SKEMA JAWAPAN P2 BIOLOGY P PERCUBAAN SPM 2016

1. (a) Epithelial cell Muscle tissue (2m)

(b) - Tissue Q, muscle tissue, consists of smooth muscles cells,
- contract and relax to bring about peristalsis and churning of the stomach. (2m)
Stomach consists of epithelial and smooth muscle tissue.
-Epithelial tissue covers and protects the surface of the stomach, certain epithelial cells are
adapted to form gastric gland that secretes gastric juice to digest protein.
-Smooth muscle tissue contract and relax to cause churning of the stomach to break down protein
food. (2m)
(c) Organ (1m)
(d) (i) Protein/Milk Pepsin/rennin (2m)
(ii) - Stops salivary amylase reaction which needs an alkaline medium
- Activates pepsin/rennin
- Denatures/unravels protein molecules for protease to act on. (3m)

2. (a) X : Centromere Y : Spindle fibre (1m)

(b) -chromosomes arrange at the metaphase plate
-chromosomes attached to the spindle fibre at the centromere (2m)
(c) Drawing of anaphase with labels (2m)
(d) (i) Chiasma (1m)
(ii) – Crossing over
- exchange of DNA segments between non-sister chromatids
- new combination of genes on the maternal and paternal chromatids
- when chromatids separate during anaphase II, gametes with a variety of combinations
of genes are produced. (2m)
(e) Size and chromosomal number (2m)
(f) After meiosis II, the gametes produced contain n, n+1 and n-1 chromosomes or, 2, 3 and 1
respectively.
During fertilisation, fusion between a normal sperm with n=2 chromosomes and an ovum with
2/3/1 chromosomes will produce zygotes with 2n=4, 2n+1=5 or 2n-1=3 chromosomes
respectively. (2m)

3 (a) Nephron (1m)

(b) A afferent arteriole. B glomerulus. C efferent arteriole.
D Bowman's capsule. E proximal convoluted tubule. Henle's loop.
G distal convoluted tubule. H collecting duct. (4m)

(c) (i) Urea/uric acid/ammonium salts (1m)

(ii) Absorption of water.
Active secretion of substance P from cells lining the tubules into the filtrate. (2m)
(2m)

(iii) At A concentration of glucose is high, during ultrafiltration glucose passes into filtrate at
D.
At E, all glucose molecules are actively reabsorbed.
At G F and H, no glucose is left in the filtrate. (2m)

(d) - High blood pressure stretch and weaken blood vessels

- damage blood vessels/inflammation of glomerulus
- kidney cannot function properly (2m)

No Criteria Mark
4(a)(i) G : Oestrogen H: Progesterone 11 2
4 (a) 2
(ii)
H
1
1
G

4(b) FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) 11 2

LH (Luteinising hormone)
(c) (i) P1 : The HCG hormone stimulates ovulations// the Graafian follicle to 2
release secondary oocyte 1
P2 : Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to maintain the thickness of 1
the endometrium. 1
P3 : This enables implantation to occur.
(Max 2m)

(c)(ii) P1 : Does not stimulate growth of follicle in the ovary// Follicles do 1 2

not develop into Graafian follicles (in the ovary). 1
P2 : Primary oocyte does not develop into secondary oocyte
P3 : Does not stimulate the production of oestrogen 1

(c)(iii) P1 : Contraceptive pills contains oestrogen and progesterone. 1 2

P2 : High level of oestrogen inhibit secretion of FSH// Inhibit the 1
development of oocyte.
P3 : No ovulation occurs. 1
P4 : High level of progesterone inhibits secretion of FSH // inhibit 1
development of oocyte.
(Max 2m)

5. (a) The gene that is responsible for determining a certain characteristic is carried on the X-
chromosome. (1m)
(b) Haemophilia. (1m)
c
(c) (i) X Y, colour blind (2m)
(ii) Father’s gametes will have either XC or Y chromosomes
Mother’s gametes all have Xc chromosome.
J being a boy inherits Y chromosome from his father and Xc chromosome from the
mother, i.e. will inherit the colour blind gene from his mother who is colour blind.
(3m)
(d) 0% (1m)
(f) Mendel’s First Law states that the colour blindness characteristic is determined by a pair of
alleles, allele C - dominant allele for normal eyesight, and allele c - recessive allele for colour
blindness found on chromosome X, represented by X C and Xc respectively.
The pair of sex chromosomes segregate during meiosis and only one of each pair of sex
chromosomes is found in a single gamete.
Ova from a colour blind woman (genotype X c Xc ) have Xc , sperms of a normal man (genotype
XC Y) have XC or Y chromosome only
Fertilisation between the ovum and sperm will produce children with genotype X C Xc (girl,
carrier), and XcY (boy, colour blind)
(4m)
6.
Similarities:
S1: Height of man and length of nympha/ cockroach increase by time
S3: Both shows constant growth during adult

Difference:
Man Cockroach
Form sigmoid graph Form series of stair growth curve
The height is measured yearly The height is measured daily
Have endoskeleton Have exoskeleton
Curve has three different phase Five nymphal stages
No sudden growth Sudden growth during ecdysis
Mitosis all the time Mitosis only occurs during ecdysis
Continuous growth Discontinuous growth
One/ no zero growth rate Five/ many zero growth rate

Question 7

Num Criteria Marks

Able to explain the opening and closing of stomata 6

(a) P1: During the day, photosynthesis occurs in guard cells and produce glucose. 1
P2:Potassium ions are actively pumped from surrounding epidermal cells into
the guard cells.
P3: An accumulation of potassium ions and glucose increases the osmotic 1
pressure of guard cells
P4: Water from epidermal cells diffuse into the guard cells by osmosis. 1
P5: The guard cells become turgid and curve outward, the stomata open.
P6: Hence, water vapour diffuses out from the sub stomata air space to the 1
surrounding.
Closing of stomata 1
P7: In the dark, photosynthesis does not occur. 1
P8: Potassium ions move out of the guard cells into the epidermal cells.
P9: Osmotic pressure of guard cells decreases.
P10: Water diffuses out into the epidermal cells by osmosis.
P11: The guard cells become flaccid and curve inward 1
P12: the stomata closed. 1
1
Any 6 1
1
1

Max 6
Movement of water from soil into roots
(b) P1: Concentration of water in the cell is lower than the concentration of 1
water outside the cell.
P2: Cell sap of the root hair is hypertonic to the soil.
P3:Water diffuses into the cell sap of root hair by osmosis. 1
P4: Cell sap becomes hypotonic to the adjacent cells. 1
P5: Water diffuses into the adjacent cells by osmosis. 1
P6: Osmosis goes on until the water molecules reach the xylem vessels in the 1
roots. 1
P7: Root pressure (in the root) pushes water up the xylem.
Movement of water from the roots up the stem (xylem vessel)
P8: Cohesive force between water molecules. 1
P9: Adhesive force between water molecules and the wall of xylem vessel.
 P10: Generates capillary action which draws up water in the xylem vessel. 1
P11: Transpirational pull draws the water upwards to the leaves. 1
Movement of water molecules from the leaf to the atmosphere 1
1
P12: Water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into the air
spaces
P13:The water vapour diffuses out or evaporates in the atmosphere through
the stomata 1
P14: The water that is lost from the mesophyll cells is replaced by water in the
xylem through osmosis 1

(Any86)
1

Max 8
(c) (i) Able to explain the formation of interstitial fluid
P1: blood enters the arteriole ends of the capillary network under high 1
pressure
P2: force the blood plasma to filter out pass through the blood capillary walls 1
P3: allow water, oxygen, product of digestion, hormones to pass through
P4: except red blood cell, platelet and protein 1
P5: into the interstitial spaces 1
P6: to form interstitial fluid 1
1

6
Total 20

Total
No Marking Criteria Marks
 Inhalation
8 (a)

P1 : the frog lower the bottom level of the mouth and glottis close
1 6

P2 : increase the volume of buccal cavity / lower the

pressure in the buccal cavity. 1

P3 : air is drawn in into the buccal cavity

P4 : nostril closed, glottis opened and bottom level of mouth is

raised.
1
P5 :Air is push into the lungs.

Exhalation 1

P6 : lung muscles contract

8 (b)

1 8
P1 : (During the running), more energy is needed P2 :
more oxygen is needed (to produce energy) P3 : oxygen
1
demand/supply is not sufficient

P4 : anaerobic respiration occur / takes place

1

P5 : lactic acid is produced

1

P6 : (accumulation of) acid lactic causes muscle pain

1

P7 : (after the running), a lot oxygen is drawn in

1

P8 : oxygen is used to oxidized lactic acid (into energy, CO2

1
8 (c) P1 : The mountain climber is carrying / wearing the oxygen 1 6

supply equipments / respirator.

P2 : As the altitude increase, the atmospheric pressure

1
decrease

P3 : the partial pressure / amount of oxygen decrease as well 1

P4 : low atmospheric pressure cause less air is drawn into the

lungs

P5 : The mountain climber facing lack of oxygen (in the body)

1
P6 : Oxygen supply equipment / respirator supply enough oxygen
for the body

P7 : (It also) assists in maintaining the pressure of the lungs 1

P8 : The mountain climber also wearing thick clothes

20 marks