LANDSLIDE AND

SINKHOLE
What are landslides and sinkholes?
What causes them?
What the different types of landslide and sinkhole?
What are the precautionary and safety measures for
landslide?

DRRR | Overview of Topics

LANDSLIDE
What is landslide? Experiences of landslide?
Landslide
occurs when masses of rock, soil, or debris move down a slope
under the force of gravity
the term landslide includes a wide range or ground movement
such as rockfalls, mud and debris flows, and surface failures called
slumps, earthflows, and translational slides
can occur in a matter of seconds or over the course of weeks and
longer
What are the causes of landslide?

 Slope angle / stability

 water
 type of material
 shear stress
 shear strength
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES

SLIDES (translational or planar)

 SLUMPS (rotational)
ROCKFALLS
EARTH FLOWS
DEBRIS/ MUD FLOWS
 landslide classification based on Varnes'
(1978) system

Based on:
TYPE OF MATERIAL| Rock, Earth, Soil, Mud and Debris
TYPE OF MOVEMENT | Fall, Topple, Slide, Spread, Flow
Varne’s Classification of Slope Movement
Type of Movement
Type of Movement
Varne’s Classification of Slope Movement
Varne’s Classification of Slope Movement
Complex
Landslide
SIGNS
STRUCTURES:

 Newly cracked pavement, foundation, support walls, sidewalks

 Tilted or cracked chimney
 Doors or windows that stick or jam for the first time
 Outside walls, walkways, or stairs start pulling away from the house
 Soil moves away from the foundation
 Plumbing or gas lines develop leaks
PROPERTY:
Bulging ground at base of slope
Leaning fence posts or retaining walls
Springs, seeps, or saturated soil in areas that have
been typically dry
Cracks in the ground
Tilted trees or utility poles
SINKHOLES

circular depressions which form through dissolution

of underlying soluble rocks or collapse of a cave’s
roof
 an area of ground that has no natural external
surface drainage--when it rains, all of the water stays
inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the
subsurface
SINKHOLES FORMATION

sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface
is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can
naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through
them
 as the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop
underground that if there is not enough support for the land
above the spaces, then a sudden collapse of the land surface
can occur
Sinkholes
Sinkholes: Karst Topography
TWO PROCESSES THAT CREATE
SINKHOLES

DISSOLUTION AND "SUFFOSION"

dissolution is the ultimate cause of all sinkholes
type of sinkhole that is created is controlled by the thickness
and type of overburden materials and the local hydrology
Dissolution
Suffosion
Types of Sinkholes
COVER-SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLES
Types of Sinkholes
COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLES
SINKHOL
E
COMMON SIGNS
1. Cracks in interior joint areas, windows or doors
2. Cracks in your exterior block or stucco
3. Windows and doors become harder to close properly
4. Depressions in your yard or the street or other yards near you
5. Deep cracks and separation of paved concrete walks and drives
6. Circular patches of wilting plants
7. Sediment in your water
8. Neighbors have had or confirmed possible sinkhole
activity
9. Observation of an actual cavity beginning to open