Exchange and transport: module 3

Dixons Sixth Form Academy 2021

Complete the work for the due date that your

teachers provide .
This is the MINIMUM that is expected; if you are
aiming high, you should be
printing off extra notes and diagrams as well as
redrafting and reformatting and creating your
own revision notes.

Unit 3 Padlet: password D6Abiology!

Surface area and volume
Calculate the surface area, volume & SA:VR of each block; an example is given.

2cm
2cm
Surface area = Volume =
1 face = 2 x 2 = 4 Length x breadth x
There are 6 height
identical faces
2cm A So 6 x 4 = 24cm2
2 x 2 x 2 = 8cm3

4cm
4cm
Surface area = Volume =

4cm
B

2cm
2cm

Surface area = Volume =

8cm

A: Surface area: volume B: Surface area: volume (SA:VR) B: Surface area: volume (SA:VR)
(SA:VR)
SA = 24
V=8
SA:VR = 24 / 8 = 3
SA: VR is 3: 1
SA:VR analysis

Since real organisms have complex shapes, imaginary cuboidal organisms have been used in this exercise.
However, the principles you will discover hold true for more complex shapes.
A: Calculate
1. The surface area
2. The volume
3. The surface area : volume ratio for 6 different cubes with sides 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10cm in length.
Show your working out in full here:

B: Summarise your results in a table of your own design below. Your table MUST contain the length the of the sides,
the surface area the volume and the surface area: volume.

C: Draw a graph. Using the x-axis to represent the length of cube, plot 3 lines on your graph:
• Surface area vs. length
• Volume vs. length
• Surface area : volume ratio vs. length
Describe the relationship of each curve below:

• Surface area vs. length

• Volume vs. length

• Surface area : volume ratio vs. length

SA:VR analysis

D: Imagine one cell at the centre of a large cuboidal organism and another cell at the centre of a small cuboidal
organism. How will diffusion to and from these cells by affected by their position?

E: An increase in size seems to be associated with both a decrease in the SA:VR and an increase in the distance
over which diffusion occurs. Explain why diffusion across a surface membrane is likely to meet the gas exchange
needs of an organism smaller than 0.5mm in diameter.

F: Would diffusion across a small organism’s cell surface membrane still be sufficient it its metabolic rate were dou-
bled? Explain your answer.

G: Now look at the imaginary organism below (each of the 8 sections measures 1cm x 1cm x 1cm):

Calculate the surface area, volume and SA:VR. Account for any differences between these values and those you
calculated for a cuboidal organism of similar volume in (E) above.
Respiratory surfaces

Name the respiratory surface in each organism:

Mammal:

Insect:

Fish:

Plant:

Describe and explain the 5 features of an efficient respiratory surface:

Complete the equation for Fick’s law:

x 3

2
1

4
Gas exchange in insects 1
Label the diagram where shown:

Explain how oxygen manages to move from the air to the muscles in an insect. Discuss each part that air passes through carefully

Explain the purpose of abdominal pumping in insects:

Gas exchange in fish 1

Label the diagrams where shown (some,

but not all, labels will be repeated on both
diagrams:
Gas exchange in fish 2

Explain the purpose of the following:

Gill rakers:

Gill arches:

Gill filaments:

Fish gills use a counter current exchange system. Use the diagrams to explain how this works.
The human respiratory system

Label the respiratory system

List the parts of the system that oxygen physically passes through, in order:
Cells of the respiratory system
Cell Where found Function

Ciliated epithelium

Squamous / pavement
epithelium

Goblet cells

Smooth muscle
Ventilation
Provide a labelled diagram to show how we breathe in and out. Annotate it to show what is happening.

What happens to? Inhalation Exhalation

External intercostals

Ribs

Diaphragm

Thorax volume

Thorax pressure
Alveoli and gas exchange
Provide a labelled diagram of the alveoli and capillaries. Annotate to describe what is happening..

Starting with the trachea, what pathway does oxygen take, into the blood?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillary

What factors affect rate of diffusion at the alveoli? How are our alveoli adapted to increase this?
Lung volumes: extra context

Normal volume / l Description (research using quality sites!)

(see graph)

IRV

TV

FRV

RV

ERV

IC

VLC

TLC
Forced expiration: extra context
What is forced expiration?
vexperiation?
How
How
is this
is this
brought
brought
about?
about?

FEV and FVC are used by healthcare professionals. What do these terms mean? What are they sued to diagnose? Use a graph
to explain.
The spirometer: extra context
Using the diagram below, and A level sources, explain what a spirometer is, how it works and what it is used for. Don’t forget
to explain how it must be set up—safely :)
Lung disease use the NHS website and UK disease charities (remember, .org, .gov, .ac.uk cut the mustard!)

Lung disease Caused by Symptoms Treatment

TB

Fibrosis

Asthma

Emphysema
Correlation & causation
For each graph, state the correlation(s)

“Correlation ≠ causation” - what does this statement mean? Research two scientific examples: one to show NO causation and one
that DOES show causation. Scientifically, what processes must happen for two variables to be causally linked?
Human digestive system

anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which faeces (waste) exits the body.
appendix - a small sac located on the cecum.
ascending colon - the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.
cecum - the first part of the large intestine; the appendix is connected to the cecum.
descending colon - the part of the large intestine that run downwards after the transverse colon and be-
fore the sigmoid colon.
duodenum - the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
oesophagus - the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
gall bladder - a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive
chemical which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
ileum - the last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins.
jejunum - the long, coiled mid-section of the small intestine; it is between the duodenum and the ileum.
liver - a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes
bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
mouth - the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes
in the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from
the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine.
rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where faeces are stored before they are excreted from the
body.
sigmoid colon - the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum.
stomach - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the oesophagus. When food enters the stomach,
it is churned in an acid bath.
transverse colon - the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen.
Digestion
Enzyme Organ made in Organ acts in Substrate Product
Carbohydrase

Protease

Lipase

Protease Organ made in Organ acts in Part of polypeptide chain Product

acts on (substrate)
Endopeptidase

Exopeptidase

Dipeptidase

Extension: What is the purpose of stomach acid (it is NOT to digest food) - ensure that you reference enzymes! What is the purpose of
enterokinase?

Describe and explain the role of bile in digestion.

The ileum: structure
Use the diagrams to fully describe the structural adaptations and functions of the mammalian ileum
The ileum: digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

In stepwise order, describe where carbohydrates are hydrolysed in the digestive system. State the enzyme, the
organ where it is made, the organs in which it acts (it may be different) and the substrate / products

Describe how glucose is absorbed into the blood using the diagram below (it should be familiar!)
The ileum: digestion and absorption of lipids

In stepwise order, describe where lipids are hydrolysed in the digestive system. State the enzyme, the organ
where it is made, the organs in which it acts (it may be different) and the substrate / products

Describe how lipids are absorbed into the blood using the diagram below
The heart

aorta - the biggest and longest artery (a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart) in the body. It
carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body.
inferior vena cava - a large vein (a blood vessel carrying blood to the heart) that carries oxygen-poor
blood to the right atrium from the lower half of the body.
left atrium - the left upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pul-
monary vein.
left ventricle - the left lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aor-
ta.
bicuspid valve - the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It prevents the back-flow of blood
from the ventricle to the atrium.
pulmonary artery - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to
the lungs.
semilunar valve - the flaps between the ventricles and the arteries.
pulmonary vein - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart.
right atrium - the right upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-poor blood from the body through
the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava.
right ventricle - the right lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery.
septum - the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart.
superior vena cava - a large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the upper parts
of the body.
tricuspid valve - the flaps between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is composed of three leaf-like
parts and prevents the back-flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.
The human circulatory system
What is the difference between a double
and single circulatory system?

What is the difference between an open

and closed circulatory system?

What is the difference between the

pulmonary and systemic circulation?

What are the features of a successful transport system?

The blood vessels
Structure and function in vessels
Arteries have a thick muscle layer because.. Arteries have a thick elastic layer because...

Arteries don’t have valves because... Arterioles have a thick muscle layer because...

Arterioles have a thinner elastic layer because... Veins have only a thin muscle layer because...

Veins have valves because... Veins have only a thin elastic layer because...

Capillaries have very thin walls because... Capillaries are highly branched because...

Capillaries are very narrow and have a narrow lumen Capillaries have spaces between the cells because...
because...
The cardiac cycle
Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle. A nice diagram will help here!
Heart valves
Stage Which valves open? Which valves closed? Why? Discuss pressure.
Cardiovascular disease 1
What does the term cardiovascular disease mean? What are main risk factors?

What is atherosclerosis and how does it form? Include a diagram to illustrate your answer
 Cardiovascular disease 2: use the NHS website and UK disease charities (remember, .org, .gov, .ac..uk)

Cause Symptoms Treatment

Aneurysm
Myocardial infarction
Stroke
Angina
Tissue fluid
What is tissue fluid and why is it necessary?

Annotate the diagram to show how it forms at the left hand side and how it is returned at the right hand side:
Haemoglobin

Describe the structure and function of haemoglobin. Use the diagrams

What is pO2? Where in the environment and in the body is it lower? Where in the environment and in the body is it higher?
Haemoglobin 2
Describe and explain the graph

Describe and explain the graph, Name the effect

Describe and explain the graph

Gas exchange in plants
Label the leaf:

Describe the brief function of each label below. Which is most important for gas exchange?
Water loss in plants

What are plants called that live in conditions where water loss is a problem?

Why is marram grass classed as a good example, despite being found on a beach?

Explain how the following features reduce water loss in plants: thick cuticle, rolled leaves, hairy leaves, pitted sto-
mata,. Include a cross section of marram grass in your answer.
Water loss in plants

What are plants called that live in conditions where water loss is a problem?

Use the sentence creator to give adaptations of leaves to prevent water loss:
Feature Consequence
Thick cuticle Traps a region of humid air (air with a high water potential)
Caused by forming needles
Rolled leaves Provides a waterproof barrier
Reduces the water potential gradient
Hairy leaves Traps a region of moving air
Reduces surface area for stomata
Stomata on pits or grooves Reduced evaporation from the leaf surface
Reduces water loss
Reduced SA:VR Traps a region of still air
Traps a region of cool air

Example: The thick cuticle reduces water loss

Transport of water in plants 1

How does water move from soil to xylem in a root? Use the terms water potential, osmosis, gradient, casparian strip,
endodermis, suberin, cell walls, cytoplasm (you may also want to use apoplast and symplast). Draw a diagram to help
explain. This is an extension topic but really useful

How does water move from cell to cell in a leaf? Use the terms water potential, osmosis, gradient, evaporation,
mesophyll cells, xylem, stomata. Draw a diagram to help explain.
Transport of water in plants 2

How does water move up the xylem towards the leaf? Use the terms cohesion, adhesion, transpiration, transpiration
pull, column, cohesion-tension. Draw a diagram to help you.

Describe and explain how the diameter of a tree trunk changes depending on the rate of transpiration

Describe and explain what happens in the xylem if a xylem vessel is broken,.
Transport of water in plants 3

Find a labelled image of a potometer and stick it in

Explain how a potometer can be used to measure water loss.

Specialised plant cells
Cell type Image(s) Adaptations

Root hair

Xylem
Vessels

Sieve tube
elements

Companion
cells
Transport of organic substances in plants 1
Term Definition

Source

Sink

Tick or cross! Leaf Root in summer Root in winter Fruit Seed Bulb in winter

Source

Sink

Why can some plant organs act as both sources and sinks?

Co-transport recap—what is happening here? Use the diagram to explain how the sucrose is being transported (note:
protons are H+!). Sugars are transported as sucrose NOT glucose
Transport of organic substances in plants 2

Annotate the diagram to explain the process of translocation

Evidence for mass flow in plants
Explain how tree girdling shows mass flow

Explain how aphids can be used to show mass flow

Explain how tracers can be used to show mass flow

Explain how Munch’s model shows mass flow. What are the limitations.
 Exam questions
Insect exchange Fish exchange

Human exchange

Human digestion

Human circulatory system

 Exam questions 2

Oxygen dissociation Tissue fluid

Plant transport: water