Rojielynne T.
Yusay Grade – 11 AQUILA
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
What I Have Learned
Activity 4
1. What are the two types of
geological hazards and
discuss each.
A landslide, also known as a
landslip, is the movement of a
mass of rock, rubble, earth, or
soil downslope (soil being a
mixture of earth and debris).
When gravitational and other
types of shear forces within a
slope surpass the shear
strength (resistance to
shearing) of the materials that
make up the slope, landslides
can occur. A number of factors
can cause shear stresses to
build up within a slope.
Oversteepening of the slope's
base, as a result of natural
erosion or excavation, and
loading of the slope, as a result
of an inflow of water, a rise in
the groundwater table, or the
buildup of material on the
slope's surface, are examples.
Short-term stresses, such as
those caused by earthquakes
and rainstorms, can also cause
landslides to activate.
Landslides can also be
triggered by processes that
reduce a slope's material's
shear strength. Frictional
strength, which is the
resistance to movement
between the slope material's
interacting constituent
particles, and cohesive
strength, which is the bonding
Quarter 2 – Module 6
2. Analyze on what are the
causes of these geological
hazards?
When gravity and other forms
of shear forces within a slope
surpass the shear strength
(resistance to shearing) of the
materials that make up the
slope, landslides can occur.
Landslides are categorized
according to the kind of
movement (slides, flows,
spreads, topples, or falls) and
the type of material they are
made of (rock, debris, or earth).
Multiple types of movement
can occur within a single
landslide, and because the
temporal and geographic
interactions of these
movements are typically
complicated, comprehensive
interpretation of both
landforms and geological
sections, or cores, is typically
required for their examination.
The displacement of material
along one or more distinct
shearing surfaces occurs in
rockslides and other forms of
slides. A translational slide
extends downward and
outward over a large flat
surface, whereas a rotating
slide extends upward and
outward along a concave-
upward collection of shear
surfaces (a slump). A
translational slide most
3. What are the impending
signs of these geological
hazards?
The following are some
warning signs of impending
landslides:
Springs, seeps, or saturated
ground in areas that have not
typically been wet before.
New cracks or unusual bulges
in the ground, street
pavements or sidewalks.
Soil moving away from
foundations.
Ancillary structures such as
decks and patios tilting and/or
moving relative to the main
house.
Tilting or cracking of concrete
floors and foundations.
Broken water lines and other
underground utilities.
Leaning telephone poles, trees,
retaining walls or fences.
Offset fence lines.
Sunken or down-dropped road
beds.
Rapid increase in creek water
levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil
between the particles, are the
two key elements that
determine shear strength. Sand
grains, for example, have a high
frictional strength but a low
cohesive strength, whereas
clays, which are made up of
small particles, have the
opposite. The spatial
distribution of a slope-forming
material's constituent particles,
referred to as the sediment
fabric, is another aspect that
influences its shear strength. If
manually disturbed or
inundated with water, some
materials having a loose, open
sediment fabric will weaken.
Increased water content
weakens sandy materials by
reducing interparticle friction,
whereas clays are weakened by
the breakdown of interparticle
cements, the hydration of clay
minerals, and the decrease of
interparticle (capillary)
tension.
A sinkhole, also known as a
sink or doline, is a geographical
depression produced when
groundwater dissolves the
underlying limestone bedrock.
It is regarded as the most
primitive karst topographic
formation. Sinkholes can range
in size and depth, and they may
be quite huge. The first is
formed by the collapse of a
cavern's ceiling, while the
second is produced by the
progressive dissolution of rock
underneath a soil layer.
Sinkholes that have collapsed
usually have steep rock edges
and may receive streams that
commonly occurs along
structural characteristics like a
bedding plane or the contact
between tough bedrock and
softer overlaying material. A
block slide occurs when the
overlaying material slides as a
single, little-deformed mass.
When a translational slide
occurs along gently sloping,
discrete shear planes in fine-
grained rocks (such as fissured
clays) and the displaced mass
is fluidized by a rise in pore
water pressure, it is known as a
mud slide. The axis of rotation
in a rotational slide is nearly
parallel to the slope's contours.
The movement at the slide's
head is mostly downhill,
revealing a steep head scarp,
while movement within the
displaced mass occurs along
internal slip planes, each of
which tends to lean rearward.
Upslope ponding of water by
such back-tilted blocks can
extend the region of instability
over time, requiring the slope
to be decreased to a very low
gradient to achieve a stable
situation.
Sinkholes are caused by these
factors:
Minerals in the rock were
dissolved by water, leaving
residue and open areas inside
the rock. (This is referred to as
"weathering.")
The dirt and residue in the
voids in the rock are washed
away by water.
Lowering groundwater levels
can cause the soft material in
rock voids to lose support,
which can lead to collapse.
Changing groundwater
content).
Sudden decrease in creek
water levels though rain is still
falling or just recently stopped.
Sticking doors and windows,
and visible open spaces
indicating jambs and frames
out of plumb.
A faint rumbling sound that
increases in volume is
noticeable as the landslide
nears.
Unusual sounds, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking
together, might indicate
moving debris.
In many cases sinkholes don't
form suddenly — they build up
slowly over many months or
years.
It’s the last stage, when the
formation of the hole or basin
is at the very surface, that's
sudden.
Here are signs that might
indicated you have a slow-
burning sinkhole on your
hands:
Fresh cracks in the foundations
of houses and buildings
run underground. The soil-
mantled sinkhole is usually
shallower than the collapsed
sinkhole and gets local
drainage; it can become
blocked with clay and retain a
tiny lake if it becomes blocked
with clay. Cenotes are
sinkholes that originated
during low sea-level periods
during the Pleistocene Epoch
and are now half-submerged.
gradients (due to removing or Cracks in interior walls
adding water to the system)
might allow loose material to Cracks in the ground outside
flush out of the voids more
quickly, causing the surface to Depressions in the ground
collapse.
Trees or fence posts that tilt or
Any alteration to the fall
hydrologic system (adding or
subtracting water) leads the Doors or windows become
system to become momentarily difficult to open or close
unstable, which can lead to
sinkholes. Rapid appearance of a hole in
the ground
Seasonal fluctuations in the
groundwater level, ground
freeze and thaw, and
precipitation extremes can all
cause sinkholes (drought vs
heavy rain).
 Rojielynne T. Yusay Grade – 11 AQUILA

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Quarter 2 – Module 6

What’s More

Activity 2

1. Color Scheme - On geologic maps, color is used to distinguish the distribution of distinct rocks
(stratigraphy, lithology), as well as other aspects. Other specialist maps that deal with
characteristics of geomorphology (physiography), structure, mineral deposits, soils, hydrology, and
bathymetry benefit from it as well.

2. Letter Symbols - The letter symbols represent the name and age of the rock units that make up a
certain location. The geologic age is denoted by the first letter. The other letters stand for the name
of the formation or the type of rock.

3. Lines on Map - The map's lines demarcate distinct rock units, or formations. The lines, according
to geologists, represent the connections between distinct geological units. Unless the contact is
confirmed to be a fault, an abrupt discontinuity indicating that something has moved there, contacts
are depicted by a fine line. A solid line is used if the contact is exposed at the surface; a dashed line
is used if the contact is covered. Fault locations are indicated by thicker lines.

4. Lines - The direction of the line created by a rock surface intersecting a horizontal plane is called
strike. On a map, the strike and dip are always perpendicular to each other. The axis of a fold is the
sharpest folding ridge or plane. The sharp angle formed by the axis of a folded rock mass with a
horizontal plane is known as plunge. A rock's strike and dip are measures of its orientation and
slope. These measures are used by geologists to map geologic features. A rock's dip is the angle
formed between the horizontal and the slope of the rock. The alignment of a horizontal line drawn
perpendicular to the dip is the strike of a rock.

5. Map Key - A map key is a table that lists all of the colors and symbols that may be found on a
map. A description of the kind of rocks and their age is written next to the color that symbolizes
them on the map, starting with the most recently formed geologic unit and progressing to the
oldest. Following the list of geologic units, there is a list of symbols, such as various sorts of lines,
followed by the strike and dip markers. Other essential information, such as the locations of fossils,
precious metal resources (such as gold, silver, and platinum, which have historically been treasured
for their beauty and rarity), and faults, can be found in a map key if necessary.
 Rojielynne T. Yusay Grade – 11 AQUILA

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Quarter 2 – Module 6

What I Have Learned

Activity 3:

The enlarged map of FS CATANICO shows several localities, including BALUBAL,

BUGO, AGUSAN, OF COURSE FS CATANICO, TABLON, and PUERTO. From the barangay
boundaries of FS CATANICO, TABLON, and PUERTO as their colors in their locations on the
map were red, and in the legend the color red denotes that the area was in high
susceptibility to landslides, it signifies those three areas were vulnerable to landslides.
Other localities, on the other hand, such as BALUBAL, BUGO, and AGUSAN, were colored
yellow on the map, indicating that they were less susceptible to landslides, as the legends
indicate.

The localities from FS CATANICO TO BUGO were near rivers, as shown by the color
blue lines in the legends, which explains why the localities from FS CATANICO TO BUGO
were prone to landslides. The fault line was visible from 124° 45'0” E to FS CATANICO, and
it is still visible from FS CATANICO to BUGO, but the most exposed part where the line of
faults intersected each other was in the localities of AGUSAN, BALUBAL, PUERTO, AND
BUGO, which simply means that these places were also vulnerable to earthquakes.

These locations, ranging from the FS CATANICO, TABLON, and PUERTO, have a high
susceptibility to landslides due to the existence of active or recent landslides, as well as
frequent and extensive stress cracks. The localities where there were several historical
landslides have steep slopes and the presence of weak rock slope materials. Localities from
BUGO to AGUSAN, on the other hand, have a low susceptibility to landslides since they have
a low and gently sloping terrain and little indications of mass movement.