Introduction to

Coal
Kimia Sumber Daya Alam Tropis

Dr. Eng. Matlal F. Alif

What is coal?
A form of rock rich in organic carbon
 Able to be burned as a source of energy
 Contains
 Organic carbon (rings and straight chains)
 Inorganic elements (Fe, Al, clay, CaCO3,
trace metals)
 Form ash
 Water
 Elemental analysis
 Bituminous: C137H97O9NS
 Anthracite: C240H90O4NS
 Coal – what is it?

• Inhomogeneous organic fuel

C 65-95% formed mainly from
Elemental Composition

H 2-7% decomposed plant matter.

O <25% • Over 1200 coals have been
classified.
S <10%
• Coalification forms different
N 1-2%
coal types:
Char 20-70%
Proximate Analysis

(Peat)
Ash 5-15% Lignite
Bituminous coal Time,Coal
Temperature
H2O 2-20% Rank
Anthracite
VM 20-45% (Graphite)
Different forms of coal

Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous

Lignite Peat
Comparing forms of coal
Carbon Heat value Use Comments
content (MBTUs / lb)
Peat <60% 8 Home Not quite coal
heating
Lignite 60-70% 4.0 - 8.3 Electrical gen. Least mature form
of coal, geologically.
May contain 70%
water
Sub- 71-77% 8.5 - 13 Electrical gen. Found mainly in
bituminous western U.S.

Bituminous 77-87% 11.0 – 15.0 Electrical Most abundant coal

gen., make in US
coke for steel
Anthracite >87% 13.0 - 15.0 Home Found mainly in
heating NEPA

Sources: http://www.ket.org/trips/coal/agsmm/agsmmtypes.html
http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/energy/assets/pdfs/cctr/outreach/Basics8-CoalCharacteristics-
Oct08.pdf
Some carbon compounds
are “volatile”
 Driven off when coal heated >950oC
(1742oF)
 Some components condense to form
oils and tars when cooled.
 More in lignite & sub-bituminous,
less in anthracite.
 Coals divided into 22 classes based
on volatiles
How is coal created?
 From special form of fossilization of
plants that lived hundreds of millions of
years ago.
 Carbon in bodies not decomposed

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/coal_rank_white_med.jpg
Geology of coal

 Coal normally produced in

horizontal bands called seams.
 Thickness can range from a few
feet to hundreds of feet.
 Overtopped by non-coal rock called
overburden
 Geological forces can cause seams
to tilt over time
 Sometimes coal becomes exposed
due to surface erosion.
Coal seams in Alaska

Coal seams in Colorado

Coal seams in Pennsylvania

http://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/mining/aml/nlmrws2011/usibelli/ZC5R1226.html

http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ci-Co/Coal.html

http://www.bucknell.edu/x17745.xml
Coal deposits worldwide

http://www.kuzka.org.tr/ContentDownload/HV3W5Boyabat_Sinop_Komur_ithalati_Analizi.pdf
Recoverable coal reserves
worldwide

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2930
JUTA TON

12

Sumber : World Coal Association, Data 2013

CADANGAN BATUBARA DUNIA

Cadangan batubara Indonesia hanya sekitar 3%

dari cadangan batubara dunia
13
 GAMBARAN TUJUAN EKSPOR BATUBARA
INDONESIA (2013)

Russia
100 Mt
Canada
Europe & S.Korea
4Mt China
102 Mt Japan
N.Americas Mediteranean
230 Mt
8Mt 220 Mt 143 Mt
35Mt 10Mt
Taiwan
India SE Asia 71 Mt
66 Mt
Columbia 122 Mt
83 Mt

S. Africa
Australia
76 Mt Indonesia 182 Mt
371 Mt

Thermal coal exports

Thermal coal imports
14
INDONESIA PEMASOK PENTING BATUBARA THERMAL
DUNIA

Source : Banpu, Deutsche Bank 2013

 2013 Pasar Batubara Thermal Dunia

Russia Potensi Pasar Ekspor Batubara

100 Mt Thermal Indonesia
Canada Europe & Potensi Pertumbuhan Permintaan
S.Korea
4Mt Mediteranean China 2007-2030 Energi Primer
N.Americas 102 Mt Japan (2035)
220 Mt 230 Mt JAPAN &
8Mt 143 Mt
10Mt EAST ASIA + 300 Mt
35Mt
Taiwan
440 MTOE
CHINA + 1,740 Mt (Japan)
India SE Asia 71 Mt
SE.Asia
66 Mt SE ASIA + 200 Mt
Columbia 122 Mt 4,060 MTOE
83 Mt INDIA + 540 Mt 1,000 MTOE
S. Africa
Indonesia 1,540 MTOE
76 Mt Australia
371 Mt 182 Mt Source : Peabody
Source :
Thermal coal exports IEA World Energy
Thermal coal imports Outlook, 2013 /
GVST
15
... Dan Asia menjadi pusat pasar pertumbuhan batubara
thermal dunia

Source : Banpu, Deutsche Bank 2013

INDONESIA: PEMAIN UTAMA
PASAR BATUBARA GLOBAL

16

Source : IEA, “Southeast Asia Energy Outlook”, World Energy Outlook Special Report 2013
KUALITAS BATUBARA INDONESIA
(Umumnya Kalori Medium dan Rendah)

Low Rank (<5100 kal/gr ADB ) Low Rank (<5100 kal/gr ADB )
Medium Rank (5100 - 6100 kal/gr ADB ) Medium Rank (5100 - 6100 kal/gr ADB )
High Rank (6100 - 7100 kal/gr ADB ) High Rank (6100 - 7100 kal/gr ADB )
Very High Rank (> 7100 kal/gr ADB ) Very High Rank (> 7100 kal/gr ADB )

17

Sumber : Per 2014 – Badan Geologi, Kementerian ESDM

SUMATERA & KALIMANTAN – CADANGAN
BATUBARA & INFRASTRUKTUR
SUMATERA + KALIMANTAN
Daerah utama cadangan & penghasil batubara

KALIMANTAN PAPUA
Aceh Selatan
18.74 bt Berau
Maloy
Riau SULAWESI
0.23 bt
Padang Jambi Balikpapan MALUKU
0.002 bt
PAPUA
SUMATRA Sumsel Adang
Bengkulu Taboneo 0.15 bt
12.66 bt
Batu Licin
Lampung
Sungai Danau

JAVA
0.01 bt

LEGEND : Major Coal Infrastructure/Logistics

EXISTING PORT/TRANSHIPMENT AREA
COAL RESERVE EXISTING PORT/TRANSHIPMENT AREA TO BE
OVERLAPPED WITH PROPOSED GOI COAL PORT
PROPOSED GOI COAL PORT
Sumber: Badan Geologi, ESDM 2013 & sumber-2 lain (DEDICATED) RAILWAY LINE
18
5
(NAVIGABLE) INLAND WATERWAYS
History of coal production
and use
 Coal mined in ancient cultures
>2600 years ago. Burned for heat.
 Used in metal-working by 300 B.C.
 Mined extensively in northern
Europe by 100 A.D. Used in
smelting iron and heating buildings.
Coal use in middle ages
 Not much use of coal between 400-
1200 A.D.
 Resurgence in early 13th Century,
especially in northern Europe and
British Isles.
 Used by metal workers and for
heat
 Use increased through 18th Century
 Replaced wood which was being
depleted.
Coal fueled the industrial
revolution
 Powered steam
generators,
locomotives, and
eventually electric
generators.
 Made industrialization
possible.
 First in British Isles
http://blogs.cas.suffolk.edu/adlane/

(18th Century), then

continental Europe
and US by 19th
Century.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20979973
Coal in 20th Century

 Production of anthracite declined following World War II

 Mines became depleted, flooded
 Other fuels replaced coal for transportation and home
heating
 In past 3-5 years natural gas replacing coal for electrical
generation.
Mining methods I
 Before 1930s, most
mining underground.
 Miners would often
follow seam, extract
with hand tools, load
small railcars by hand.
 Room and pillar mining
common.
http://www.coalcampmemories.com/miningmethods.html

 Raw coal transported

to surface, processed
and crushed in breaker
 Waste coal (culm, gob)
dumped into huge piles
http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/Lab
orConflict/OnStrike/default.cfm
Mining methods II
 Emergence of new technologies (large
steam shovels, draglines) permit surface
mining
 Remove overburden to expose coal
 Oftenresult in large pits
 Mountaintop mining in WV and KY
Worldwide consumption of
coal
Benefits of coal
 High energy density
 Abundant fuel
 Relatively inexpensive
 Employs many thousands of workers
 Often found where energy needed
 Reliable
 Easy to transport

http://cenvironment.blogspot.com/2012_04_01_archive.html
Drawbacks
 Terrestrial impacts
 Habitat destruction
 Aquatic impacts
 Abandoned mine http://republicanherald.com/polopoly_fs/

drainage
 Atmospheric impacts
 Particulates
 Sulfur
 Greenhouse gases

http://klemow.wilkes.edu/images/AMD_stream.gif
Utilizing Coal

 Steam power boats

 Generate electricity
 Liquefy into gasoline
Coal Power Plant
 54% of U.S electricity generated from
coal
 Yet, it’s the largest air polluter
 500 megawatts=1.4 million tons of
coal annually
 Coal plants require billions of gallons
of water to cool the system
 Mining pollutes water, land and air
Why Liquefaction?

 Manydifferent types of fuel like

methanol, diesel, gasoline, H2
and dimethyl ether
 Fueltrucks, planes and other
machines in where petroleum is
limited
 Methods

 Direct
 Coal + Hydrogen (H2) Linear + Ring Type
Hydrocarbons ( CxHy Catalyst )
 Indirect
 Gasification: Coal + Oxygen + Steam 􀃆
Syngas (H2 + CO)
 Syngas Conversion: H2 + CO Linear
Hydrocarbons (CxHy) or Chemicals
Direct Coal Liquefaction
Hydrogenation

 A chemical reaction that results in the

addition of hydrogen (H2)
 Usually to reduce or saturated the
organic compounds
 At high temperatures the addition of
hydrogen to hydrocarbons does not
require a catalyst
 Under 480oC the catalyst are platinum,
palladium, rhodium and ruthenium
Carbonization

 Converting organic substance

into carbon or residue by
pryolysis (heating)
 Convert coal to coal gas or tar
 Alsoused to turn biomass to
coal/ biodiesel
Indirect Coal Liquefaction
Gasification

 Combusting the substances and

reacting them with CO and H,
which forms syngas or synfuel
 Expose the coal with high heat
with a controlled amount of O2;
allows combustion
 Char reacts with CO2 and steam
to make the syngas, but some of
the CO2 is locked in char
Sulfur in coal (<10%)

Organic sulfur (40%)

Chemically bonded to the hydrocarbon matrix
in the forms of thiophene, thiopyrone, sulfides
and thiol.
Inorganic sulfur (60%)
Imbedded in the coal, as loose pyrite - FeS2
or marcasite, and calcium/iron/barium
sulfates.

Sources of sulfur in coal: Seawater sulfates,

Limestone
How the Wet Flue Gas Desulfirization
Technology Works