Shajjad Sir Articale

evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv, QwÎkZg LÐ, kxZ msL¨v, †cŠl 1425/wW‡m¤î 2018
mvwn‡Zï Pjw”PÎvqY : cwi‡cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

gynv¤§` mv¾v` Avnmvb*
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ai‡bi Pjw”P‡Îi msL¨v ev †m¸‡jvi •ewkó¨ wb‡q †Kv‡bviƒc M‡elYv cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv|
1956 mv‡j bvUK †_‡K wbwg©Z ÔgyL I gy‡LvkÕ Pjw”P‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q G‡`‡k evwYwR¨K
Pjw”P‡Îi hvÎvi¤¢ n‡jI Acivci †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨ Avw½K †_‡K Pjw”PÎ m„wRZ n‡q‡Q
A_ev †Kb mvwnZ¨‡K wPÎbv‡Uï Drm wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Z_¨
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wPwýZ Kiv GB M‡elYv K‡g©i jÿ¨| ¸YMZ M‡elYv c×wZi Av‡jv‡K cÖ avbZ mnvqK
MÖš’cwÄ Ges B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK Z_¨ fvÐvi †_‡K M‡elYvi cÖv_wgK DcvË msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
DcvËmg~n we‡køl‡Y D”PwKZ cÖkœ¸‡jv‡K AwaKZi hvPvB‡qi j‡ÿ¨ DwÏó M‡elYvq
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n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ evwYwR¨K SuywK †gvKv‡ejvq M„nxZ iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi
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cÖvK&K_b
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wbwðZB Pjw”P‡Îi ¯^KxqZvi cwicwš’ | Avevi AbyR wkígva¨g wn‡m‡e Pjw”P‡Î
mvwn‡Zï †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB GK_vI A‡h․w³K g‡b nq| c~Y©‣`N©¨ Pjw”P‡Îi ïiæ‡Z
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Kve¨-Drm Aej¤^‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡ÎB PwqZ mvwnZ¨-
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170 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKv
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mvwnZ¨wfwËK Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi m~ÎcvZ

bexb wkígva¨g wn‡m‡e m~Pbvj‡Mœ Pjw”PÎ‡K gÂ-bvU‡Ki †cÖÿvM„n AvkÖq K‡i Gi
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cÖvi‡¤¢ GK ev GKvwaK NUbv ev wµqvi (†hgb, †÷k‡b †ijMvwoi AvMgb wKsev cvwbi
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m¤úK©wU GL‡bv AgxgvswmZ| we‡klZ mvwn‡Zï Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖm½wU M‡elK‡ì
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Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †gav¯^Z¡ (copyright) RwUjZv †_‡K gy³ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| †m †ÿ†Î
mvwnZ¨ eënv‡ii AwaKvi cÖvwßi welqwU Pjw”P‡Îi R‡b¨ e‡ov n‡q †`Lv †`q| Ggb wK
my`~i AZx‡Z m„wRZ aªæc`x mvwn‡Zï AwaKvi cÖvwßi welqwUI Lye mnR bq| aªæc`x
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msiÿ‡Y cÖwZôvb‡K AwaKvi w`‡q‡Q|3
mvwn‡Zï Pjw”PÎvqY : cwi‡cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k 171
AwaKvi cÖvwßi GB AR©b‡K Pjw”PÎ Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q wfbœfv‡e| ÔMYgva¨g AvBbÕ

mvwnZ¨ eënv‡ii GB AR©b‡K DËiKv‡j Pjw”P‡Îi c‡ÿ wµqvkxj n‡Z mnvqZv
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cÖ‡hvRK GB mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i Pjw”PÎ Dc‡hvMx iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kivi ÿgZv AR©b
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cÖ‡hvR‡Ki AbyK~‡j|
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bvU‡Ki Pjw”PÎvqY
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Pig DËz½ we›`y‡Z (climax) †cu․Qv‡bvi ixwZ wVK cÖZ¨vwkZ bq| eis Pjw”P‡Îi
KvVv‡gv‡Z eû †QvU DËz½ gyn~Z© Ges Zvi cici GK ai‡bi cÖkvšÍ, APÂj, w_Zv‡bv fve
ev gš’iZvi `„k¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| Pjw”P‡Îi Mí KvVv‡gvUv †hb A‡bKUv mgy‡`ªi †XD‡qi
g‡Zv| †XD m„R‡bi mgq DËy½Zv Ges cigyn~‡Z©B kvšÍZv| hZœkxjZv e¨wZ‡i‡K mn‡RB
GKRb wPÎbvU¨Kv‡ii c‡ÿ bvU‡Ki cvÐzwjwc‡K Pjw”P‡Îi web¨vm-Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv
Am¤¢e| G m¤ú‡K© axgvb `vk¸‡ßi gšÍe¨wU ¯§iYxq
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wefvwRZ K‡i wb‡q I LÐ LÐfv‡e †`wL‡qI, c~Y© wbg©v‡Yi mg‡q AmsL¨ LÐvsk‡K m¤úv`bvi
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AwfNvZx I gb¯ÍvwË¡K|5
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KvR Kiv| bvU‡K ¯^fveZB eY©bvi †P‡q msjv‡ci AvwaK¨ _v‡K| Aci c‡ÿ Pjw”P‡Î
AwaK msjvc eënvi KL‡bvB Kvg¨ bq| Pjw”PÎ g~jZ `„k¨ I kãwbf©i wkígva¨g e‡j
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n‡q _v‡K| iwZ, nvm, †kvK, †µva, Drmvn, fq Ges N„Yv I we¯§‡qi fvemg~n cÖKv‡k
mnvqK GB msjvc| evwPK Awfb‡q Ges kvixwiK Z_v Avw½K Awfb‡qi mnvqZvq GB
fvemg~n Dc¯’vwcZ nq|6 Pjw”P‡Î fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ A‡bK mgq K¨v‡givi •bKwUK
kU (close up), cÖwZwµqv eûj (reaction) kU ev `„wó‡KvY-m¤úwK©Z (point of
view) kU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| 7 Gi d‡j Awf‡bZvi Awfb‡qi m~² Awfe¨w³I
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Awf‡bZvi KvQ †_‡K BwáZ fve `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q w`‡Z mg_© nb| d‡j msjv‡ci
f‚wgKv †mLv‡b †M․Y n‡q c‡o|
bvU‡K msjvc ¯’vb-Kv‡ji Bw½Zevnx| gÂvqb PjvKv‡j g‡Âi mxwgZ cwim‡i bvU¨
cwigÐj m„R‡b †mU cwieZ©‡bi mxgve×Zv‡K Gov‡Z A‡bK mgq msjv‡ci ¯’vb-Kv‡ji
Bw½Z †`qv nq| Acic‡ÿ Pjw”PÎ eûmsL¨K LwÐZ Z_¨ k‡Ui mgev‡q m„wRZ nq e‡j
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iv‡qi gšÍe¨ G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb Ôwdj&g †Zvjvi Avbylw½K hš¿vwì AvR
GZ`~i DbœwZ n‡q‡Q †h Kíbvq wK ev¯Í‡ei RM‡Z †nb e¯‘ †bB cwiPvj‡Ki B”Qvg‡Zv
hv‡K `„k¨c`©vq iƒc †Ìqv bv hvq|Õ8
A_©vr ¯’vb-Kv‡ji Dc¯’vcbvq msjv‡ci Ici bvU‡Ki †h gvÎvq wbf©ikxjZv _v‡K
Pjw”P‡Î Z`ªƒc _v‡K bv| †Kbbv m¤úv`bvi mgq ci ci hy³ kUg~‡ni ga¨ w`‡q `„k¨
†_‡K `„k¨všÍ‡i web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g ¯’vb-Kv‡ji AvbyµwgZv Lye mn‡RB Gov‡bv hvq|
ci¯úi MÖw_Z `y‡Uv `„‡kï g‡a¨ ZvB Pjw”P‡Î †hvRb †hvRb cv_©K¨‡K ev •ewPÎ¨‡K
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| m¤úv`bvi GB kw³kvjx w`K m¤ú‡K© mZ¨wRr ivq e‡jb, ÔwPÎ-
m¤úv`KB cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv QuvUKvU K‡i wew”Qbœ `„‡kï mgev‡q mgMÖ Qwe‡Z Q›`MwZ Ges
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A‡bK mgq bvU‡K eY©bvZ¥K †h msjv‡ci †hvRbv Kiv nq Pjw”P‡Î ZviI ìKvi nq bv|
eY©bvi we¯Ív‡i †h cÖK…wZ ev cwi‡ek †evSv‡bv nq Zv †Kej GKwU cwiwPwZKiY
(establishing) k‡UB †`Lv‡bv m¤¢e| m¤úv`bvi †K․k‡j GKR‡bi •be©¨w³K gyL”Qwei
m‡½ GKUv Lvev‡ii Avavi (plate) m¤úv`bvi mgq Ry‡o w`‡q Pjw”PÎwU‡Z ÿzave„wË
†evSv‡bvi welqwU Pjw”P‡Î AcwiwPZ bq|
PwiÎmg~‡ni AvšÍtm¤úK© ev AZx‡Z msNwUZ †Kv‡bv NUbv‡K `k©K Rvbv‡Z msjv‡ci †h

eënvi Zv bvU‡Ki g‡Zv Pjw”P‡ÎI jÿ Kiv hvq| `k©‡Ki m‡½ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨
msjv‡ci e`‡j Avenkãvw` ev cÖK„wZRvZ cwi‡ek cÖwZ‡e‡ki kã eënvi A_ev wewPÎ
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Ki‡jI Gi PvwiÎ¨ jÿ‡Y msjv‡ci mxwgZ eënv‡ii Af¨vm i‡q †M‡Q| LyeB ¯^í
msjv‡c ev G‡Kev‡i msjvc e¨wZ‡i‡K Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZvi AwfÁZv weij bq| we‡klZ
Pjw”P‡Îi wPÎbvU¨ wbg©vZvi gywÝqvbvi cwiPvqK| Pjw”P‡Î msjvc eënv‡ii GB
gywÝqvbvi e¨vcviwU‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB `k©K ev Kzkjx mvwnwZ¨K‡K msjvc
iPbvi `vwqZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| A_©vr wPÎbvU¨ iPbvi KvRwU‡K wZbwU fv‡M wefvwRZ
Kiv nq| h_vÑ Kvwnwb iPbv, wPÎbvU¨ iPbv Ges msjvc iPbv| A‡bK iÿYkxj wbg©vZv
bvUK ev †Uwjwfkb gva¨‡gi m‡½ Pjw”P‡Îi cv_©K¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z msjv‡ci Kzkjx
eënv‡ii Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡Kb|
Dcb¨v‡mi Pjw”PÎvqY
bvU‡Ki g‡Zv Dcb¨v‡mi Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI wbg©vZv‡K Dcb¨v‡mi Avw½K ev iƒcMZ
cwieZ©b NUv‡Z nq| wPËvKl©K fw½‡Z GB cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq KL‡bv Gi cÖKv‡k,
KL‡bv cwigÐj m„R‡b Avevi KL‡bv bZzb A_ev wfbœZi PwiÎ wPÎ‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q|
Dcb¨vm I Pjw”PÎ GB `y‡UviB i‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœ •ewkó¨| Z‡e †h mKj Dcb¨vm †Kv‡bv
cªKiY (genre) AbyeZ©x n‡q iwPZ nq, mgm¨v †`Lv †`q IB ai‡bi Dcb¨v‡mi iƒcvqY
wb‡q| Dcb¨v‡mi cªKi‡Yi mv‡_ iƒcvwqZ Pjw”P‡Îi cªKi‡Yi mv`„k¨ Kvg¨|10 cªKiY
AbyM n‡j iƒcvšÍi mnRZi nq| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e Dcb¨v‡mi iƒc‡`‡ni A‡bK wKQz‡KB
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PwiÎ iƒcvqY I weKv‡ki †K․kj, NUbvi AMÖMwZi †K․kj, fvebvi weKvk I fvlvi
cÖKvk Ges m‡e©vcwi ¯’vbKv‡ji ms‡KvPb I m¤úªmvi‡Yi bv›`wbK fw½|
cÖwZwU Pjw”P‡Îi GKwU •`‡N©ï mxgv †eu‡a †`qv Av‡Q| mvaviYZ cuvP nvRvi (5000)
wgUv‡ii AwaK •`N©ï Qwe wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq|11 mxwgZ GB cwimxgvq KL‡bv GKwU
c~Y©v½ Db¨vm‡K ALÐfv‡e Pqb Kiv nq| Avevi KL‡bv e„nr Dcb¨v‡mi cQ›`bxq Ask‡K
evQvB Kiv nq| Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv GKvwaK Dcb¨v‡mi mgev‡q m„wRZ nq GKwU
Pjw”PÎ| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡k m¤úªwZ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vmmg~n Aej¤^‡b
wbwg©Ze¨ ÔKvVMovq kirP›`ªÕ Pjw”PÎwU G‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨|12
Dcb¨v‡mi Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KL‡bv KL‡bv g~j †jL‡Ki wkí`k©bI e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i
A_ev g~j wkí`k©‡bi beZi ev wfbœ ai‡bi e¨vL¨v mvg‡b G‡m ùvov‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK
g~jwkí `k©b-AbyeZx© n‡qI Zv KL‡bv •ewP‡Îï evZ©vevnx n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| g~j †jL‡Ki
wkí`k©b iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq beZi e¨vL¨vevnx n‡q IVvi welqwU Ggwb‡Z N‡U bv| ¯’vb-Kvj-
AvkÖqx Rb‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK Pvwn`v cwic~i‡Yi welqwU GB cwieZ©b NUv‡Z KvR K‡i|
†hgb aiv hvK, g~j M‡í cvðv‡Zï e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK ¯^vaxb RxebvPv‡ii ewY©j Dc¯’vcbv
i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖv‡Pï cwiPvjK hLb GB Mí-AvkÖ‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY Ki‡eb
ZLb ¯^vaxb RxebvPv‡ii Dc¯’vcbv iÿYkxj mgv‡R mvsNwl©K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î
†h †Kv‡bv cwieZ©bB bZzb e¨vL¨vi Bw½Zevnx|13 g~j †jL‡Ki wkí`k©‡bi m‡½
cwiPvj‡Ki wkí`k©‡bi wfbœZv evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Î weij bq| cÖm½Z,
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ †è`vm-Gi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`k Pjw”PÎ Dbœqb
K‡c©v‡ik‡b wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q †è`vm bvgK `y‡Uv Pjw”PÎ| wfbœKv‡j wfbœ iæwP-AvkÖ‡q
¯^fveZB g~j Mí Ges Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvšÍwiZ M‡íi Dc¯’vcbvi cv_©K¨ m„wRZ nq|
g~Z©Rv ekx‡ii AvZ¥Rxebx †_‡K wPÎbvU¨ •Zwii cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© GKwU mviMÖvnx gšÍe¨
G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwYavb¨‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb
ûgvq~b Kwe‡ii b`x I bvix Dcb¨vmwUi wPÎbvU¨ Kijvg| ejv hvq, Kvwnbxi Avg~j cwieZ©b
Kijvg| bZzb bZzb PwiÎ m„wó †Zv K‡iwQjvgB, †mB m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi
msjv‡ci †ÿ‡Î GKR‡biUv Av‡iKR‡bi gy‡L ewm‡q w`‡qwQ| Aek¨ Jcb¨vwm‡Ki AbygwZ
†bIqvi Rb¨ wPÎbvU¨ cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj| wPÎbvU¨ c‡o ûgvq~b Kwei D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wm‡bgvwU Aek¨ P‡jwb| ¸wj¯Ívb n‡j cÖ`wk©Z n‡Z †c‡iwQj gvÎ `yB w`b| LyeB
GKm‡cwi‡g›Uvj wQj QwewU| eø¨vK †d«g, wd«RkU, d¬¨vke¨v‡Ki AwaKvsk †UKwbK †mKv‡ji
wbwi‡L †ek AMÖmi wQj|14
iƒcvšÍÍ‡ii mgq mvwnZ¨-ewY©Z Pwi‡Îi m‡½ Pjw”P‡Î wPwÎZ Pwi‡Îi †hvRb †hvRb
cv_©K¨ m~wPZ n‡Z cv‡i| g~‡j ewY©Z PwiÎmg~‡ni gvbwmK RM‡Zi RwUj
AšÍN©vZmg~n‡K Pjw”PÎKvi AšÍN©vZx we‡ePbv K‡i G‡ì NvZ¸‡jv‡K Gwo‡q †h‡Z
cv‡ib| PwiÎvq‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv e`‡j †dj‡Z cv‡ib Kvwnwbi •kjx|
KwVb ev m¼Ugq gvbwmK m¤úK©‡K Pjw”PÎKvi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq †ivgvw›UK ev
†g‡jvWªvgvwUK •kjx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i M‡íi RwUjZv ev PwiÎmg~‡ni m¼URbK
AvPiY‡K cÖvÄj K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq †Kv‡bv wbg©vZv hw`
cvðv‡Zï Pjw”P‡Îi aviv‡K AbyKiY Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Zv mvdj¨ e‡q bv-I Avb‡Z
cv‡i| GB m¤ú‡K© b›``yjvj ivq †P․ayix cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï Pjw”P‡Î PwiÎmg~‡ni
cv_©K¨ wb‡q †h gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb Zv G‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Îi †ÿ‡ÎI ¯§Z©e¨| wZwb e‡jb
ÔI‡ì mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, RvZxq Rxe‡bi m‡½ Avgv‡ì cÖ‡f` A‡bK| ZvB
I‡ì AbyKiY Ki‡Z hvIqvi g‡Zv weo¤^bv Avi wKQzB †bB|Õ 15
`k©‡Ki gvb`Ð wePvi K‡i A‡bK mgq Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv g~j mwn‡Z¨ ewY©Z PwiÎ‡K e`‡j
†dj‡Z cv‡ib GK bZzb Pwi‡Î| †hgb GKRb eyw×Rxexi PwiÎ‡K wbg©vZv e`‡j †dj‡Z
cv‡ib GKRb we‡`ªvnx Pwi‡Î| A_ev GKRb bvixev`x wbg©vZv bvix PwiÎ‡K †`Lvi
`„wófw½ e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡ib| mvaviY bvixi wm×všÍnxbZvi AÿgZv‡K e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡ib
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mÿgZv w`‡q| cÖL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wPÎbvU¨ †jLvi
AwfÁZv GLv‡b we‡klZ D‡jøL¨| wZwb mvwnZ¨ iPbv Ges wPÎbvU¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î Df‡qi
mvaviY †fv³v ch©v‡q †h wekvj cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb
me©mvavi‡Yi R‡b¨ Avgiv hvÕ wKQz wjwL, ZvÕI wKš‘ wVK me©mvavi‡Yi R‡b¨B bq| AMwYZ
Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ †h gywó‡gq †Mvôxi †jLv-covq AbyivMxÑ huviv cvVK, Mí Avgv‡ì ïay Zv‡ìB
nv‡Z wM‡q c‡o| mvwn‡Zï M‡íi imMÖvnx gvÎ IB gyw ó‡gq, ÔcvVKÕ-mgvR| QvqvwP‡Îi M‡íi
imMÖvnx Ô`k©KÔ-†Mvôx wKš‘ Zzjbvq Dc‡iv³ ÔcvVKÔ-mgv‡Ri †P‡q A‡bK A-†b-K e‡ov| ev¯Í‡e
†`Lv †M‡Q kni Avi gdm&mj Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB QvqvQwei `k©K GB e„nËi mvavi‡Yi GK weivU
As‡ki c‡ÿ mvwn‡Zï Mí cov †Zv `~‡ii K_vÑ IB wbiÿi †ePviv‡ì GgbwK eY©-cwiP‡qiI
my‡hvM A_ev †m․fvM¨ †Kv‡bvUvB N‡Uwb|16
mvwnZ¨ †_‡K Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB `yB ai‡bi †fv³vi †kÖwYMZ I iæwPMZ †h
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv mvwnZ¨ †_‡K Pjw”PÎ iƒcvq‡Yi mgq AvZ¥¯’ Kiv Lye mnR bq|
wewbg©v‡Yi GB ch©v‡q mvwn‡Zï †h b›`bZvwË¡K g~j¨ ev †m․›`h©cÖm~Z †h D”PwKZ iæwPi
†`Lv †g‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ wPÎbv‡U¨ Zv mgfv‡e bv-I _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zvivk¼‡ii Aci gšÍ‡e¨
ZviB mvÿ¨ †g‡j
mvwnZ¨ MíiwmK Aí we¯Íi wkwÿZ cvVK-mgv‡Ri wPšÍv-aviv, iæwP‡eva, imÁvb Avi Qvqv-Qwei
M‡íi e„nËi `k©K-†Mvôx| huv‡ì A‡b‡KB wbiÿiÑ Zv‡ì gvbwmKZv Avi im iæwPi g‡a¨ †h
GKUv we¯Í…Z DcmvM‡ii cv_©K¨ i‡q‡QÑ G K_v †Zv Ab¯^xKvh©| Kv‡RB mvwnZ¨ Mí wjL‡Z em‡j
Qvqv-Qwei M‡íi Ô`k©KÕ-g¨vm-Gi K_v fveevi †Kv‡bv cÖkœB I‡V bv| mvwnZ¨ Mí †jLv gvÎ Avgvi
c~e© ewY©Z †gvi-Ai&-†jm wkwÿZ cvVK-wdD-Gi R‡b¨B| wKš‘ Qvqv-Qwei Mí wjL‡Z em‡j †Zv
Avi IB wbiÿi `k©K-g¨vm †K D‡cÿv Ki‡j P‡j bv| Avi wVK GBLv‡bB Avgv‡ì K‡qK avc
†b‡g G‡m GB `k©K mvavi‡Yi gv‡S ùvov‡Z nqÑ Zuv‡ì iæwP‡K iƒc w`‡Z nq Zv‡ì
Gb&Uvi‡Ub&‡gbU AvKvOÿx g‡bi ÿzav †gUv‡Z nq|17
`k©K iæwP‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mvwnZ¨ ewY©Z AZxZKv‡ji PwiÎ‡K Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvq‡Yi mgq
wbg©vZv G‡K eZ©gv‡bi PwiÎ wnmv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Pwi‡Îi AvPiY,
†cvkvK-cwi”Q` meB n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i wbg©vZvi B”QvbyM| wbg©vZv D”PweË, ga¨weË ev
wb¤œwe‡Ëi †cvkvK-cwi”Q‡` Ggb Dc¯’vcbv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv wKbv `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q
d¨vk‡bi wfwË n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|18
ïay d¨vkb w`‡q bq KL‡bv KL‡bv wbg©vZv‡K wPËvKl©K PwiÎvq‡Y wbcyY msjv‡ci
eënvi Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| †P․Km msjvc wbg©v‡Y M‡`ï m‡½ Kve¨gqZv‡K Ry‡o w`‡q
`k©K‡K AbycÖvwYZ ev cÖ‡Yvw`Z Kivi †K․kj Lye weij bq| Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZvi `k©K‡K
gy» Kivi GB †K․kj m¤ú‡K© axgvb `vk¸‡ßi AwfÁZv G‡ÿ‡Î ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wZwb e‡jb
Pjw”P‡Îi wPÎcÖwZgv Avi KweZvi evKcÖwZgv `yBB B‡gR, fwel¨‡Z †`Lv hv‡e GB `yB B‡g‡Ri
g‡a¨ GK cÖKvi cÖwZZzjbv UvbvI m¤¢e, Zey weï× KweZvq Pjw”P‡Îi `vex †g‡U bv| KweZvi
g‡Zv wm‡bgviI GKUv cÖavb •ewkó¨ wjwiK| cÖK…wZi Zxeª A_P gy»Ki Dcw¯’wZ Ges B‡gR I
Abyf~wZi g~jZ e¨w³MZ I weg~Z© cÖKvkfw½i ga¨ w`‡q wm‡bgvq GB Kveïm wbtm„Z nq|19
g~j †jL‡Ki gZv`k© A_ev bZzb Av‡ivwcZ gZv`k©‡K Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q Dc¯’vcbvI GK
ai‡bi iƒcvšÍi †K․kj| KL‡bv mvwn‡Z¨ ewY©Z msjv‡ci cÖwZwU kã a‡i a‡iB iƒcvšÍ‡i
eënvi Kiv nq| Avevi KL‡bv bqv gZv`k© †K․k‡j Dc¯’vwcZ nq| e¨w³ wbi‡cÿ
†jLK‡K KL‡bv Dcb¨v‡m PwiÎ wn‡m‡e bv Luy‡R cvIqv †M‡jI, Pjw”P‡Î GB Ck^‡ii
me©Rbxb Pwi‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ wfbœfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| Pjw”PÎw¯’Z †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi msjv‡ci ga¨
w`‡q A_ev cÖ_g cyiy‡l •be©¨w³K K‡É my¯î eY©bvq (voice over naration) Pjw”PÎ
wbg©vZvi fvl¨ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i|
mvwn‡Zï we‡klZ Dcb¨v‡mi e„nr K‡je‡i PwiÎ wPÎ‡Yi mgq Jcb¨vwmK mKj Pwi‡Îi
e„Ëxq Dc¯’vcbvq mÿg n‡jI iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq wbg©vZvi c‡ÿ Zv m¤¢e bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
mxwgZ mg‡qi Dc¯’vcbvq Pjw”P‡Î mKj PwiÎ‡K c~Y©v½ i³-gvs‡mi gvbyl wn‡m‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK PwiÎ‡KB Pjw”P‡Î GK‡`k`k©x
20
(flat) e‡j g‡b nq| hwÌ wbg©vZv `k©‡Ki iæwP-wePv‡i Ggbfv‡e Gme GK‡`k`kx©
PwiÎ wbg©vY K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡Z Pjw”P‡Î Zv‡ì ¯^í Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖkœ D”PwKZ bv nq|
†QvUM‡íi Pjw”PÎvqY
†QvUM‡íi cwimxgv Pjw”P‡Îi cwimxgvi †P‡q †QvU n‡j ¯^fveZB †mLv‡b Av‡iv NUbv hy³
K‡i Zv‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ mxgvq wb‡q Avm‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î g~j mvwnZ¨ Dr‡mi KvVv‡gv‡Z ev
cø‡U A‡bK AbyKvVv‡gv (sub plot) hy³ nq| AbyKvVv‡gv‡Z ¯^fveZB m„wRZ n‡Z cv‡i
bZzb bZzb `„k¨ Ges be PwiÎmg~n| Z‡e †QvUM‡íi cwimxgv Ges Pjw”P‡Îi cwimxgvi
g‡a¨ we¯Íi dvivK _v‡K weavq †QvUMí †_‡K wPÎbvU¨ •Zwi Lye mnR nq bv| G m¤ú‡K©
M‡R›`ªKzgvi wg‡Îi AwfÁZv ¯§iYxq| wZwb e‡jb
†h Kvwnwb Qwei Rb¨ †e‡Q †bIqv nq cÖ_‡gB †`Lv ìKvi †mUv‡K Am¤¢e weK…Z bv K‡i...
Dc‡hvMx K‡i mvwR‡q †bIqv hvq wK bv| GKUz AvaUz cwieZ©b, A‡bKLvwb cwieR©b Ges
nq‡Zv wKQz cwiea©b bv Ki‡j †Kv‡bv KvwnwbB wPÎbv‡U¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq bv| hw` g‡bi
g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q †bIqvi c‡ÿ `yj©•N¨ †Kv‡bv evav _v‡K Zvn‡j †m Kvwnwb‡K ZrÿYvr
cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|21
KweZvi Pjw”PÎvqY
mvwnwZ¨K Drm wn‡m‡e KweZv‡K Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvšÍ‡ii welqwU Lye wbqwgZ †Kv‡bv PP©v bq|
Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí ev bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ †hgb GKwU Mí, M‡íi KvVv‡gv (plot), PwiÎ,
msjvc, eY©bv Ges NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi AšÍiv‡j Ø›Ø I wµqvi MwZkxjZv †`Lv hvq KweZvq
wVK Z`ªƒc mPivPi †`Lv hvq bv| Kvwnwb-Kv‡e¨ Kvwnwb, eY©bv Ges Pwi‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ cÖej
n‡jI mvaviY-Kv‡e¨ eY©bvq Abyl‡½ wPÎK‡íi eënvi, Kwei Av‡eMxq cÖKvk I
GZ`msµvšÍ Abyfvebvmg~nB cÖej n‡q †`Lv †`q| †mKvi‡Y ÔKweZvÕ †_‡K wPÎbvU¨ •Zwi
GKwU `yiƒn KvR|
evsjv‡`‡k Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi KweZv Aej¤^‡b cÖ_g wbwg©Z nq ¯^í‣`N©¨ Pjw”PÎ
ÔûwjqvÔ| c~Y©‣`N©¨ Pjw”P‡Îi †ÿ‡ÎI wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi KweZv Ô†bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvYÕ‡K †e‡Q
†bqv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ cuvP ¯Íe‡Ki wÎk jvB‡bi GKwU KweZv‡K AvkÖq K‡i cÖvq GKkZ
†Zi (113) wgwbU •`‡N©ï Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi welqwU mnRmva¨ wQj bv|
KweZv †_‡K wPÎbvU¨ •Zwii GB `yiƒnZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z wM‡q mswkøó Kwe Ges wPÎbvU¨
wbg©vZvi mvÿvrKvi †_‡K Gi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †g‡j| Kwei m‡½ e¨w³MZ cwiP‡qi
m~‡Î wPÎbvU¨ wbg©vZv c~e© †_‡KB DwÏó Kwei Kve¨gqZv m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ wQ‡jb| cÖvK-
cV‡bi Kvi‡Y wbg©vZv Pjw”P‡Îi wPÎbvU¨ •Zwii mgq Ô†bKveŸiÕ QvovI Kwei K…lK‡ì
Ici †jLv Ab¨vb¨ KweZv †hgb Ô†ÿZgRy‡ii Kve¨Õ, f‚wgnx‡bi Kve¨Õ, ÔPvlvf‚lvi Kve¨Õ
†_‡K Zuvi aviYv‡K cwie¨vß K‡i‡Qb|
Ô†bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvYÕ KweZvq GKRb K…lK †bKveŸi I Zvi †cÖwgKv dv‡Zgvi D‡jø‡Li
m~Î a‡iB wbg©vZv Acivci Kv‡e¨ ewY©Z K…lK‡ì RxebhvÎv‡K Gi m‡½ wgwj‡q
wb‡q‡Qb| d‡j †Kej GKwU KweZv †_‡K m~Î wb‡jI wbg©vZv Acivci KweZvi m~‡Î Zvi
wPÎbv‡Uï duvK¸‡jv c~i‡Y mg_© n‡q‡Qb|
Ôf‚wgnxb K…lKÕ‡K Ôg~jfvebvÕ (theme) wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i wbg©vZv G‡K ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×-c~e©eZx© MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U| GB †cÖÿvcU we¯Í…Z n‡q gyw³hy× Ges
gyw³hy×-DËiKvj Aewa mxgvq cwie¨vß n‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ Mí wewbg©v‡Yi mgq wbg©vZv
G‡Z hy³ K‡i‡Qb cÖK…wZ `k©b GK iƒcvšÍiev‡ì wkí`k©b‡K|22
KweZv †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Gi Drm mvwn‡ZÏ ms‡hv‡Mi m~ÎwU
†h‡nZz Lye mej bq, ZvB wPÎbvU¨ wbg©v‡Y wbg©vZv ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡jI `k©K AvMÖn
•Zwii welqwU SuzwKgy³ wQj bv| wbg©vZv Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi GB wecyj e¨‡qi SuzwK Kgv‡Z
GLv‡b miKvwi Aby`v‡bi A_©vqb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Qb|23
wb‡¤œ 1956 mvj †_‡K 2018 mv‡ji †g Aewa evsjv‡`‡k mvwnZ¨ †_‡K Pjw”PÎvwqZ
Qwemg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv| GB ZvwjKv cÖYq‡bi mgq g~jZ B›Uvi‡b‡U
cÖvß Z_¨vewji Dci wbf©i Kiv n‡q‡Q|24 evsjv‡`k Pjw”PÎ Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ik‡b wbwg©Z
Pjw”P‡Îi eQiwfwËK ZvwjKv _vK‡jI †m ZvwjKv †_‡K mvwnZ¨wfwËK Pjw”PÎ‡K
Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| GQvov wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Îi meKwUB evsjv‡`k †mÝi‡evW©
KZ…©K QvocÎ cÖvß n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡qwQj wKbv †m m¤ú‡K© K‡cv©‡ikb †_‡K †Kv‡bv Z_¨
†g‡j bv| evsjv‡`k wdj¥ AvK©vB‡f wKQz evsjv QvqvQwei Kwc _vK‡jI mvwnZ¨wfwËK
mKj Pjw”P‡Îi ZvwjKv †mLv‡b `„ó nq bv| Gme mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I GB ZvwjKv cÖYq‡bi
cÖv°v‡j B›Uvi‡bU m~‡Î cÖvß Z_¨mg~n‡K Acivci Z_¨m~Î w`‡q mZ¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 25
Zey GB ZvwjKvwU Z_¨m~ÎMZfv‡e `ye©jZvgy³ bq|
mviwY-1
µg gyw³i mvj Pjw”P‡Îi bvg mvwnZ¨ Drm (bvg/aib)
1 1956 gyL I gy‡Lvk Ave`yj ReŸvi Lvb (bvUK)
2 1959 Rv‡Mv ûqv mv‡fiv gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
3 1962 m~h©¯œvb AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (KweZv)
4 1963 avivcvZ AvgRv` †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
5 1965 RvbvRvwb Avjx gbmyi (Dcb¨vm)
6 1965 b`x I bvix ûgvq~b Kwei (Dcb¨vm)
7 1966 KvM‡Ri †b․Kv †ivgvbv AvdvR (Dcb¨vm)
8 1966 13 bs †dKz I¯ÍvMvi †jb DBwjqvg †k·wcqvi (bvUK)
9 1967 Av‡bvqviv †gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb (Dcb¨vm)
10 1967 bqbZviv gybxi †P․ayix (Kvwnwb)
11 1967 Av¸b wb‡q †Ljv •k‡jb †` (Dcb¨vm)
12 1967 Avqbv I Aewkó •mq` kvgmyj nK (Dcb¨vm)
13 1967 beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv kPxb›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß (bvUK)
14 1968 †gv‡gi Av‡jv †ivgvbv AvdvR (Dcb¨vm)
15 1969 AevwÃZ AvKei †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
16 1969 †Rvqvi fvUv •kjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
17 1969 gvqvi msmvi †ivgvbv AvdvR (Dcb¨vm)
18 1969 †e‡ì †g‡q RmxgDwÏb (bvUK)
19 1970 Avcb ci kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
20 1970 myL `ytL KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (†QvUMí)
mviwY-1 we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wbwg©Z ÔgyL I gy‡LvkÕ GB
Rbc‡ì cÖ_g evwYwR¨K Pjw”PÎ hvi wPÎbvU¨ g~jZ bvUK †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ| 1948 †_‡K
1970 Aewa wbwg©Z mvwnZ¨ †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi msL¨v wek (20)| D‡jøL¨ †h, G
mg‡q wbwg©Z GKkZ AvUvbœwU (158wU) Pjw”P‡Îi †fZi †Z‡iv kZvsk (13%) QweB
mvwn‡Zï bvbv Avw½K‡K wPÎbv‡Uï Drm wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Q| mvwnwZ¨K Drm
wn‡m‡e bvUK, KweZv, Dcb¨vm I †QvUM‡íi eënvi jÿ Kiv †M‡jI GKK Avw½K
wn‡m‡e Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZ AwaKZi wbf©ikxjZv jÿYxq| kZKiv cÂvk (50) fv‡Mi
Dc‡i wPÎbvU¨ Drm wn‡m‡e Dcb¨vm‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨ †h, GKwUgvÎ
Pjw”P‡Î we‡`wk †jL‡Ki bvUK A_©vr DBwjqvg †k·wcqv‡ii bvUK wPÎbv‡Uï Drm
wn‡m‡e eëüZ| GQvov evwK mg¯Í iƒcvšÍwiZ wPÎbvU¨B †`‡k cÖKvwkZ ¯’vbxq mvwnZ¨
Dr‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| GKK mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e †ivgvbv Avdv‡Ri Dcvb¨vm G mg‡q
†ewk Pjw”PÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm cÙv b`xi gvwS
Pjw”PÎwU ZrKvjxb GdwWwm‡Z (Pjw”PÎ Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ik‡b) wbwg©Z n‡jI Zv D`yy©fvlx
`k©K‡ì Rb¨B wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
mviwY-2
21 1973 wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg A‣ØZ gjøeg©Y (Dcb¨vm)
22 1974 gvmy` ivbv Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
23 1976 bqb gwY AvgRv` †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
24 1977 emyÜiv AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (Dcb¨vm)
25 *1978 †mvnvM iwdKz¾vgvb (Kvwnwb, wPÎbvU¨ I msjvc)
26 1978 mv‡is eD knx`yjøv Kvqmvi (Dcb¨vm)
27 1978 †Mvjvcx GLb †Uª‡b AvgRv` †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
28 1978 Wygy‡ii dyj Avkivd wmwÏKx (†QvUMí)
29 1980 Gwg‡ji †Mv‡q›`v evwnbx GwiL Kv÷bvi (Dcb¨vm)
30 1982 †è`vm kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
31 1984 ivRevox iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (Dcb¨vm)
32 1984 ÿzwaZ cvlvY iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (†QvUMí)
33 1984 P›`ªbv_ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
34 1985 iv‡gi mygwZ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
35 1985 mrfvB kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
36 1986 ïf`v kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)

37 1986 cwiYxZv kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
38 1986 PvcvWvOvi eD Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
39 1987 ivRj²x kÖxKvšÍ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
40 1988 weivR †e․ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
41 1989 wein e¨_v kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
42 1991 Avqbv wewei cvjv •mq` kvgmyj nK (Dcb¨vm)
43 1992 Ave`vi ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
44 1992 ksLbxj KvivMvi ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
45 1993 GKvË‡ii hxï kvnwiqvi Kwei (Dcb¨vm)
46 1995 Av¸‡bi cikgwY ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
47 1996 `xcy bv¤^vi Uz gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj (Dcb¨vm)
48 1996 †cvKv gvK‡oi NiemwZ †mwjbv †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
49 1997 nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW †mwjbv †nv‡mb (Dcb¨vm)
50 1997 DËi dvêybx bxnviiÄb ¸ß (Dcb¨vm)
51 1999 kÖveY †g‡Ni w`b ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
52 2000 `yB `yqvix ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
53 2000 DË‡ii †Lc kIKZ Avjx (Dcb¨vm)
54 2000 wKËb‡Lvjv †mwjg Avj `xb (bvUK)
mviwY-2 we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ¯^vaxbZv-DËiKv‡j 1971 †_‡K 2000 Aewa wbwg©Z
mvwnZ¨ †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q PyqvbœwU (54wU)-†Z †cu․‡Q‡Q|
mvwnwZ¨K Drm wn‡m‡e GB mgq bvUK I †QvUM‡íi LyeB mxwgZ eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
Z‡e GKK Avw½K wn‡m‡e Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZ AwaKZi wbf©ikxjZv jÿYxq| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨
†h, GKwUgvÎ Pjw”PÎ we‡`wk †jL‡Ki Dcb¨vm A_©vr GwiK Kv÷bv‡ii Dcb¨vm‡K
wPÎbv‡Uï Drm wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Q| GQvov evwK mg¯Í iƒcvšÍwiZ wPÎbvU¨B †`‡k
cÖKvwkZ ¯’vbxq mvwnZ¨ Dr‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| GKK mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e ûgvqyb
Avn‡g‡ì cvuPwU Dcvb¨vm G mg‡q Pjw”PÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q| GKB mg‡q kirP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b bqwU (9) Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| kirP‡›`ªi Dcb¨vm
Aej¤^‡b GZ †ewk msL¨K Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi welqwU m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡ekx fviZxq M‡elK
†R¨vwZg©q iv‡qi gšÍe¨wU LyeB †K․Z‚n‡jvÏxcK
Avgv‡ì Pjw”P‡Î e¨_©Zvi GKUv e‡ov KviY Kvwnwb wPÎbv‡U¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Kv‡R Dchy³
ÿgZvi Afve| G Afv‡ei Rb¨B Avgv‡ì weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi mv_©K iƒcvqY wP‡Î AvR Aewa
m¤¢e n‡q I‡Vwb| GKgvÎ kirP‡›`ªi `y-GKLvbv eB fv‡jv DZ‡i‡Q| KviY gyL¨Z †mB
Kvwnbx¸‡jv ùvwo‡q Av‡Q NUbvms¯’vb Ges mymsjv‡ci Ici| hvi mvgvb¨ eY©bvsk ev` w`‡q
MíwU‡K Zz‡j wb‡jB †mUv wP‡Îvc‡hvMx n‡q ùvovq| wKš‘ †hme Kvwnwb NUbv Ges PwiÎ eY©bv Avi
AšÍi we‡køl‡Y mg„×, wPÎbv‡Uï msKxY© mxgvq AvUK Ki‡Z wM‡q bvU¨Kv‡ii AÿgZv Zv‡K †g`-
g¾vnxb Ggb GK ïK‡bv KsKv‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i hvi iƒc ùvovq nvm¨Ki I cxov`vqK| G
jvÃbv †_‡K iex›`ªbv_-kir-Gi me©‡kÖô iPbv¸‡jvI †invB cvqwb|26
D‡jøL¨, ¯^vaxbZv-c~e©Kv‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi †ÿ‡Î gwnjv mvwnwZ¨‡Ki GKK cÖvavb¨

_vK‡jI ¯^vaxbZv-DËiKv‡j Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î gwnjv mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e †mwjbv
†nv‡mb G mg‡q †mB ¯’vbwU AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
mviwY-3
55 2001 jvjmvjy •mq` IqvjxDjøvn (Dcb¨vm)
56 2003 KL‡bv †gN KL‡bv e„wó iv‡eqv LvZzb (Dcb¨vm)
57 2003 P›`ªK_v ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
58 2004 `~iZ¡ ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
59 2004 kvw¯Í iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (†QvUMí)
60 2004 †g‡Ni ci †gN iv‡eqv LvZzb (Dcb¨vm)
61 2005 †g‡ni †bMvi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (†QvUMí)
62 2005 nvRvi eQi a‡i Rwni ivqnvb (Dcb¨vm)
63 2005 k¨vgj Qvqv ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
64 2006 wbišÍi ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
65 2006 bw›`Z bi‡K ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
66 2006 evOjv Avng` Qdv (Dcb¨vm)
67 2006 †LjvNi gvngy`yj nK (Dcb¨vm)
68 2006 we‡`ªvnx cÙv AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL (Dcb¨vm)
69 2006 myfv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (†QvUMí)
70 2006 KveyjxIqvjv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (†QvUMí)
71 2006 iv¶ymx KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (Dcb¨vm)
72 2007 GKRb m‡½ wQj •mq` kvgmyj nK (Dcb¨vm)
73 2007 `viæwPwb Øxc ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
74 2007 mvRNi ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
75 2008 Avgvi Av‡Q Rj ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)

76 2009 wcÖqZ‡gly ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
77 2010 AeyS eD iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (†QvUMí)
78 2010 g‡bi gvbyl mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
79 2011 Avgvi eÜz iv‡k` gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj (Dcb¨vm)
80 2011 †Mwijv •mq` kvgmyj nK (Dcb¨vm)
81 2011 gaygwZ iv‡eqv LvZzb (Dcb¨vm)
82 2012 †NUz cyÎ Kgjv ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
83 2013 †è`vm kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (Dcb¨vm)
84 2013 KvR‡ji w`b ivwÎ gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj (Dcb¨vm)
85 2013 wkLÐx K_v Avbb Rvgvb ((bvUK)
86 2014 †bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvY wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (KweZv)
87 2014 †gNgjøvi AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (†QvUMí)
88 2015 Awbj evMPxi GKw`b ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
89 2015 Awg I AvBmwµgIqvjv dwi`yi †iRv mvMi
90 2016 K…òcÿ ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (Dcb¨vm)
91 2016 wbqwZ wb‡Kvjvm ¯úvK©/wkb Rv‡nv
92 2017 AuvwL I Zvi eÜziv gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj (Dcb¨vm)
mviwY-3 we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ¯^vaxbZv-DËiKv‡j 2001 †_‡K 2018 Aewa wbwg©Z
mvwnZ¨ †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi msL¨v Pzqvbœ (54) †_‡K e„w× †c‡q weivbeŸB (92)-†Z
†cu․‡Q‡Q| mvwnwZ¨K Drm wn‡m‡e G mgq KweZv, †QvUMí I Dcb¨v‡mi eënvi jÿ Kiv
hvq| Z‡e GKK Avw½K wn‡m‡e Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZ AwaKZi wbf©ikxjZv jÿYxq| GQvov
GKwUgvÎ Pjw”P‡Î †h․_ Drm †_‡K `yRb we‡`wk †jL‡Ki Dcb¨vm A_©vr wb‡Kvjvm ¯úvK©
Ges wkb Rv‡nvi Dcb¨v‡mi Qvqvej¤^‡b wPÎbvU¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov evwK mg¯Í
iƒcvšÍwiZ wPÎbvU¨B †`‡k cÖKvwkZ ¯’vbxq mvwnZ¨-Dr‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| GKK
mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡ì Dcvb¨vm G mg‡q †ewk Pjw”PÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨
†h, evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi †ÿ‡Î iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi ev RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj
Bmjv‡gi mvwnZ¨Kg© e¨vcKfv‡e M„nxZ nqwb| we‡klZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi G‡Kev‡iB
D‡cwÿZ n‡q‡Qb|27 bRiæ‡ji †QvUMí Ges Dcb¨vm G †ÿ‡Î PwqZ n‡jI Zv msL¨vq
Lye D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bq| AvaywbKKv‡j gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK iv‡eqv LvZz‡bi mvwnZ¨Kg©B
iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ n‡q‡Q| G mg‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gwnjv Jcb¨vwm‡Ki
Dcb¨vm Pjw”P‡Îi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nqwb| mviwY-3 we‡kølY Ki‡j G K_v cÖZxqgvb nq †h,
ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡ì Dcb¨v‡mi cvVKwcÖqZvB G mg¯Í Dcb¨vm‡K Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î
Ab¨Zg cÖ‡Yv`bv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Dcb¨v‡mi AvKvkPz¤^x cvVKwcÖqZv †jLK
ûgvq~b‡K Pjw”PÎKvi ûgvq~‡b cwieZ©‡b mvnm hywM‡q‡Q|
iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi †gŠj cÖeYZv

evsjv‡`‡k wbwg©Z mvwnZ¨-wbf©i Pjw”PÎ¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †hme †g․j cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv
hvq, †h m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ mvwnZ¨ Drm †_‡K Pq‡bi cÖv°v‡j D³ mvwn‡Zï bv›`wbK g~j¨vqb †Kv‡bv
wbqvgK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj wKbv G cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv mivmwi DËi †g‡j bv|
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ZrKvjxb c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b ÔgyL I gy‡LvkÔ wbg©vYKv‡j bvU‡Ki cvÐzwjwc
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ n‡qwQj wPÎbvU¨| GB Rbc‡` evwYwR¨K Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi GwU cÖ_g
cÖqvm n‡jI cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fvi‡Zi KjKvZvq GKB mgq iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi cÖej
Dcw¯’wZ wQj| we‡klZ Dcb¨vm †_‡K Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Y mZ¨wRr iv‡qi wef‚wZf‚lY ev
iex›`ª-mvwn‡Zï AvkÖq MÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi GKwU aviv †eMevb n‡q
D‡VwQj|28 GKB mg‡q GB Rbc‡` wcwQ‡q _vKv evOvwj Rb‡Mvôxi cÖ_g Pjw”PÎ cÖqv‡m
mvwnZ¨ Aejw¤^Z n‡jI Zv KZ`~i bv›`wbK g~j¨gvb we‡ePbvq n‡qwQj †m m¤ú‡K© Z_¨
†g‡j bv| Z‡e KjKvZvq mvwnZ¨-AvkÖqx Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi ixwZi mv‡_ ZrKvjxb XvKvq
wbwg©Z D`y©fvlx ÔRv‡Mv ûqv mv‡fivÕ wbg©v‡Yi wgj jÿYxq| Z‡e cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j G
Rbc‡` Pjw”PÎ PP©v ivR‣bwZK wbqš¿Y gy³ wQj Ggb fvev hvq bv| mvwnwZ¨K gvwbK
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b ÔRv‡Mv ûqv mv‡fivÕ Pjw”PÎwU iwPZ n‡jI
GB Pjw”P‡Î KvwnwbKvi wn‡m‡e gvwb‡Ki bvg ms‡hvwRZ nqwb| G‡Z KvwnwbKvi wn‡m‡e
d‡qR Avn‡g` d‡q‡Ri bvg eëüZ nq|29 ivR‣bwZK nqivwb Gov‡Z g~j mvwnwZ¨‡Ki
bvg †Mvcb K‡i wfbœ bv‡g GB Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
cÖwZ‡ekx KjKvZvq †hgb cwðge½xq mvwnwZ¨K‡ì DrKl© mvwnZ¨ fvÐvi‡K
Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi Rb¨ Pqb Kiv n‡qwQj GB Rbc‡` wVK †Zgbfv‡e c~e©e½xq
mvwnwZ¨K‡ì †jLvmg~n‡K e¨vcKwfwË‡Z Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi Rb¨ Pqb Kiv nqwb| ga¨weË
†kÖwYi D™¢‡ei m‡½ Dcb¨vm iPbvq Z_v Gi cvVKwcÖqZvi †h †hvMm~Î KjKvZvq
jÿYxq wQj GB e‡½ Zv jÿ Kiv hvq wb| G e‡½ ga¨weË mgv‡Ri D‡b¥l wejw¤^Z
n‡q‡Q e‡j Gi mvwnZ¨ PP©vq bv›`wbK DrKl© AR©bI ZvB wejw¤^Z n‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv-
cieZx© mg‡qI be¨ ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi gvbm MV‡b †h mgq †j‡M‡Q †m mg‡qi mvwn‡Z¨ ZvB
iPbvi cÖ¯‘wZB e‡ov n‡q D‡VwQj, b›`b-we‡ePbv e‡ov n‡q I‡Vwb|
AvaywbK evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi Kvwnwbi Drm we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi Pq‡bi †cQ‡b
RbwcÖqZvi welqwUB †ewk †Pv‡L c‡o| cvVKwcÖq mvwnZ¨¸‡jvB Pjw”PÎvq‡Yi Rb¨ PwqZ
n‡q‡Q| cvVKwcÖq †jLv mn‡RB `k©KwcÖq Pjw”PÎ n‡q DV‡e GgbZi ¯^vfvweK Avkvev`B
evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi gš¿ e‡j AbywgZ nq| mv¤úªwZK AZx‡Z RbwcÖq
K_vmvwnwZ¨K ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡ì †jLv Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Pjw”PÎ¸‡jvi msL¨vwaK¨B GB
Abygv‡bi †nZz| iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎ-welqK M‡elK wµw÷b †MivM iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi
g~j welq wn‡m‡e G¸‡jvi `k©KMÖvn¨Zvi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| wewPÎ `k©‡Ki bvbv Ae¯’vb
†_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎ †bqvi welqwUB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|30
cvVKwcÖqZv‡K cÖavb we‡eP¨ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ Kivi AšÍiv‡j †h g~jZ Pjw”P‡Î
wewb‡qv‡Mi evwYwR¨K SuzwK n«v‡mi welqwU KvR K‡i‡Q Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|
ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡ì Pjw”PÎ¸‡jv eëmvmdj nIqv‡Z ïay ûgvq~b Avn‡g`B bb Ab¨vb¨
wbg©vZvI Zuvi †jLv Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbgv©Y K‡i‡Qb| †h mKj wbg©vZv ÔRbwcÖqÔ †jLv
iƒcvšÍ‡ii my‡hvM jvf K‡ibwb Zuv‡ì A‡bK‡KB wewb‡qvM SuzwK n«v‡m weKí c_
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|
iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”P‡Îi g‡a¨ GKvwaK msL¨vq Aby`vbcÖvß Pjw”P‡Îi †`Lv †g‡j| ivR‣bwZK
†hvMm~Î‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A‡bK wbg©vZv miKvwi Aby`vb jvf K‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi SuzwK
Kgv‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb| Ô†bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvYÔmn A‡bK iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎB miKvwi
Aby`v‡b wbwg©Z| wewb‡qv‡Mi SuzwK Gov‡bvi Aci jÿYxq †K․kjwU n‡”Q †emiKvwi
ch©v‡q cÖ‡hvRK wbwðZ Kiv| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj
ÔP¨v‡bj AvBÕ- Gi A_©vq‡b G ai‡bi iƒcvšÍwiZ Pjw”PÎ •Zwi n‡q‡Q| GB ixwZ‡Z
•ZwiK…Z Pjw”PÎ¸‡jv †cÖÿvM„‡n mdj bv n‡jI †Uwjwfkb m¤úªPv‡ii ¯^Z¡ †_‡K
wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© †dir †c‡Z wbg©vZv mg_© nb|
RbwcÖqZv A_ev Avw_©K Aby`vb ev wUwf m¤úªPv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q SuzwK n«v‡mi GB cÖeYZv
m¤úªwZK mg‡q mvwnZ¨ DrmRvZ Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Y cÖmvi NU‡jI Gi wkígv‡bi •bcyY¨
me©`v iwÿZ n‡Z †`Lv hvqwb| `k©‡Ki Pvwn`v cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY Ki‡j Zv
†h bv›`wbK bv-I n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i G m¤ú‡K© fviZxq Pjw”PÎ Kgx© †R¨vwZ©gq iv‡qi
gšÍe¨wU ¯§Z©e¨
demand and supply- Gi ¯’‚j m~ÎUv †Kej gvÎ cY¨ `ª‡eï †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| wkí Ges eyw×i †ÿ‡Î
G‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Dj‡U| †mLv‡b supply Abyhvqx M‡o I‡V RvwZi demand| G K_v wVK,
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1 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/171125 (accessed on the 20th April 2018)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arroseur_Arros%C3%A9 (accessed on the 20th April
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2 McFarlane, Brian: Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation, Oxford
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3 https://www.copyrightlaws.com/moral-rights-in-u-s-copyright-law/ (accessed on the 1st

May 2018)
4 Sinyard, Neil, Fliming Literature The Art of Screen Adaption, Routledge, London, 2013
5 axgvb `vk¸ß: ÔwPÎbv‡Uï Dcv`vb I ixwZ: Abycg nvqvZ (m¤úvw`Z)Õ wPÎbvU¨Kjv, evsjv‡`k wek^we`¨vjq
gÄyix Kwgkb, XvKv, 2010, c„ôv 17-18
6 my‡ikP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z): Q›`v PµeZx©, (Abyw`Z) fiZ bvU¨kv¯¿, LÐ 1, 2, 3 Ges 4
7 Stephenson, Ralph & Phelps, Guy : The Cinema As Art, Penguin Books Ltd, London,
1989
8 mZ¨wRr ivq, Ôev¯Í‡ei c‡_ Pjw”PÎÕ, †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v 1934-54,
cÖwZfvm, KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 19-23
9 cÖv¸³
10 Langford, Barry: Film Genre Hollywood and Beyond, Edinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 2005
11 McDonald, Keiko I.: From Book to Screen Modern Japanese Literature in Film, An East
Gate Book, New York, 2000 p.31
12 mvRy Avn‡g`, Avwi‡di Pjw”PÎ ÔKvVMovq kirP›`ªÕ; •`wbK RbKÉ, 22†k GwcÖj 2018
13 McDonald, Keiko I. ; From Book to Screen Modern Japanese Literature in Film, An East
Gate Book, New York, 2000 p-31
14 Iqvwn` myRb, kÖ×vÄwj Ôb`x I bvixÕi mv‡`K Lvb, mvßvwnK KvMR- mv¤úªwZK †`k-Kvj, 26 †g 2016
http://shampratikdeshkal.com/back-page/2016/05/27/3030 (accessed on the 13th April 2018)
15 b›``yjvj ivq †P․ayix, ÔRvZxq Rxe‡b QvqvQwei `vbÕ, †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v
1934-54, cÖwZfvm, KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 37-38
16 Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ÔQvqvQwei MíÕ, †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v 1934-54,
cÖwZfvm, KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 42-45
17 cÖv¸³
18 McDonald, Keiko I. ; op.cit. p.38
19 axgvb `vk¸ß, ÔwPÎbv‡Uï Dcv`vb I ixwZÕ; Abycg nvqvZ (m¤úvw`Z) wPÎbvU¨Kjv, evsjv‡`k wek^we`¨vjq
gÄyix Kwgkb, XvKv, 2010, c„ôv 17
20 Axelrod, M. (1996). Once Upon a Time in Hollywood; or, the Commodification of Form
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21 M‡R›`ªKzgvi wgÎ, ÔwPÎbvU¨ iPbvÕ; †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v 1934-54, cÖwZfvm,
KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 69-70
22 gvmy`cw_K, (cwiPvjK) Pjw”PÎ- Ô†bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvYÕ (2014), Gi mvÿrKv‡i (04-05-2018, XvKv) cÖvß
Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z
23 Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y, Ô†bKveŸ‡ii gnvcÖqvY (KweZv)Õ Gi mvÿrKv‡i (04-05-2018, XvKv) cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z
24 Avãyjøvn Avj Kvwd, K¨v‡givi †j‡Ý e›`x mvwnZ¨, wewW †kvweR, 6 gvP© 2018 ; ÷vd wi‡cvU©vi,Pjw”P‡Î
iex›`ªbv_, •`wbK gvbe Rwgb, 5B †g 2018 ; Pjw”P‡Î ûgvq~b, ûgvq~‡bi Pjw”PÎ-
http://www.deshebideshe.com/home/printnews/7821(accessed on the 14th April 2018)
25 bvwej Abym~h©, Pjw”P‡Î b`xi ivRZ¡ I nvj`v, 30 b‡f¤î 2017 cÖKvwkZ
http://icetoday.net/2017/11/film-on-river/(accessed on the 14th April 2018) ; iv¾vK AwfbxZ
Pjw”P‡Îi ZvwjKv, DBwKwcwWqv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z (PwqZ 16B GwcÖj 2018) ; bvwej Abym~h©, mvwnZ¨
†_‡K Pjw”PÎ: mv`v-Kv‡jvi evQvB mvZ, 27‡k †m‡Þ¤î 2017 cÖKvwkZ
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†_‡K Pjw”PÎ: m¤ú~Y© iwOb mvZ, 27‡k †m‡Þ¤î 2017 cÖKvwkZ http://icetoday.net/2017/11/film-on-
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26 †R¨vwZ©gq ivq, ÔAvaywbK Kvj I wPÎK_vÕ, †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v 1934-54,
cÖwZfvm, KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 34
27 †jLK, wm‡bgv we‡bv`b wefvM; iex›`ª mvwnZ¨ wbf©i Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Y wcwQ‡q evsjv‡`k wcÖq.Kg
28 mZ¨wRr iv‡qi Pjw”PÎ; DBwKwcwWqv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z (PwqZ 1jv †g 2018) ; iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii
m„wó-wbf©i Pjw”PÎ¸wji ZvwjKv, DBwKwcwWqv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z (PwqZ 1jv †g 2018)
29 Rv‡Mv ûqv mv‡fiv (Pjw”PÎ, 1959), DBwKwcwWqv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z (PwqZ 1jv †g 2018)
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Drama, Rowman& Littlefield Publishers, Maryland, 2008, p.3
31 †R¨vwZ©gq ivq, ÔAvaywbK Kvj I wPÎK_vÕ, †èxcÖmv` †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv fvlvq Pjw”PÎ PP©v 1934-54,
cÖwZfvm, KjKvZv, 2011, c„ôv 27
32 Iqvwn` myRb, kÖ×vÄwj Ôb`x I bvixÕi mv‡`K Lvb, mvßvwnK KvMR- mv¤úªwZK †`k-Kvj, 26 †g 2016
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34 cÖ¸³, c„ôv 296
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Linda Williams (edited), Viewing Positions Ways of Seeing Film, Rutgers University
Press, New Jersey, 1994, p.136

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