusers
will be installed in the two aeration tanks.
Aeration will be automatically regulated based on on-line measuring of the oxygen

concentration in the individual tanks. It should be supplied a measuring system that allows the
plant to operate at the lowest possible oxygen concentration in the tanks.
In all aeration tanks will be installed an oxygen meter and a pH meter. If the oxygen
measurement system fails, then the plant shall continue to operate by changing to constant
aeration or timer-controlled aeration. Also, pH meter is needed in order to measure the pH of
the reactor and to control the operation.
The tanks are designed for a concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid of 4kg SS/m3,
which later will allow an increase up to 4,3kg SS/m3 if chemical precipitation of phosphorus
will be needed. This results in a total volume of 2.228m3, an aerobic sludge age of 12 days (it
depends on the temperature) at an anticipated efficient yield constant of 10,1 kg SS/kg BOD5.


Table 4-16: Design Data for the Nitrification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6.845 6.845 24.562 24.562
Inlet Organic Load (Fo) mg BOD5/l 427 427 377 377
Inlet Suspended Solids mg SS /l 328 328 272 272
Inlet N-NH4 mg N-NH4 /l 97 97 86 86
Volatile Suspended solids (Svo) mg/l 229,7 229,7 190,4 190,4
Inorganic Suspended solids (Sfo) mg/l 98,5 98,5 81,6 81,6
Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids mg/l 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000

(MLSS)
NEW Solids Retention Time days 12,0 12,0 12,0 12,0
Safety Coefficient for Solids 4,0 1,7 4,0 1,7

Retention Time
Solids Retention Time for days 2,99 7,07 2,99 7,07

Nitrification (θC)
Percentage of non biodegradation 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

organic solids (a)
Coefficient of biomass reduction (b) 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Coefficient of eterotrophic biomass 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,65

transformation (YH)
Coefficient of nitrification biomass 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15

transformation (YN)
Death rate of heterotrophic bacteria days-1 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06

(bH)
Death rate of nitrification bacteria days-1 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05

(bN)
Efficiency of BOD reduction (EH) 95% 95% 95% 95%
Efficiency of nitrification (EN) 99% 99% 99% 99%
Sediment from Chemical removal of mg/l 16,2 16,2 11,1 11,1

phosphorous (FePO4)
Minimum Volume of Nitrification m3 6.621 6.621 20.206 20.206

Tank

Table 4-17: Dimensions of the Nitrification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Area per Tank m2 675,0 675,0 675,0 675,0
Total Area m2 1.350,0 1.350,0 4.050,0 4.050,0
Volume per Tank m3 3.442,5 3.442,5 3.442,5 3.442,5
Total Volume m3 6.885,0 6.885,0 20.655,0 20.655,0
Hydraulic retention time, Θ days 1,006 1,006 0,841 0,841
Ratio λ= Θ/Θc - 0,084 0,084 0,070 0,070
Blower station: The capacity of the blowers shall be according to the calculated requirement
taking into consideration the actual media, the wastewater temperature (summer and winter),
and the air temperature (summer and winter) etc.
The design of the blower system shall allow individual aeration in each of the aeration tanks
according to the actual requirement in each tank. The preliminary design is based on a central
blower station. Automatically operated valves placed at the main pipe to each aeration tank
regulate the air-supply to each tank. The capacity of the blowers is regulated automatically to
the actual air demand, e.g. by measuring the flow in the main air supply pipes.
The blowers shall be supplied with silencer hoods. The maximum acceptable noise level in
the blower room is 80dBA. Special attention should be given to the air inlet system and the
temperature in the blower building may require special measurements.
Five blowers (four in operation and one stand by) with capacity 3000m3/hr at 650mbar will be
installed with installed power of 75kW each one.

Table 4-18: Design Data for the Aeration of Nitrification Tank

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6845,5 6845,5 24561,8 24561,8
Efficiency of BOD reduction % 95% 95% 95% 95%

(EH)
Inlet Concentration of mg BOD5/l 426,6 426,6 377,4 377,4

Organic Load
Efficiency of nitrification % 99% 99% 99% 99%

(EN)

Nitrogen Load
MLSS mg/l 4000,0 4000,0 4000,0 4000,0
Volume of aeration tank m3 6885,0 6885,0 20655,0 20655,0
Re,20 g O2/kg 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0

MLSS
Re,T g O2/kg 2,0 1,3 2,0 1,3

MLSS
Denitrificated N kg/day 559,6 559,6 1745,3 1745,3
Safety Factor 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Oxygen Demand kg/day 6272,9 5592,9 19706,2 17666,1
Oxygen Demand kg O2/hr 285,1 254,2 895,7 803,0
SOTR kg O2/hr 732,2 752,7 2300,2 2377,4
Air Flow m3/hr 10519,5 9654,8 33046,6 30496,3
Number of Aeration Tank 2,0 2,0 6,0 6,0
Air Flow per Tank m3/hr 5259,7 4827,4 5507,8 5082,7
Number of Blowers pieces 5,0 5,0 15,0 15,0
Number of Blowers in pieces 4,0 4,0 12,0 12,0

Operation
Minimum Capacity of each m3/hr 2629,9 2413,7 2753,9 2541,4

blower
Capacity of Blower m3/hr 3000,0 3000,0 3000,0 3000,0
Design Flow for each m3/hr 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0

membrane diffuser


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Number of Membrane pieces 750 750 750 750

Diffusers per tank
Total Number of Membrane pieces 1500 1500 4500 4500

Diffusers
4.12. Mixed Liquid Recirculation Pumping Station
The wastewater from the two aeration tanks overflows into two separate pumping stations
(one PS for one aeration tanks) in order to re-circulate mixed liquid back to the denitrification
tanks.
Each mixed liquor pumping station has been designed for a retention time of about 6 minutes
(peak hourly flow). The overall dimensions of each chamber will be (W x L x H) 2,8 x 3,00 x
6.0m, with water volume 85,6m3.
Four (4) submersible pumps in each pumping station, will be installed, with capacity of 511
m3/h at 7m, capable for the recirculation flow (855,6 m3/h). These pumps must be open
impeller type with minimum free passage of 120mm and maximum speed 980rpm. The
operation of the pumps will be controlled by inverter through PLC – Scada system according
the wastewater level in the pit. For this reason, a hydrostatic level transmitter will be installed
in the pit. Also, it will be installed a safety floater switch in order to protect the pumps from dry
operation.
Each three pumps will be connected in a stainless steel AISI 304 collector DN 400 and they
will feed with mixed liquid the denitrification tanks. Two of the pumps will be in operation
(1.022m3/hr) and the other two will be stand by. It will be installed a separate non return valve
and a check valve (knife valve) for each pump. Also, a pressure gauge will be installed in the
stainless steel collector in order to measure the pressure of the pumping station.
A Cast Iron Flanged Knife Valve, DN400 will be installed in the end of stainless steel collector
in order to regulate the flow of the pumps. Dismantling pieces will be installed before each
valve.

Electromagnetic flow meter will be installed at the output of each pipeline in order to measure
the flow of the recirculation. Also, a junction box with isolator switches will be installed near to
the pumping station in order to stop the electrical power to the pumps for maintenance
purpose.
Table 4-19: Design Data for mixed liquid recirculation

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Flow of internal recirculation m3/hr 856 856 3070 3070

of Mixed Liquid
Retention Time in the lift min 6,0 6,0 5,0 5,0

pumping station pit

pumping station pit
Number of Pits no 2,0 2,0 6,0 6,0
Minimum volume of each pit m3 42,8 42,8 42,6 42,6
Hourly flow of each pump l/sec 118,8 118,8 142,1 142,1
4.13. Chemical Removal of Phosphorous
4.13.1. General
In case that is difficult to reduce phosphorus concentration to <2mg/l by biological means

alone. The chemical processes for Phosphorus reduction require the addition of some sort of
metal salts. Ferric or Ferrous Chloride is frequently used.
They tend to reduce the pH of the reactor. The pH should be maintained above 5.5, which
may necessitate the addition of extra alkalinity by dosing with lime.
Chemical addition can also improve the final BOD quality of the treated effluent, but causes
an increase in sludge quantity.

Table 4-20: Design Data for the Chemical Removal of Phosphorous

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6.845 6.845 24.562 24.562
Inlet Phosphorous Load kg/day 96,4 96,4 287,9 287,9
Outlet Phosphorous Load kg/day 13,7 13,7 49,1 49,1
Biological removal (70%) kg/day 67,5 67,5 201,5 201,5
Chemical removal load kg/day 15,2 15,2 37,2 37,2
Dosing Fe+3 g Fe+3/g P- 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7

PO4
Quantity of Fe+3 kg Fe+3/day 41,1 41,1 100,6 100,6
Production of FePO4 kg/day 111,0 111,0 271,5 271,5
Concentration of FePO4 mg/l 16,2 16,2 11,1 11,1
Dosing FeCl3 (dilution 30%) kg/day 342,6 342,6 838,1 838,1
Total FeCl3 flow l/hr 17,1 17,1 41,9 41,9
Number of pits no 1,0 1,0 3,0 3,0
FeCl3 flow per pit l/hr 17,1 17,1 14,0 14,0
Retention time in the pit min 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
Minimum Width of the pit m 3,1 3,1 3,7 3,7
4.13.2. Chemical removal of Phosphorous for the new plant
The chemical addition will be made in a mixing tank, which will contain also a low speed
agitator for mixing.
The chemical addition will be made by a dosing system, which shall be installed in a chemical
room.
The dosing system will be consisting of one automatic preparation unit and a dosing pump

The total dimensions of the chemical mixing tanks shall be 4.0x 3.5 x 6.5m. The chemical
mixing tank shall be equipped with a low speed agitator in order to ensure mixing of the
chemical with the water and to avoid settling.
The low speed agitator shall have a rated power of 0.37kW and it will be rotated at maximum
10 rpm. All parts in contact with wastewater shall be made of stainless steel, while parts that
are not in contact with wastewater may be made of galvanized or suitably paint protected
ductile steel.
4.14. Clarification Tanks
The wastewater after the BOD reduction and nitrification is passing through the coagulation
pits to the two clarification tanks with a clear diameter of 20m each.
The liquid is diverted to the clarifiers’ center. At the inlet points, an appropriately sized drum
will be positioned in each tank.
In the clarifiers the treated wastewater will be separated from the biological sludge.
The supernatant shall overflow through double V-notched overflow weirs that will be mounted
in each clarification tank to create tranquilly hydraulic conditions, for the sludge to settle
unhindered.
The V-notched double weirs will be positioned inside the tanks’ periphery and shall also bear
scum baffles to inhibit any floating matter.
The tanks shall be circular and the tanks’ bottom will be conical.
One half bridge bottom and surface scraper will equipe every tank.
The excess sludge rejection shall be via low speed pumps that will be placed in separate
pumping stations.
The scum will be scraped and collected in a scum pit from where it shall be pumped to a
mixed sludge pumping station.
One sludge blanket meter shall be mounted in each scraper to detect the sludge level and
automatically adjust the return sludge flow rate.
All the detailed calculations can be found in Annex I and the drawings in Annex IV.
The clarification tanks shall be equipped with bottom suction and surface scrapers. The
scrapers are to operate automatically. The design of the scrapers shall be adequate
compared to the specific layout of the tanks. Operation during periods with severe frost must
not have a restrictive impact on the operation of this equipment.

Table 4-21: Design Data for the Final Clarification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Daily Flow m3/day 6.845 6.845 24.562 24.562
Hydraulic Surface Load, Gh m3/m2_day 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0
Solids Surface Load, Gs kg/m2_day 135,0 135,0 120,0 120,0
Mixed Liquid suspended mg/l 4.000,0 4.000,0 4.000,0 4.000,0

solids, MLSS
Concentration of SS in mg/l 8.000,0 8.000,0 8.000,0 8.000,0

sludge, Su
Compression of sludge, 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0

(m=Su/MLSS)
Sludge Recirculation rate 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9

(r=1-λ/m-1)
Production of Sludge, m3/day 286,9 286,9 860,6 860,6

(w=λ/mQ)
Total Area of Clarification m2 380,3 380,3 1364,5 1364,5

Tank according the Gh
Total Area of Clarification m2 388,7 388,7 1580,1 1580,1

Tank according the Gs
Minimum Area for tank m2 388,7 388,7 1580,1 1580,1
Table 4-22: Dimension of final Clarification Tanks

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Type of Tank circular circular circular circular
Minimum Area for tank m2 388,7 388,7 1580,1 1580,1
Minimum Radius of Tank m 7,9 7,9 9,2 9,2
Radius of Tank m 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
Diameter of tank m 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0
Operation depth m 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8
Volume per tank m3 738,5 738,5 1.000,7 1.000,7


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Length of overflow m 49,4 49,4 57,5 57,5
Velocity of water from the m/sec 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05

central drum
Minimum Area of Drum m2 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9
Minimum Diameter of drum m 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Retention Time hours 5,2 5,2 5,9 5,9
4.15. Recirculation & Excess Sludge pumping station
The sludge flows by gravity from the central rings of clarifiers to the return sludge pumping
station.
Three (2 duty +1 stand-by) submersible pumps equipped with VFD shall be installed for the
recycling of sludge in a common pipe back to each anoxic tank.
The pumps for return sludge shall be submersible, operating at 950rpm with capacity of 158,6
m3/h at 7m. The actual capacity of the pumps shall be regulated automatically based on the
actual sewage flow to the plant and on the selected degree of recirculation of the activated
sludge. The sludge recirculation rate is controlled by the measurement of sludge density in
the aeration tanks. The sludge return flow will be measured by an electromagnetic flow meter
and will be adjusted accordingly to the sludge level measurement in each clarification tank, to
secure an adequate sludge blanket level.
These pumps must be open impeller type with minimum free passage of 100mm and
maximum speed 950 rpm. The operation of the pumps will be controlled by inverter through
PLC – Scada system according the set recirculation rate and to the level in the pumping
station. For this reason, a hydrostatic level transmitter will be installed in the pit. Also, it will be
installed a safety floater switch in order to protect the pumps from dry operation.
Each two pumps will be connected in a stainless-steel collector DN 300 and they will feed
with sludge the pre anoxic tank. One of the pumps will be in operation (140m3/hr) and the
second one will be stand by for each treatment line. For each pump it will be installed a non-
return valve, an isolation valve (gate or knife valve) and a pressure gauge.
A Cast Iron Flanged Valve, DN250 will be installed in the end of stainless-steel collector in
order to regulate the flow of the pumps. Dismantling pieces will be installed before each valve.

Electromagnetic flow meter will be installed at the outlet of each pipeline in order to measure
the flow of the sludge recirculation. Also, a junction box with isolator switches will be installed
near to the pumping station in order to stop the electrical power to the pumps for maintenance
purpose.
The dimensions of the pumping station shall be 4.0 x 4.0 x 4.75 depth.
Table 4-23: Design Data for the Sludge Recirculation pumping station
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Winter Period
Sludge recirculation flow m3/hr 261 261 952 952
Retention Time in the min 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0

pumping station pit

lift pumping station pit
Number of Pits no 1,0 1,0 3,0 3,0
Area of the pit m2 16,0 16,0 16,0 16,0
Hourly flow of each pump l/sec 36,3 36,3 44,1 44,1

In the same pit will be installed two submersible pumps (1 in operation & 1 stand by) for
excess sludge. The pumps will be with a capacity of 22,5m3/h at 12m and they will divert the
excess sludge to the aerated sludge tank.
These pumps must be open impeller type with minimum free passage of 80mm and maximum
speed 1440rpm. The operation of the pumps will be controlled by inverter through PLC –
Scada system according a set timer and the wastewater level in the pit. For this reason, a
hydrostatic level control will be installed in the pit. Also, it will be installed a safety floater
switch in order to protect the pumps from dry operation.
The pumps will be connected in a stainless-steel collector DN 150 and they will feed with
sludge the aerated sludge tank. One of the pumps will be in operation (20,5m3/hr) and the
second will be stand by for each treatment line. For each pump it will be installed a non-return
valve, an isolation valve (gate or knife valve) and a pressure gauge.
A Cast Iron Flanged Valve, DN150 will be installed in the end of stainless-steel collector in
order to regulate the flow of the pumps. Dismantling pieces will be installed before each valve.
maintenance purposes.
An electromagnetic flow meter will be installed at the output of each pipeline in order to
measure the flow of the sludge recirculation. Also, a junction box with isolator switches will be
installed close to the pumping station in order to stop the electrical power to the pumps for
4.16. Flow Measurement
The effluent from the final clarification tanks shall be collected in one pit for each stream and
through a pipeline per stream the water is passing through an open flow meter.
For the flow measurement shall be installed a parshall flume flow meter.
One channel 15.5 x 1.50m will be made by concrete for the installation of the effluent flow
meters.
All the detailed calculations can be found in Annex I and the drawings in Annex II.

4.17. Disinfection Unit – Chlorination Tank
The wastewater after the flow measurement units, discharges to the disinfection unit and
specifically to the Chlorination tank. This tank is designed with a plug flow scheme and a
retention time of minimum 20minutes.
The dimensions of the tank are (LxWxD) = (15.5 x 8,90 x 1.5) m and the net volume is
174,4m3. A double dosing system (one duty and one standby) of NaOCl (10-110l/h) shall be
installed in order to send the chemical dilution at the entrance of the tank.
Table 4-24: Design Data for Disinfection Unit

Disinfection Disinfection
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
Design Parameters
m3/hr 285,2 285,2 1023,4 1023,4

Maximum peak hourly Flow
Detention time min 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
Length to width ratio - 10/1 10/1 10/1 10/1
Required Cl dose mg Cl/lt 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0
NaOCl in solution % w.t. 12% 12% 12% 12%
Chlorination Tank
Total tank volume m3 142,6 142,6 511,7 511,7
Chose a depth of tank m 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Chose a width of the tank m 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Rate, D/W - 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
Area, (D x W) m2 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3
Total Lenght Ltot m 63,4 63,4 227,4 227,4
Number of channels, Ν no 5,0 5,0 15,0 15,0
Length of channel, Lch m 12,7 12,7 15,2 15,2
Minimum Length of channel,

m 15,5 15,5 15,5 15,5
Lch
Check, Ltot/W - 51,7 51,7 155,0 155,0
Total volume m3 174,4 174,4 523,1 523,1

Disinfection Disinfection
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units
NaOCl solution Flows
The required Cl amount is

calculated as follow: kgCl / hr 2,3 2,3 8,2 8,2
ΜCl = Qtot * DoseCL
The required provided amount

as NaOCl is calculated in
relation to the molecular
kgNaOCl / hr 4,8 4,8 17,2 17,2
weigths and is equal to
ΜΝaOCl = ΜCl* MBΝaOCl
/ABCl
Due to 12% wt in NaOCl, the

required solution quantity that
will be supplied to the tank will
lt/hr 39,9 39,9 143,2 143,2
be:
Q∆ΝaOCl = QΝaOCl /
ΠNaOCl
Number of dosign pumps no 2,0 2,0 4,0 4,0
Dosing pumps in operation no 1,0 1,0 2,0 2,0
Capacity of pump lt/hr 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0
Minimum Volume of storage

lt 6704,1 6704,1 24054,4 24054,4
tank
4.18. Sludge treatment
4.18.1. General
The capacity of the sludge de-watering system shall be according to the calculated sludge
production from the plant.
All sewage treatment plants produce sludge as a by-product. The quantity and quality of this
sludge is dependent upon the sewage treatment method and therefore sludge treatment and
disposal must be considered as an important part of the sewage treatment process.
Sewage sludge is highly polluting in its raw form and can rarely be disposed of without some
form of additional treatment, enabling the environmentally acceptable disposal. The volume of
sludge that requires disposal is very often quite high and it is generally considered
economically viable to treat the sludge before final disposal.
The sludge production of the total plant is from the following stages:
 Primary sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks

 Biological sludge from the final clarification tanks
The sludge, which is produced by the whole plant, needs further treatment before dewatering.
The treatments of sludge can be classified into two main forms, conditioning and dewatering.
Conditioning is the process by which sludge is prepared prior to entering the final treatment
stage of drying or dewatering.
The first stage of conditioning of all the sludges (primary and secondary) is the gravity or
mechanical thickening.
The second stage of conditioning is the anaerobic digestion of the primary- sludge.
4.18.2. Gravity Thickening for Primary Sludge
The first stage for the sludge treatment in the process is to reduce the volume. A substantial
reduction in sludge volume can normally be achieved by consolidation in holding tanks. The
sludge is allowed to settle under stable conditions, while supernatant fluids are drawn off and
recycled to the inlet of the treatment process.
The primary sludge for the primary sedimentation tanks through a twin pumping station goes
to the gravity thickener.
The sludge will enter the pumping station at concentration of 1.5% Dry Solids (15.000mg/l
SS) and after the thickener it will be about 3% (30.000mg/l SS).
The gravity thickener shall be equipped with bottom scrapers. The scrapers are to operate
automatically at a certain tip speed. The design of the scrapers shall be adequate compared
to the specific layout of the tanks. Operation during periods with severe frost must not have a
restrictive impact on the operation of this equipment.
in each sludge thickener tank to create tranquilly hydraulic conditions, for the sludge to settle
unhindered.
The gravity sludge thickener shall be circular and the tanks’ bottom will be with a small slope
7%. The diameter of the tank will be 12m and 5.0m the depth.
The sludge removal shall be via two dry progressive cavity pumps, which will be installed in
the dewatering building and they will feed the aerated stabilization sludge-tank. The capacity
of the progressive pump will be 15m3/hr at 2 bar and they will controlled by frequency
converters. An electromagnetic flow meter will be installed in the pipeline in order to measure
the flow of the thickened sludge.

Table 4-25: Design Data for the Gravity Thickener for Primary Sludge
Sludge treatment Sludge treatment
(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Primary Sludge production m3/day 224,66 224,66 668,17 668,17
Inlet Concentration of DS % 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
Weight of Solids kg SS/day 3369,83 3369,83 10022,60 10022,60
Solid Surface solids kg SS/m2_day 45 45 45 45
Area of Thickener m2 74,89 74,89 222,72 222,72
Number of tanks no 1,00 1,00 2,00 2,00
Area per tank m2 74,89 74,89 111,36 111,36
Radius per tank m 4,88 4,88 5,96 5,96
Minimum Diameter per tank m 9,77 9,77 11,91 11,91
Diameter per tank m 12,00 12,00 12,00 12,00
Depth of water level m 4 4 4 4
Volume per tank m3 299,5 299,5 445,4 445,4
Total Volume m3 299,5 299,5 890,9 890,9
Retention Time hrs 32,0 32,0 32,0 32,0
Outlet concentration of DS % 3 3 3 3
Thickening Sludge m3/day 112,3 112,3 334,1 334,1
Hourly Flow of thickening m3/h

5,6 5,6 16,7 16,7
Primary sludge
Flow of drainage m3/day 112,3 112,3 334,1 334,1
4.18.3. Anaerobic Stabilization Primary Sludge Tank
Two cylindrical anaerobic digesters, of fixed dome type will be constructed. The volume and
dimensions of the anaerobic digestion unit, according to the design proposal, is shown below:
Anaerobic digesters volume and dimensions Stage II Tender Documents’

Requirements
Number of digesters 2 2

Per digester
Internal diameter, m 14
Height of cylinder, m 8
Height of bottom cone, m 1,50
Free height above sludge level (dome height), m 1,5
Active volume, m3 1500 m3
The digesters will be made of reinforced concrete. The part above the ground will be insulated
with sprayed polyurethane foam and the inner walls will be painted with high-quality special
coatings. The insulation thickness will be 15 cm.
All pipelines inside the digester tanks will be of AISI316 Ti stainless steel. All other steel
pipelines are made of AISI304.
The bottom of the digester will be constructed with slope of 20% towards the sludge
discharge outlet. At ground level, an Ø800 manhole is foreseen for equipment and personnel
entrance. Another Ø500 manhole is foreseen at the dome of the digester equipped with an
inspection port-hole.
The biogas will be collected at the dome of the digester, which will be equipped with flame
arrester, pressure – vacuum relief valve and discharge valve. For each digester, there will be
one gravel filter installed, designed for maximal flow and behind each gravel filter, there will
be a gas flow meter.
Sludge mixing
The sludge will be mixed by the produced biogas which will be injected inside the digesters
through vertical pipelines. In particular, the sludge mixing system consists of:
- Ø1200 Stainless head, located at the top of the digester, equipped with flame
arrester, pressure – vacuum relief valve, discharge valve, biogas inlet pipe as well as
a distribution ring for the injection of biogas.
- Biogas injection system, which consists of 10 vertical pipelines DN32 of stainless
steel which will end just above the bottom of the digester. Each pipeline will be
connected with the distribution ring and will be equipped with valve and flow indicator.
- Three (3) biogas boosters (one for each digester, the third on stand by mode).
- The boosters, which will be installed in a separate room, will be of EX type, equipped
with pressure and temperature meters for protection. The boosters’ feeding pipeline is
equipped with gravel filter.

Sludge removal
The digested sludge will be removed from the bottom of the digesters by a Ø150 pipeline
which will rise outside the digester (inside an external outlet shaft) up to the level of sludge -
inside the digester- during normal operating conditions. The digester overflow, in case of
emergency, will be discharged into the outlet shaft as well. The digested sludge will enter the
sludge storage tank by gravity.
Heating system
Thickened sludge will be mixed with the recirculated sludge from the digester and the sludge
mixture will enter a heat exchanger before entering the anaerobic digester.
The sludge heating system will be controlled by a double controller system – the first will take
the temperature measurements of thickened and recirculated sludge and the other one will
take the temperature measurement of the sludge mixture which comes out of heat
exchangers.
Hence, the heating system of the anaerobic digesters consists of:
- Two (2) static mixers in order to blend primary with secondary sludge, installed at the
entrance of the anaerobic digestion unit
- Two (2) static mixers in order to blend thickened with recirculated sludge, installed in
the discharge lines of the progressive cavity pumps that feed the heat exchangers
- Two hot water boilers of 100 and 150 KW thermal capacity. The boilers will operate
on biogas and alternatively on natural gas
The thermal power for the anaerobic digesters will be provided by two heat exchangers of
sufficient surface (as dimensioned in the calculations chapter).
Safety measures
At the dome of each digester a relief-valve will be installed in order to protect the whole
system from overpressure. The same valve will boost air from the atmosphere into the
digester in case of underpressure.
Detection systems of dangerous gases and smoke detectors will be installed in the digester’s
building. Additionally, a ventilation system will be installed with two operation modes, for 10
and 30 air volume exchanges per hour. In case of detection of dangerous gases, the
ventilation system will automatically operate at 30 air volume exchanges per hour mode for
rapid evacuation.
In case of fire, the fire detectors will automatically set in operation a sprinkler water system
installed at the top of the building.

Digesters’ building
The digester’s building of 230 m2 total surface will be constructed between the two anaerobic
digesters. It consists of the following separate rooms:
 Power and automation cabinets’ room.

 Room where heat exchangers, recirculated sludge pumps and pumps for recirculation
of hot water are installed.
 Biogas booster’s room.
 Boiler room
Table 4-26: Design Data for the Anaerobic Stabilization Primary Sludge Tank

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Thickening Primary Sludge m3/day 112,33 112,33 334,09 334,09

production
Daily Weight of Total kg TSS/day 3369,83 3369,83 10022,60 10022,60

Suspended Solids
Volatile percentage in % 70% 70% 70% 70%

suspended solids
Daily Weight of Volatile kg VSS/day 2358,88 2358,88 7015,82 7015,82

Suspended Solids
Degradation rate for Biogas % 60% 60% 60% 60%

Production
De-gradated VSS for Biogas kg VSS/day 1415,33 1415,33 4209,49 4209,49

Production
Biogas production per kg of m3 biogass 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90

VSS /kgVSS
Daily production of biogas m3/day 1273,80 1273,80 3788,54 3788,54
Mean hourly biogas m3/hr 53,07 53,07 157,86 157,86

production
Methane percentage in % 65% 65% 65% 65%

Biogas
Daily methane production m3/day 827,97 827,97 2462,55 2462,55
Daily flow in Digester m3/day 112,33 112,33 334,09 334,09


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Hydraulic Retention time days 27,00 27,00 20,00 20,00
Minimum volume of m3 3032,85 3032,85 6681,73 6681,73

digesters
Number of Digesters no 2,00 2,00 4,00 4,00
Liquid depth m 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00
Minimum area of digesters m2 151,64 151,64 167,04 167,04
Minimum Digester diameter m 13,90 13,90 14,59 14,59
Digester diameter m 14,00 14,00 14,00 30,00
Total Height of digester m 11,50 11,50 11,50 11,50
Underground height of m 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50

digester
Up ground height of digester m 9,00 9,00 9,00 9,00
Wastewater temperature οC 20,00 14,00 20,00 14,00
Biogas Heat-producing kcal/m3biogass 5.500 5.500 5.500 5.500

Power
Daily biogas heat-producing kcal /day 7.005.879 7.005.879 20.836.981 20.836.981

power
Hourly biogas heat- kcal / hr 291.912 291.912 868.208 868.208

producing power
Digester operation οC 37,00 37,00 37,00 37,00

temperature
Sludge mean specific heat kcal/kg per οC 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Thermal power for digester kcal/hr 268,12 362,75 2371,79 3208,90

heating
Bottom thermal losses kcal/hr – m2 oC 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66

factor
Roof thermal losses factor kcal/hr – m2 oC 1,21 1,21 1,21 1,21
Side walls thermal losses kcal/hr – m2 oC 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80

factor


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Underground walls thermal kcal/hr – m2 oC 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00

losses factor
Bottom thermal losses kcal / hr 1.701 2.302 1.874 2.536
Roof thermal losses kcal / hr 3.119 4.220 3.436 4.649
Side walls thermal losses kcal / hr 12.019 16.261 12.615 17.067
Underground walls thermal kcal / hr 1854,79 2509,42 1946,70 2633,77

losses
Safety factor 1,50 1,50 1,50 1,50
Total calories for digester kcal / hr 28.444 38.483 33.365 45.141

heating
Total power for digester kw-hrs 33,08 44,76 38,80 52,50

heating
Thermal power for energy kcal / hr 263.468 253.429 834.842 823.067

production
Biogas for electricity m3 48 46 152 150
Electrical Production kw-hrs 101 97 319 314
Daily production of khw-hs/day 2.414 2.322 7.650 7.542

electricity
Daily output flow from m3 112 112 334 334

digester
Total suspended solids at kg TSS/day 1.955 1.955 5.813 5.813

output sludge of digester
Concentration of suspended mg TSS /lt 17.400 17.400 17.400 17.400

solids at output sludge of
digester
Percentage of Dry Solids in % D.S. 1,74% 1,74% 1,74% 1,74%

output sludge of digester
4.18.4. Biogas Treatment
Gas Holder
A gas holder of the double membrane type will be installed, in order to compensate for the
inequalities in gas production and establish a constant working pressure in the biogas

network. The gas holder’s volume is 400 m3, which suffices for a retention time of 8.5 to 13
hours.
The membrane’s pressure will be retained constant via a rotary air compressor, which is
installed nearby the gas holder.
Gas Flare
A gas flare of AISI304 designed for the capacity of 160 m3/hr will be installed. The gas flare
will have an electro cabinet for automatic operation and will be equipped with all the
necessary for operation valves.
Boiler Room
The boiler room is located in the structure between the two anaerobic digesters. Two hot
water boilers of thermal capacity 100 and 150 KW will be installed, which will provide the
required amount of thermal energy for the operation of the anaerobic digesters and the heat
exchangers. One of the boilers will be able to provide the administration building with hot
water for heating purposes during the winter period. The boilers will be able to operate on
biogas (which will be treated before entering the burners) and natural gas as a reagent.
4.18.5. Gravity Thickening for Biological Sludge
The biological sludge from the final clarification tanks through a twin pumping station goes to
the gravity thickener.
The sludge will enter the thickener at concentration of 0.8% Dry Solids (8.000mg/l SS) and
after the thickener it will be about 3% (30.000mg/l SS).
The gravity thickener shall be equipped with bottom suction scrapers. The scrapers are to
operate automatically at a certain tip speed. The design of the scrapers shall be adequate
compared to the specific layout of the tanks. Operation during periods with severe frost must
not have a restrictive impact on the operation of this equipment.
in each sludge thickener tank to create tranquilly hydraulic conditions, for the sludge to settle
unhindered.
The gravity sludge thickener shall be circular and the tanks’ bottom will be with a small slope
7%. The diameter of the tank will be 10m and 5.0m the depth.
The sludge removal shall be via two progressive cavity pumps, which will be installed in the
dewatering building and they will feed the aerated mixing sludge-tank. The capacity of the
progressive pump will be 15m3/hr at 2 bar and they will be controlled by frequency converters.

An electromagnetic flow meter will be installed in the pipeline in order to measure the flow of
the thickened sludge.
Table 4-27: Design Data for the Gravity Thickener for Biological Sludge

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Biological Sludge m3/day

286,88 286,88 860,63 860,63
production
Solid Surface solids kg SS/m2_day 45 45 45 45
Area of Thickener m2 51,00 51,00 153,00 153,00
Area per tank m2 51,00 51,00 76,50 76,50
Radius per tank m 4,03 4,03 4,94 4,94
Minimum Diameter per m

8,06 8,06 9,87 9,87
tank
Diameter per tank m 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00
Depth of water level m 4 4 4 4
Volume per tank m3 204,0 204,0 306,0 306,0
Total Volume m3 204,0 204,0 612,0 612,0
Retention Time hrs 17,1 17,1 17,1 17,1
Outlet concentration of DS % 3 3 3 3
Thickening Biological m3/day

76,5 76,5 229,5 229,5
Sludge
Hourly Flow of thickening m3/hr

15 15 46 46
Primary sludge
Flow of drainage m3/day 210,4 210,4 631,1 631,1

4.18.6. Aerated Mixing Sludge Tank
An aerated sludge tank will be constructed in order to collect the thickened primary &
biological sludge. This tank will operate as balance tank in order to feed the thickening and
the dewatering system only 5 days per week. Aeration has been added not for the
stabilization of the sludge but for mixing.
The aeration system shall be based on bottom aeration, with compressed air introduced into
the tank by stainless steel tubular diffusers placed at the bottom of the tanks. The design of
the system shall allow trouble free dismounting of each of the diffuser unit to be performed by
a maximum of two workers.
The air will be produced by two lobe type blowers (1 in operation and 1 stand by) which will
be installed in sound enclosure chamber, with capacity 3000 m3/h at 600mbar and maximum
speed 3.400rpm. The blowers will be controlled by inverters.
The air distribution system will be made by stainless steel pipes and 375 diffusers will be
installed on it, in order to disperse the air in the total volume of sludge tank.
The dimensions of the tank are (LxWxD) = (15 x 12,59 x 6) m and the clear volume is
944,25m3. The daily volume production of thickening primary and biological sludge has been
calculated about 189m3. The retention time of the mixed sludge in the tank is about 4-5 days,
time which is capable for 5 days dewatering system.
Two twin pumping stations with progressive cavity pumps will be installed in the dewatering
building in order to send the mixed sludge to dewatering system. The capacity of each
progressive pump will be 22m3/hr at 2 bar and they will controlled by frequency converters.
An electromagnetic flow meter will be installed in the pipeline in order to measure the flow of
the thickening sludge.
Table 4-28: Design Data for the Aerated mixing Sludge Tank

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Thickening Primary Sludge m3/day 112,33 112,33 334,09 334,09

production
Inlet Concentration of DS % 1,74% 1,74% 1,74% 1,74%


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Thickening Biological Sludge m3/day 76,50 76,50 229,50 229,50

production
Inlet Concentration of DS % 3% 3% 3% 3%
Total Thickening Sludge m3/day 189 189 564 564
Inlet Concentration of DS % 2,4% 2,4% 2,4% 2,4%
Retention Time days 5 5 2 2
Minimum Volume of Tank m3 944,14 944,14 1127,17 1127,17
Depth of water level m 5,00 5,00 5,00 5,00
Area of the tank m2 188,83 188,83 225,43 225,43
Length of the sludge mixing m

tank 20,00 20,00 20,00 20,00
Width of the sludge mixing m

tank 9,44 9,44 11,27 11,27
Air demands for mixing & m3 Air/m3 40,00 40,00 40,00 40,00
stabilization of
tank_day
Air demand m3/day 37765,54 37765,54 45086,93 45086,93
Total blowers no 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
Number of blowers in no
operation 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Hours in operation hrs/day 15,00 15,00 15,00 15,00
Minimum Capacity of blower m3/hr 2517,70 2517,70 3005,80 3005,80
Capacity of blower m3/hr 3000,00 3000,00 3000,00 3000,00
Number of Diffusers pieces 400,0 400,0 400,0 400,0

4.18.7. Dewatering system
Dewatering is an additional process to digestion by which the conditioned sludge can be

further treated by the removal of excess water. This can be achieved by mechanical
processing.
As the name implies, it relies of the use of a centrifuge decanter to separate the water from
the conditioned sludge, this method is far more efficient in terms of both land use and time,
although will require the addition of an additional energy input.
For these purposes, we have considered centrifuge decanters, which are generally efficient,
increasing the dried solids content of approximately 18-20% dry solids, this system needs the
addition of a polyelectrolyte, on line before the centrifuge decanter.
The centrate from the dewatering equipment shall be in close connection with the floor drains
in order to avoid any splashing. The centrate shall be led back to the Inlet via the Internal
Sewage Pumping Station for Site Drainage.
The system shall be mounted with the necessary numbers of valves for isolating pumps and
plants as well as sample cocks for inlet sludge, dewatered sludge and reject water.
For rinsing the dewatering unit and dilution of the polymer, treated wastewater shall be used
from the Technological Water Pumping Station.
Final sludge disposal is envisaged as for use in agriculture i.e. land farming where applicable
and where the sludge is of suitable composition, subject to the approval of the relevant
authorities, or land filling to a suitable landfill.
Table 4-29: Design Data for the Dewatering system

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Number of dewatering feeding no 3,0 3,0 6,0 6,0

pumps
Dewatering feeding pumps in no 2 2 4 4

operation
Dewatering system hour hrs/day 6,0 6,0 8,0 8,0

operation
Capacity of each pump m3/hr 22,0 22,0 24,7 24,7


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Daily sludge for dewatering m3/day 300 300 800 800
Number of dewatering system no 2 2 4 4

(centrifugal Separator)
Solids load for each centrifugal kg SS/h 522 522 584 584
separator
Minimum Capacity of each m3/day 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0

dewatering system
Inlet concentration of DS % 2,37% 2,37% 2,37% 2,37%
Weight of Solids for Dewatering kg SS/day 7110,00 7110,00 18960,00 18960,00
Outlet concentration of DS % 20% 20% 20% 20%

(after dewatering)
Dewatering sludge production m3/day 35,55 31,33 94,80 93,50
Flow of drainages m3/day 229 233 694 696
Table 4-30: Design Data for sludge flocculation

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Hourly hydraulic capacity of m3/hr 50,0 50,0 100,0 100,0

sludge
Solids load for each kg SS/h 593 593 593 593

centrifugal separator
Dosing rate of polymer gr pol/kg sl 11,0 11,0 11,0 11,0
Polymer needs for sludge per kgr/hr 13,04 13,04 26,07 26,07
hour
Polymer concentration % 0,10% 0,10% 0,10% 0,10%
Polymer consumption kg/hr 13.035 13.035 26.070 26.070
Special weight of polymer kg/m3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
Hourly consumption in m3/hr 10,86 10,86 21,73 21,73

polymer dilution


(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Number of Polymer no 2 2 5 5
Preparation Unit
Capacity of each Polymer lt/hr 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000

Preparation Unit
Number of dosing pumps no 4 4 8 8
Number of dosing pumps in no 2 2 4 4

operation
Capacity of each pump l/hr 5.431 5.431 5.431 5.431
4.19. Drainages Recirculation
The drainage water from the sludge thickener and the dewatering system is collected by
gravity to the drainages pit. From there by gravity, they go back to the pre – anoxic tank.
Table 4-31: Design Data for the Drainages Pumping Station

(2025) (2035)
Parameters Units

Drainages from primary m3/day 112 112 334 334

gravity thickeners
Drainages flow from primary m3/hr 4,7 4,7 13,9 13,9

gravity thickeners
Drainages from biological m3/day 210 210 631 631

gravity thickeners
Drainages flow from biological m3/hr 8,8 8,8 26,3 26,3

gravity thickeners
Drainages from mechanical m3/day 229 233 694 696

dewatering system
Drainages flow from m3/hr 38,1 38,8 86,8 86,9

mechanical dewatering
system
Total drainages m3/day 565 569 1.700 1.701

4.20. Civil and architectural works
Civil works consist of structural and architectural works (buildings, tanks etc), earth works and
temporary works.
An open cut type of excavation shall be applied with safe side slopes and suitable excavation
material can be used for refilling on the site. Excavated soil that is not suitable for refilling and
excessive material is to be disposed of according to the regulations applicable in Ethiopia.
All structures, which mostly are tanks and buildings, are designed by reinforced concrete or
structural steel. The loads and the International Standards used for the structural design, as
well as the thickness of the concrete cover, the overlapping and anchorage lengths, are
presented in the submitted drawing “Preferences and Structural details”. The analyses, the
checking and the design of the cross sections are derived from various load combinations of
permanent (self-weight, earth pressure) and variable (sludge weight and pressure, traffic
loads, wind, earthquake etc.) loads according to International Standards.
For the construction of the structures, appropriate scaffolding and panel formworks shall be
used. All concrete surfaces must be protected from drying out too quickly. To prevent the
penetration of water, the construction joints are to be equipped with centered sheet metal.
Walls of buildings constructed with masonry and concrete shall be plastered and/or painted,
partly papered or with tiles. All walls and ceilings in common rooms, sanitary areas etc., which
are not tiled, must be painted. In outside areas all corrosion endangered parts of structures
and equipment shall be painted (corrosion protection) e.g. structural steel roofs, steel doors,
mounting openings, pipelines, mounting parts etc.
The functional requirement of each structure is described in the sections above. The general
layout, the proposed exterior and interior layout and the sections and elevations are
presented in the submitted drawings of each structure.
4.21. Road system
The designed road system are inner roads in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), used
for the construction of the infrastructure and for transportation.
Roads are proposed of two layers: 75mm base course and 250mm subbase course, total
325mm. Road width is 6-8m. For the layout and dimensions, please refer to WA.G.1 and
WA.DR.20 set of drawings.
A roadiside storm drain concrete gutter (bxh=0.30m x 0.20m, h:v=1:4) running parallel to a
road is designed to collect rainwater that flows along the street and to dispose it to the river. A
pipe culvert (D400) is proposed as cross-drain to relieve drainage of ditches at the roadside,
and to pass water under a road.

For the typical sections and dimensions, please refer to WA.DR.20 set of drawings.
4.22. Flood protection
The protection of the treatment plant site from the outer area surface runoff and the river flood
protection are presented in Annex VI-StormWaterProtection.
4.23. Landscape design
At main entrance, a hinged gate door is to be installed for passing flow of motor vehicles and
vacuum trucks. Whole the Plant site shall be enclosed by fences, facade of the entrance shall
be installed steel grid fence with good appearance while other area surrounding of the Plant
site is installed net fence.
Greenification shall be essential to beautify the plant site. Medium trees shall be introduced
for provision of rich greenery. Some small flowering shrubs shall be planted in concentration
from the entrance through road side spaces. Over all open spaces shall be furnished with
grass, so that whole the project site will be covered with grass.
For the landscape design, please refer to WA.G.1 set of drawings.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report Hydraulic Unit Profile
CHAPTER 5. HYDRAULIC UNIT DATA
In the following paragraphs the hydraulic profile is presented.
5.1. General about hydraulic calculation
The hydraulic calculation has been based on the peak flow for the pretreatment unit and on
design flow for the biological units. All the calculations have been done for the high season
flows. The methodology for the hydraulic calculation is presented in these following
paragraphs and the calculations are presented in Annex II of the study.
5.1.1. General Acknowledgements
All the hydraulic calculation has been done in peak flow (for high season). At the following
table the flows for the hydraulic calculations are presented.
Table 5- 1: Design flows for the hydraulic calculations

Description Units Flow
Peak flow for the pretreatment m3/hr 851
Peak flow for the biological m3/hr 512

treatment
Recirculation Flow of the m3/hr 280

sludge
Internal Recirculation Flow of m3/hr 1960

Mixed Liquid
Flow for the Channel of Flow m3/hr 524

Measurement
Inlet water level at the WwTP
A gravity pipe will be installed in order to send the wastewater in the Wastewater Treatment
Plant. The maximum level of the inlet pipe is 3m (1555m) below the altitude of the ground
(1558).
Output water level at the WwTP
The water level in the output chamber (sampling chamber) is 1558 above the level of the sea.
From this chamber the clean water thought gravity HDPE pipe OD630 goes to the river. For
the calculations has been used this level as zero level (+0,00m)
Ground Level at the plant
The altitude of the ground is 1558m from the level of the sea at the whole plant.

Control points
For the hydraulic calculations some levels have been determined as control points in order to
calculate the water level before these points. The levels of these points are presented at
Annex II (Hydraulic Calculation) and at the Hydraulic Longitude Diagram.
Calculation Formulas
At the following paragraphs all the formulas that are used for the hydraulic calculation of the
plant are presented.
For the hydraulic calculations some levels as control points have been determined in order to
calculate the water level before these points. The levels of these points are presented at
Annex II (Hydraulic Calculation) and at the Hydraulic Longitude Diagram.
5.1.2. Hydraulic Losses Calculation in channels and gravity pipes (formula Manning).
It is used the following formula
1 2 1 2 4
2
S  Q *( ) *( ) *Rh 3
f K P*d
όπου:
Sf = Losses at m/m
And hf = Sf * L with:
hf = Channel Losses at m
L = Length of channel m
Q = Channel design flow at m3/s
K = Coefficient of channel asperity
P = Width of channel at m
d = Depth of water in the channel at m
Rh = Hydraulic radius at m.

5.1.3. Calculation of hydraulic losses at pressure pipeline (formula Colebrook-White).
L V 2
h f 
D2 g
where f the coefficient of abrasion which depends on the material of the pipe (p.e. Asperity
of the pipe) and the type of the flow (p.e. Reynolds Number).
The coefficient f is calculated by the following formula:
1 Ks 2.51
 2 log[  ]
f 3.7 D R   f
Where: V x D/ν Reynolds Number
V = water velocity [m/s]
D = Internal Diameter of pipe [mm]
Ks = Pipe Asperity [1,5 mm]
ν = kinematic cohesion [1,1X10-6 m2/s]
g = gravity [9,81 m/sec2]
5.1.4. Calculation of critical depth of flow
The critical depth of flow in the channel is calculated by the following formula.
1
 Q2  3
hc   
 P 2 * g 
Where,
hc = Critical Depth at m
Q = Flow in the channel at m2/s
P = Width of the channel at m
g = Gravity = 9,81 m/s2

5.1.5. Calculation of flow through triangle overflow weir
The water level over through triangle overflow weir is calculated by the following formula.
1
  2.5
 15  Q 
h 
   
 8  C d  (2  g )  tan 2  180  
0.5
 
Where,
h = Water level elevation at m
Q = Flow at m3/s
Cd = Output coefficient = 0,577
φ = Angle of overflow weir at degrees °.
5.1.6. Calculation of flow at rectangular overflow weir
The level elevation at a rectangular overflow weir is calculated by the following formula.
2
 Q 3
h  
 1,84 * WW 
Where,
Q = Flow at m3/s
WW = Total length of overflow at m.
5.1.7. Overflow crest
It is calculated by the formula
hυπ = 0,664 q0.667
Where q = Q/L
Q = flow [m3/s]

L = length of overflow [m]
5.1.8. Flow calculation through rectangular submersible opening .
The flow through rectangular submersible opening is calculated by the following forma.
2
 
Q
h  
 
 C d * P * h * 2 * g
0,5

Where,
Q = Flow at m3/s
Cd = Output coefficient = 0,61
Pα = Width of opening at m
hα = Height of opening at m
5.1.9. Flow calculation in collection channel
The losses in a collection channel is calculated by the following forma
 2 
h d2  2 * Q 
 g * P * d 
2

Where,
h= Water level elevation at m
Q= Flow channel m3/s
P= Width of channel at m.
d= Depth of water
5.1.10. Calculation of fittings losses, input, outputs, turn etc
2
ht  Kt * V
2* g

Where,
ht = Fittings Losses at m
V = Water velocity in the pipe m/s
Κt = Asperity of internal walls of the pipe
Κεξ = Coefficient of output losses = 1,00
Κεισ = Coefficient of input losses = 0,50
Κκ = Coefficient of angle losses = 0,30
Κδ = Coefficient of tee losses = 0,25
5.1.11. General calculation of water depth flow
In some points that it is difficult to calculate the losses with one special forma it is used the
following formula.
V 2 V 2
A   h   h h
 ‘ 2*g  2*g 
Where,
hα = Depth of water before the point at m
hκ = Depth of water after the point m
Vα = Water velocity before the point at m/s
Vκ = Water velocity after the point at m/s
g = gravity = 9,81 m/s2
h = losses in m
5.2. Hydraulic study for peak flow
All the calculations are presented in Annex II. In this paragraph a table with all the levels of
water is presented.

Table 5- 2: Total table of hydraulic calculations

Water level from sea
Water level (m)
(m)
OUTPUT CHAMBER
Output chamber and sampling point 0,00 1558,00
DISINFECTION UNIT
Chlorination Tank 0,30 1558,30
FLOW MEASUREMENT
Water level after flow measurement 0,48 1558,48
Water level in the flow measurement channel 0,74 1558,74
FINAL CLARIFICATION TANKS
Collection Output pit of Final Clarification Tanks 0,85 1558,85
Perimetric Channel of clarification tanks 1,05 1559,05
Triangle overflow weirs of clarification tanks 1,56 1559,56
COAGULATION PIT
Water level in couagulation pit 1,80 1559,80
Water level in MLSS PS 1,90 1559,90
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TANKS
Nitrification Tanks 2,20 1560,20
Denitrification Tanks 2,20 1560,20
C' part of Anaerobic Tank 2,40 1560,40
B' part of Anaerobic Tank 2,40 1560,40
A' part of Anaerobic Tank 2,41 1560,41
Pre - anoxic Tank 2,70 1560,70
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
Collection Output pit of Primary Sedimentation Tank 3,00 1561,00
Perimetric Channel of primary sedimentation tank 3,40 1561,40
Triangle overflow weirs of primary sedimentation tank 3,80 1561,80
DISTRIBUTION CHAMBER OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANKS
Output of distribution chamber 4,05 1562,05
Input of distribution chamber 4,20 1562,20

Water level from sea

Water level (m)
(m)
PRETREATMENT UNIT
Output of the pretreatment unit 4,70 1562,70
Input of the pretreatment 5,13 1563,13
5.3. Pumping Stations Calculation
All the calculations of the pumping stations are presented at Annex II.


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01 Technical Report Adama WWTP

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FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF WATER, IRRIGATION AND

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN REPORT

Z&A P.ANTONAROPOULOS and ASSOCIATES S.A.

TROPICS CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC

Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1

Chapter 2. Design data .............................................................................................. 6

Chapter 3. Wastewater treatment process .............................................................. 12

Chapter 4. Detailed description ............................................................................... 35

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

4.12. Mixed Liquid Recirculation Pumping Station .............................................................. 60

Chapter 5. HYDRAULIC UNIT DATA ......................................................................... 86

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

1.1. Contract Details

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

husbandry) is practiced by many households on a small scale as the prime source of

1.3. Scope of Work

 Calculation of wastewater flows

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

 Mechanical Calculations / Descriptions for the proposed system

1.4. Legislation and Institution Constractions

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was formally established by

1.4.1. The Constitution

1.4.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

1.4.3. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

The CSE provides a comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in

1.4.4. Federal Water Resource Policy

1.4.5. Legislation related to Environmrntal Impact Assesment

At present there is no legislation in Ethiopia that mandates Environmental Impact

The following regulations and guidelines have also been prepared:

 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, Volume I, Procedural Guideline,

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

1.4.6. Environmental Protection Authority

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

CHAPTER 2. DESIGN DATA

2.1. General Introduction

All data have been given to the Consultant by the MoWIE.

The following acknowledgements are taken under consideration:

 There is no septage wastewater.

2.2. Design Wastewater Flows

2.2.1. Network wastewater hydraulic design data

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

Q max hourly = a x Qhour where

Qhour = Qmax daily / 24 [lt/sec]

The hourly peak flow coefficient fluctuates from 1.5 to 3.

Table 2-1: Design Networks Flows Data for Adama WwTP

Hydraulic Design Data Hydraulic Design Data

Network users pc 68.113 68.113 241.642 241.642

Kebele 1 condominium sites pc 5.430 5.430 * *

Kebele 9 condominium site pc 3.755 3.755 * *

Public/communal latrine pc 9.949 9.949 16.132 16.132

Water consuption l/pc_d 80,00 80,00 100,00 100,00

Return factor k2 % 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80

Residential WW Production m3/day 5.584 5.584 20.622 20.622

Non residential users pc 13.696 13.696 41.766 41.766

Water consuption l/pc_d 80 80 100 100

Return factor k2 % 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80

Non-Residential WW m3/day 877 877 3.341 3.341

Network length (km) km 78,00 78,00 223,00 223,00

Groundwater infiltration l/s_km 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05

Z&A P. Antonaropoulos and Associates S.A.

Hydraulic Design Data Hydraulic Design Data

Total Daily Production m3/day 6.797 6.797 24.927 24.927