Good day Grade 10 students.

I am MR. Neil Trezley S. Balajadia

I am your Math teacher.

If you have some questions and inquiries, you can contact me in Cellphone
number. (09098302571) or you can send me a message in my messenger account.
(Neil Trezley Sunico).

This module has the particular parts as prompted by the following icon.
What this module is about – This icon will tell you the overview of the
unit topic

How I will learn from this module – This icon will guide you how to use
this module

What I am expected to learn – This icon will basically tell you the
objectives of the lesson.

Let us learn together- This icon will equip you through the discussion of
various topics

What I will do - This icon you will have activities that will help you
discover the lesson or improve knowledge about the unit topic

How far I have gone – This icon will assess you on the lesson presented

Let us wind up – This icon will measure how much did learn from the
lesson

Summative Test – This icon will tell measure you how much did you learn
in the topic

Let’s apply it to life – This gives the applications of the learning concepts
in real-life situation as students of Matutum View Academy

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Unit 6: Probability and Statistics

Proverbs 16:33 ESV

The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is
from the Lord.

What this module is about

In this age of information technology, it is important to know how raw data are processed and
translated into useful information. Because of society’s ever-increasing need for information
technology, education should develop in students an understanding of the concepts and processes
of statistics. This should include collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data for
decision making and predictions. The solution to these statistical problems needs the application
of mathematics. Thus, these activities offer rich opportunities for mathematical inquiry, as well.
Statistics is important to other disciplines, such as the sciences and social studies. Statistics
involves the use of numbers, measurements, estimation, prediction, and problem solving. These
processes are used to substantiate the research findings in such fields.

Content Standard: In this module, you will be able to demonstrate understanding of key concepts,
uses and importance of Statistics, data collection/gathering and the different forms of data
representation, measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and probability.
Performance Standard: You will be able to collect and organize data systematically and compute
accurately measures of central tendency and variability and apply these appropriately in data
analysis and interpretation in different fields.

How to learn
from this module

Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:

1. Read and follow instruction very carefully.
2. Read the different lessons included in this module.
3. Perform all the activities, as these will help you have a better understanding of the topic
4. Finally, take the summative test at the end of the module.

God bless and have fun!

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 Lesson 6.1 Introduction to Statistics

“But the very hairs of your head are all numbered”

Matthew 16:30
What I am
expected to learn

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. explain the basic concepts, uses of Statistics
2. pose questions and problems that may be answered using Statistics

Let us learn
together

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful
information.
4 Essential Processes in Statistics
Collection – refers to the process of obtaining information.
Organization – refers to the systematic way of organizing data.
Analysis – refers to extracting relevant information from the data at hand.
Interpretation – refers to drawing of logical statements from the analyzed information.

Two major areas of statistics: Descriptive and Inferential.

Descriptive Statistics. A group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic
characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs and other descriptive measures.
Example. Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode), Measures of Position (quartile,
decile, percentile), and Measures of Dispersion/Variation (Variance and Standard Deviation).
Inferential Statistics. It aims to infer or to make interpretations by making a concluding
statement about the population based on the result derived from a data set.
Example. ANOVA, T-test, Z-test Chi-Square Test, Point and Interval Estimates, Correlation and
Regression Analysis

Some Statistical Terms

Data – a body of information or observations being considered by the researcher. When the
data is processed, information, which is the basis for decision making is produced.
Population – refers to the totality of all elements or persons for which one has an interest at a
particular time. The usual notation for population is N.
Sample – a part of a population determined by sampling procedures. It is usually denoted by n.
Variable – is used to define certain observable values or characteristics. The values of variable
are the possible observable values or characteristics of the variable. These values are the data to
be processed.

Different Ways of Classifying Data

According to Nature, According to Source, According to Arrangement
According to Nature
Quantitative Research or Numerical Data are those obtained from variables which are in the
form of numbers
Ex. Age, Height, Weight, Amount
Qualitative Research or Categorical Data are those obtained from variables which are in the
form
of categories, characteristics, names or labels
Ex. Gender, Socio-Economic Status, Civil Status

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According to Source
Primary Source are first-hand information
Ex. Data gathered from a survey, where the person who collected the data is the one using it.
Secondary Data are second-hand information
Ex. Newspapers or Journals, Economic Indicators.

According to Arrangement
Ungrouped Data are the data without any specific order or arrangement. They are referred to as
raw data.
Grouped Data are data arranged or tabulated and presented in an organized manner.

Classifications of Quantitative Data

Discrete Data are those obtained from counting process where the data are whole numbers
Ex. Household size, number of cans of sardines produced
Continuous Data are those obtained through measuring process where the data are values that
may be decimals or fractions
Ex. Inflation rate, weight in kilograms

What I
will do

Fill in the blanks. Write your answers on the blanks provided before each number. (2 points each.)
A. The following are some items in a survey questionnaire. Classify each of the items according to
nature. Write the word.
__________1. Control Number
__________2. Marital Status
__________3. Number of Children
__________4. Educational Attainment
__________5. Average gross monthly income

B.) For each statement, classify it according to what field of Statistics it belongs.
__________1. The average life expectancy at birth in the Philippines for 2014 is 72.48 years (source:
www.indexmundi.com)
__________2. Taking slimming pills will help you lose weight.
__________3. The total amount of estimated losses from typhoon Ondoy is P11B. (source:
www.rappler.com)
__________4. The studies show that gender is related to excellence in Mathematics. (For example, if
you are a boy, you excel in Mathematics)
__________5. In 2016, the government projects that some 1.2 to 1.6 million students will enter
Senior High School.

C.) Determine whether the statement according to nature.

__________1. In the Philippines, most of the high school graduates took education as a course.
__________2. The minimum wage of a contractual employee in the Philippines is P13,000.00
__________3. It took one hour for Daisy to arrive to her work from her house.
__________4. The children in the daycare center were classified into infant, toddler, and preschool.
__________5. Jamie wants to know the marital status of the faculty members in a large university.

D.) Classify each variable according to measurement.

__________1. The lifetime of a calculator battery is 10 years.
__________2. A hamburgerstand solds 50 to 100 cheeseburgers near the campus each day.
__________3. A Philippine Tarsier weighs between 2.8 and 5.8 ounces.
__________4. It takes Ms. Perez 1 hour to drive from her home to work.
__________5. It took 30 minutes for Mikka to answer a mathematics word problem.

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 Lesson 6.2 Frequency Distribution Table

“Let all things be done decently and in order”

1 corinthians 14:40

What I am
expected to learn

In this lesson, you will be able to:

Organize data in a frequency distribution table according to some systematic considerations

Let us learn
together

Frequency Distribution Table

In statistics, numerical information may be treated as ungrouped or grouped data. In both
cases, tabular presentation is very important. This tabular presentation of data is called frequency
distribution table.
Consider the midyear test scores of 45 students in Mathematics IV

Steps in constructing frequency distribution table.

1. Range. Range = Highest Score – Lowest Score. The range = 40 – 19 = 21.
2. Class Interval. Class is a grouping or category. Statisticians said that the ideal number of
classes is between 5 to 15. For the given data, let us assume that the desired number of
classes is 7.
3. Class Size (i). Size of each class intervals. (Round it to the nearest integer.)
Range 21
i= = =3
Class Interval 7
4. Determine the classes starting with the lowest class. The lowest score is 19. The lowest class is 19
to 19 + (3 – 1) or 19 to 21. This is written as 19 – 21. In the class 19 – 21, 19 is the lower
limit and
21 is the upper limit. The next class is 22 to 22 + (3 – 1) or 22 – 24. The other classes are formed in
the same manner. Thus, the other classes are 25 – 27, 28 – 30, 31 – 33, 34 – 36, 37 – 39, and 40 – 42.
The highest class should contain the highest score. Note that the constructed number of classes (8)
is one more than the desired number of classes (7). This is allowed to accommodate all scores.
5. Determine the class frequency (f) for each class by counting the tally. The column for tally is
optional.

Midyear Test of 45 Students in Mathematics IV

Class Tally Frequency
19 – 21 IIII - I 6
22 – 24 IIII 5
25 – 27 IIII – IIII – IIII 15
28 – 30 IIII – IIII – IIII 14
31 – 33 II 2
34 – 36 II 2
37 – 39 0
40 – 42 I 1

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The following numerical values are relevant in dealing with frequency distribution:
1. Class Mark. It is the middle value in a class. In the class 25 – 27, the class mark is
25+27
=26
2
2. Class Boundaries. They are often described as the true limits because these are more
precise expressions of class limits. The lower boundary of a class is 0.5 less than its lower
limit. The upper boundary is 0.5 more than its upper limit.
In the class 25 – 27, the lower boundary is
25 – 0.5 = 24.5
and the upper boundary is
27 – 0.5 = 27.5
3. Cumulative Frequency. There are two kinds of cumulative frequency for a class. The less
than (¿) of a class is found by adding the frequency of the smallest class interval up to the
largest class interval.
In the example, the less than cumulative frequency of the class 28 – 30 is
6 + 5 + 15 + 14 = 40.
The greater than (¿) of a class is found by adding the frequency of the largest class interval
up to the smallest class interval. In the example, the less than cumulative frequency of the
class 28 – 30 is
1+ 0 + 2 + 2 + 14 = 19.
The table below indicates the numerical values related to the frequency distribution.

Midyear Test of 45 Students in Mathematics IV

Midyear Test of 45 Students in Mathematics IV
Class f C.M. L.L. U.L. L.B. U.B. <C. f . >C. f .
19 – 21 6 20 19 21 18.5 21.5 6 45
22 – 24 5 23 22 24 21.5 24.5 11 39
25 – 27 15 26 25 27 24.5 27.5 26 34
28 – 30 14 29 28 30 27.5 30.5 40 19
31 – 33 2 32 31 33 30.5 33.5 42 5
34 – 36 2 35 34 36 33.5 36.5 44 3
37 – 39 0 38 37 39 36.5 39.5 44 1
40 – 42 1 41 40 42 39.5 42.5 45 1

What I
will do

Scores of Grade 10 students in Science Test

A. Construct a frequency distribution table with 7 classes.

Scores of Grade 10 students in Science Test
Class f C.M. L.L. U.L. L.B. U.B. <C. f . >C. f .
12 – 20
21 - 29
30 – 38
39 – 47
48 – 56

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 57 – 65
66 – 74
75 – 84

B. Use the table above to answer the following questions. Write the answer on blanks provided
after each question. (2 points each)
1. What is the lower boundary of the highest class? ________________
2. What is the upper limit of the lowest class? ________________
3. What is the class mark of the class with the highest frequency? ________________
4. What is the less than cumulative frequency for 30 – 38? ________________
5. What is the greater than cumulative frequency for 48 – 56? ________________
6. What is the total frequency? ________________
7. What is the interval? ________________
Lesson 6.3 Measures of Central Tendencies

“WHEN OUR LIVES BECOME God – centered, his will becomes our heartbeat and begins to align
with our deepest desires”
Kasey Van Norman

What I am
expected to learn

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. find the mean, median, and mode of grouped data
2. describe the data using information from the mean, median, and mode

Let us learn
together

A Measures of Central Tendency is a statistic that serves as a representative of the data. A

measure of central tendency is a quantitative representation of the set of data under investigation.
This statistic
Mean tends
of Grouped Datato lie within the center of the set of data. The three measures of central
tendency are the
The mean mean, median,
or arithmetic averageand
is thethe mode.
most important, the most useful and the most widely used measure of
central tendency.
It is the summation of the product of frequency (f) and the class mark (x) divided by the total frequency.

meangrouped data=
∑ fx
∑f

Solution.
meangrouped data=
∑ fx = 503 =20.12
Example.
Driving Number of Class Mark Lower Less than ∑ f 25
Times Teachers (f) (x) fx boundary CF
1 9 3 5 15 0.5 3
10 18 10 14 140 9.5 13
19 27 6 23 138 18.5 19
28 36 4 32 128 27.5 23
37 45 2 41 82 36.5 25
25 503

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 Median of Grouped Data
The median is the middle number in a sorted, ascending or descending, list of numbers and can be more
descriptive of that data set than the average.
The median of a data set can be solved using the formula:
n
median grouped data= LBq +

where:
2
fq
2 [
−( ¿ c f b )
i
2

LBq =lower boundary of the median class

]
2

n=total frequency
¿ c f b =less thancumulative frequency BEFORE themedian class
f q =frequency of the median class
2

Example.
Driving Number of Class Mark Lower Less than How to locate the Median Class
Times Teachers (f) (x) fx boundary CF 1. Divide the total frequency by 2.
1 9 3 5 15 0.5 3 25
10 18 10 14 140 9.5 13 ( 2
=12.5)
19 27 6 23 138 18.5 19 2. Locate the quotient in the “less than
cumulative frequency. (The next larger
28 36 4 32 128 27.5 23
number = 13)
37 45 2 41 82 36.5 25 3. Median Class = 10 - 18
25 503
Solution.
LBq =9.5
2
n=25 ¿ c f b =3 f q =10
2
i=9

n 25
median grouped data= LBq +
2
2
[
−( ¿ c f b )
fq
i =9.5+
2

Therefore, 50% of the data is below/above 18.05.

] [ ]
2
−3
10
( 9 )=18.05

Mode of Grouped Data

The mode of a data set is the value/s that appears most often.
The median of a data set can be solved using the formula:

D1
mode grouped data=LB MoC +
D 1+ D 2 [
(i)
]
Where L B MoC =lower boundary of themodal class
D 1=difference of the frequency of the modal class∧the frequency of the class before
D2=difference of the frequency of the modal class∧the frequency of the class after

Example.
How to locate the Modal Class
Driving Number of Class Mark Lower Less than The class with the highest frequency is the
Times Teachers (f) (x) fx boundary CF modal class (10 – 18)
1 9 3 5 15 0.5 3
10 18 10 14 140 9.5 13
19 27 6 23 138 18.5 19
28 36 4 32 128 27.5 23
37 45 2 41 82 36.5 25
25 503

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Solution.
LB MoC =9.5 n=25 D1=13−3=10 D2=10−6=4 i=9

D1 10
mode grouped data=LB MoC +
[ ]
D 1+ D 2 [
( i )=9.5+
10+ 4]( 9 )=15.93 ≈ 14

Therefore, the most frequency occurring data is 14.

What I
will do

Solve. (5 points each)

Find the following.

1. Mean = 2. Median = 3. Mode =

How far I
have gone

A. Introduction to Statistics
Fill in the blanks. (2 points each)
________________1. It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of data.
________________2. It is one of the essential processes of statistics that talks about how relevant data
is gathered.
________________3. It is an essential process of statistics wherein data is presented in a tabular or
graphical manner.
________________4. It is an essential process in statistics where data is being analyzed using different
statistical test.
________________5. It is an essential process in statistics where the data that is being analyzed is
interpreted and reported in an organized manner.
________________6. It is a group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic
characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs and other descriptive measures.
________________7. It aims to infer or to make interpretations by making a concluding statement
about the population based on the result derived from a data set.
________________8. It is a body of information or observations being considered by the researcher.
________________9. A type of data obtained from variables which are in the form of numbers.
________________10. A type of data arranged or tabulated and presented in an organized manner.

Page 9 of 11
 Summative
B. Frequency Distribution Table
Test
Scores of Students in Mathematics IV Prelim Exams
Scores Number of Fill in the blanks. (2 points each)
Students ________1. What is the lowest class?
18 – 20 6 ________2. What is the highest frequency?
21 – 23 8 ________3. What is the lower limit of the highest class?
24 – 26 15 ________4. What is the upper limit of the lowest class?
27 – 29 10 ________5. What is the less than CF of the class with the highest
30 – 32 7 frequency?
33 – 35 3

C. Measures of Central Tendency

Scores Number of Solve the following. (5 points each)
Students Mean = Mode =
18 – 20 6
21 – 23 8
24 – 26 15
27 – 29 10 Median =
30 – 32 7
33 – 35 3
Let us
wind up

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information.
4 Essential Processes in Statistics
Collection – refers to the process of obtaining relevant information.
Organization – refers to the systematic way of organizing data.
Analysis – refers to extracting relevant information from the data at hand.
Interpretation – refers to drawing of logical statements from the analyzed information.

Two major areas of statistics: Descriptive and Inferential.

Descriptive Statistics. A group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic
characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs and other descriptive measures.
Inferential Statistics. It aims to infer or to make interpretations by making a concluding statement
about the population based on the result derived from a data set.

Some Statistical Terms

Data – a body of information or observations being considered by the researcher. When the data is
processed, information, which is the basis for decision making is produced.
Population – refers to the totality of all elements or persons for which one has an interest at a
particular time. The usual notation for population is N.
Sample – a part of a population determined by sampling procedures. It is usually denoted by n.
Variable – is used to define certain observable values or characteristics. The values of variable are the
possible observable values or characteristics of the variable. These values are the data to be processed.

Different Ways of Classifying Data

According to Nature According to Arrangement
Quantitative Research or Numerical Data Ungrouped Data
Qualitative Research or Categorical Data Grouped Data
According to Source
Primary Source
Secondary Data

Measure of Central Tendencies

Mean. The mean or arithmetic average is the most important, the most useful and the most widely
used measure of central tendency.
Median. The median is the middle number in a sorted, ascending or descending, list of numbers and
can be more descriptive of that data set than the average.
Mode. The mode of a data set is the value/s that appears most often.

Page 10 of 11
True or False. Write the word True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answers on the blanks provided. (1 point each.)
1. Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with data. ________________
2. Collection refers to the process of obtaining relevant information. ________________
3. Analysis refers to drawing of logical statements from the analyzed information. ________________
4. Interpretation refers to extracting relevant information from the data at hand. ________________
5. Descriptive Statistics is a group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic
characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs and other descriptive measures.
________________
Matching Type. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before each number.
(1 point each)
_____ 1. A branch of mathematics that deals with data. a. Statistics
_____ 2. It refers to extracting relevant information from the data at b. Collection
hand.
_____ 3. It refers to drawing of logical statements from the analyzed c. Analysis
information.
_____ 4. It refers to the totality of all elements or persons for which d. Interpretation
one has an interest at a particular time.
_____ 5. The median is the middle number in a sorted, ascending or e. Inferential Statistics
descending, list of numbers and can be more descriptive of
that data set than the average.
_____ 6. It is the summation of the product of frequency (f) and the f. Descriptive Statistics
class mark (x) divided by the total frequency.
_____ 7. The mode of a data set is the value/s that appears most g. Population
often.
_____ 8. A group of statistical measurements that aims to provide h. Median
the basic characteristics of a data set through tables and
graphs and other descriptive measures.
_____ 9. It refers to drawing of logical statements from the analyzed i. Mode
information.
_____ 10. It refers to the process of obtaining relevant information. j. Mean

Let’s apply
it to life

Bible Statistics
Average Word Length In Bible
The average word length of Bible is 5.2 i.e on average they constituted of 5.2 letters/Alphabets. The average
Words per verse in Bible are 25.2. The average of Words per verse in OT is 27.6 and in NT its 22.2.
Longest Book Of Bible
Longest Book of OT and of Bible is Psalms with 150 chapters 2,461 verses. Longest book of the New
Testament is Luke with 24 Chapters and 1,151 verses.
Shortest Book Of Bible
Shortest book of the Old Testament is Obadiah with 1 chapter, 21 verses and 670 words, and of New
Testament and of Whole Bible is John 3 with 1 chapter, 13 verses and 299 words.
Middle Book Of Bible
Middle book of the Old Testament is Proverbs and of New Testament is 2 Thessalonians.
Middle Chapter Of Bible
Middle chapter of the Old Testament is Job 29 and of New Testament is Romans 13.
Longest And Shortest Verse in Bible
Longest verse in the Bible is Esther 8:9 with 90 words. Shortest verse of Old Testament is 1 Chronicles 1:25 –
” Eber, Peleg, Reu, ” and Shortest verse of New Testament and of whole Bible is John 11:35 – “Jesus wept”.

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