PAT 409

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF WIND LOADING

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PART 2: DESIGN WIND LOAD

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FACTOR INFLUENCE WIND LOADS

Basically all codes and standards included factor to

calculate the wind pressure on building.
The basic factor to calculate wind pressure to building
are depending on the buildings geographic location,
elevation, degree of exposure, relationship to nearby
structures, building height, size and shape.

There are well known as:

1.Type of terrain ground 5.Height above
2.Wind direction factor 6.Hill shape factor
3.Shielding factor 7.Aerodynamic factor
4.Dynamic Response Factor

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AN OVERVIEW OF DESIGN CODES

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 MODIFICATION ON FACTOR

From modification factors that have been highlighted

before, there are three major concern why the factor
are included:

1. Wind climate
2. Topography Condition (e.g. Hill Slope)
3. Geometry/Shape of Building

Only factor deal with climate different from one country to another
country. Other factor are almost same

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 TERRAIN HEIGHT MULTIPLIER

From the various codes of practice, the modification factor that

deal with climate is terrain height multiplier.
It is known and symbol as shown as below:

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 BASIC WIND SPEED (VS)

Definition: Maximum wind speed will occur one in

a recurrent interval year (XT)

X = wind speed , T =Year

Always T is taken as 50 year and 100 year

Vs is measured at 10 m height from ground level
Vs is use as a reference wind that will be consider
in design load to structure

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 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

According to MS 1553:2002

p = (0.5ρair) Vdes2(Cfig)(Cdyn) in Pa …(2)

where Vdes=Vsit x I

and Vsit = Vs(Md)(Mz,cat)(Ms)(Mh)

I = important factor (Table 3.2 pg 21)

Vs = Basic Wind Speed ( Table 3.1 pg 19 or map Fig 3.1 pg 20)
Md = Direction Multiplier (Md = 1)
Mz,cat = Terrain Height Multiplier ( Table 4.1 pg 23)
Ms = Shielding Multiplier (Table 4.3 pg 25)
Mh = Hill shape Multiplier ( Equations either a), b) or c) )

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FIGURE 3.1

Zone I, Vs = 33.5
m/s
Zone II, Vs = 32.5
m/s

Minimum Design Wind

Pressure 0.65 kPa
(Cl 2.4.2 pg 15)

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 Terrain Height Multiplier (Mz, cat)

Definition: multiplier than giving wind speed at variation of height

base on wind speed at reference (Vs, 10m) for different terrain
category.
Table 4.4, pg 23 MS 1553

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Terrain Height Multiplier (Mz, cat) Table 4.1

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Important factor, I (Table 3.2)

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 Design Wind Pressure, P

p = 0.613(Vs)2(Mz,cat)2(Cpe - Cpi) for structural

system

p = 0.613(Vs)2(Mz,cat)2(CpeKl - Cpi) for cladding

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AERODYNAMIC SHAPE FACTOR

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Internal Pressure Coefficient, Cpi

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External Pressure Coefficient, Cpe Windward Wall,
W
Table 5.2(a)
The external pressure coefficient, Cpe for windward wall shall be
taken as 0.8.

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External Pressure Coefficient, Cpe Leeward Wall,
L
Table 5.2(b)

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External Pressure Coefficient, Cpe Side Walls, S
Table 5.2(c)

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Table 5.3(a) For up-wind slope, U and down-wind slope,
D for α<10° and R for gable roofs

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Table 5.3(b) Up-wind slope, U, α>10°

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Table 5.3(c) Down-wind slope, D, α >10° and R for hip
roofs

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Local Pressure Factor, KI (Table 5.6)

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EXAMPLE 1

An industrial building situated at

Melaka in the terrain category 2.
Assumed that building it is made of
steel structure.
a) Find maximum wind pressure on
each surface and show in sketch
diagram.
b) If the signboard is made of
cladding element, find the maximum
pressure experienced by the
signboard.

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 EXAMPLE 2

A 10 story building with 30m height are situated at Melaka in

the terrain category 4.

i) Calculate the design wind pressure

ii) Sketch the wind action force on the building

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