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Steel Design Notes
Steel Design Notes
EULER'S CRITICAL LOAD AND STRESS Maximum Allowable compressive stress of conc. 2. Average Shearing Stress in the Web 5. Allowable Shear Stress
For Hinged-Ended Columns: On full area of a concrete support bf
fv1
a. When h/tw < 998/ Fy
fv2
Load Stress Fp = 0.35 fc' tf Allowable shear stress
Pc =
p EI
2
Fa =
p E
2
On less than the full area of a concrete support h
tw
d
Fv = 0.40 Fy
L2 (L / r) 2 tw
b. When h/tw > 998/ Fy
d
Fp = 0.35 fc' A 2 /A 1 < 0.70 fc'
Allowable shear stress
For Fixed - Ended Columns:
M
B. BENDING OF BASE PLATE Fv = Fy Cv/2.89 < 0.40 Fy
Load Stress
O
If n > m, fvave
4p EI 4p2 E If m > n,
2
Pc = Fa =
.C
L2 (L / r) 2 2
3 fp n 2 SPACING OF RIVETS OR BOLTS
t = 3 fp m t = where:
where: Fb Fb VQ1
fv1 = Q1 = Q f + Q w
M
kL/r = max. effective slenderness ratio Ib Q2 = Q f RI
S =
k = effective length factor where: VQ
VQ2
U
k = 1 for columns hinged at both sides fp = P/ A B fv2 = Ib where:
k = 0.50 fixed-fixed Fb = 0.75 Fy
R
R = shear capacity of each bolts
k = 0.70 hinged-fixed V = maximum shear of beam
2
FO
fvave = fv2 + 3
(fv1 - fv2 ) Q = statical moment area
KS
1. Maximum Web Shear Stress
3. Maximum Vert./Hor. Shear Stress - holes in beam generally will reduce its capacity. When the
m holes are located in the beam web, it reduces its shear
bf
capacity while holes in the beam flanges reduce its moment
O
tf capacity.
VQ
fvh = Ib
bf
O
0.95D tw Afn = net flange area
d Dh Dh Afg = gross flange area
FB
where: Ah = Ag - area of holes
D tw
Area of hole = (Dh)(tf)
V = maximum shear of beam Dh = db + 3 mm
Dh Dh
m Q = statical moment area db = diameter of the bolt
PD
I = moment of inertia (mm^4) tf
n 0.80B n b = base sheared
P
fp = Ap V = max. shear force
d = depth of the beam When 0.50 Fu Afn < 0.60 Fy Afg
tw = web thickness where:
Effective tension flange section:
where: q = shear flow (N/m)
P = column load (kN) 5 Fu Afn
Afe =
6 Fy
Ap = contact surface between the
base plate and conc. pedestal
Afn = Afg - area of holes
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 5/16 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 6/16
STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
C. BENDING/FLEXURAL MEMBERS 4. When Lb < Lc 2. When Lb > Lc and Lb > Lu 2. SHEARING STRESS
M
ALLOWABLE STRESSES: but should be a. f bx f by
+ < 1.0
3 Fbx Fby
83 x 10 Cb
O
A. LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS: 5. When Lb > Lu Fb = < 0.60 Fy
Lb(d/Af) b. For compact laterally supported shapes:
.C
1. Compact Sections Fb = 0.60 Fy f bx f by
+ < 1.0
where: 0.66Fy 0.60 F y
Fb = 0.66 Fy
M
137,900 Af rt = radius of gyration of a section
Lu =
Fy d comprising the compression flange plus
1/3 of the compression web about the For doubly symmetrical I and H shape members with
U
vertical axis. compact flanges continuously connected to the web and
Flange width - thickness ratio 6. When Lb > Lc and Lb < Lu bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is
2
R
bf 170 bf Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1 / M2 ) + 0.30 (M1 /M 2 ) 0.75 Fy.
<
bf Cb < 2.3
FO
2tf Fy Note: Consideration should be given to the question of
Fb = Fy ( 0.79 - 0.00076 Fy M1 = smaller end moment lateral support for the compression flange which
tw d 2tf will indicate wether compact or non-compact
M2 = bigger end moment sections.
Web depth - thickness ratio
KS
tf M1 /M2 = negative (-) for single curvature
d 1680
< B. LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS: M1 /M2 = positive (+) for double curvature TENSION WITH BENDING
tw Fy
O
1. When Lb > Lc and Lb > Lu
2. Non-compact Sections BENDING IN BOTH AXIS
O
bf 170 703000Cb < Lb < 3520000 C b Beams Bending in Both Axis
Fb = 0.6 Fy >
FB
when Fy rt Fy T T
2tf Fy (Unsymmetrical Bending)
2
1. BENDING STRESS
PD
2 - Fy ( Lb/rt ) Fy T MC
3. Partially compact Sections Fb = f = ±
3 6
10.55 x 10 Cb a. If lateral loads pass thru the centroid of the beam section A I
bf M x Cx M y Cy
fb = ±
Fb = Fy ( 0.79 - 0.00076 Fy 3 Ix Iy Members subject to both axial tension and bending shall be
T
83 x 10 Cb
2tf Fb = P proportioned at all points along their length to satisfy the
Lb(d/Af) Mx My Mx
fb = ± following equation:
SI
Sx Sy
Flange width - thickness ratio 1. BENDING IN ONE AXIS ONLY
VI
bf 170 b. If lateral loads applied at the top flange and does not
> passes thru the centroid of the beam section
2tf Fy Use biggest value of Fb but should be P
fa
+
f bx
< 1.0
Mx My Ft Fbx
Web depth - thickness ratio < 0.60 Fy fb = ±
Sx Sy /2
where:
bf 250 Mx Ft = allow. tensile stress
> fa = computed axial stress
note: fa = T/A = 0.60 Fy
2tf Fy Only one half of the section modulus about Fbx = allow. bending
fb = computed bending stress
the y-axis is considered stress
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 7/16 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 8/16
STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
M
= 0.60 Fy
R
Fbx = 0.66 Fy (for compact section) K
R
Fbx = 0.60 Fy (for non-compact section)
O
web toes dc h d
Fby = 0.75 Fy web toes of fillets 2.5K N 2.5K d
of fillets tw
.C
k
2.5K N 2.5K d tw
M
tw
K
critical
A. If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and
U
section
N + 5K 1.5
dc/tw is less than 2.30
R
N tw Fyw tf
R R = 177.2 tw² 1 + 3 L/bf
d tf tw
FO
N 2.5K
3
where: dc/tw
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam R = 46880 tw² 1 + 0.4
a. Stress at the end of the member h L/bf
web in MPa
KS
R
< 0.66 Fy B. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance
tw ( N + 2.5 K)
less than d/2 from the end of the member.
O
B. If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation
and
dc/tw
O
b. Stress at the concentrated load is less than 1.70
L/bf
d
FB
R tw
< 0.66 Fy K
tw ( N + 5 K) 3
dc/tw
R = 46880 tw² 0.4
PD
Bearing stiffeners shall be provided if the compressive stress h L/bf
at the web toe of the fillets resulting from concentrated loads R
exceeds 0.66 Fy.
N 2.5K
where:
T
toe of fillet in mm
d tf tw
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 9/16 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 10/16
STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
BEARING PLATES AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING Magnification Factor ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS USING
SECANT FORMULA
- beams maybe supported by connections to other Cm
structural members or they may rest on concrete or A. DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION AND MF = > 1.0
masonry supports such as walls. When the support is 1 - fa / Fe' Critical Column Stress
BENDING
weaker than steel, it is usually necessary to spread the
load over a larger area so as not to exceed the allowable P MC ( Bending in one axis only)
f = ± P ec
bearing stress of the weaker material. A I smax = A
1+
r²
sec q
M
Reduction Coefficient (Modification factor)
P Mx Cx My Cy ( Bending in both axis)
f = ± ± q=
L P
O
ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS OF CONCRETE WALL: A Ix Iy Cm = 0.60 - 0.40 (M 1 /M 2 ) 2r EA
.C
On full area of a concrete support Cm = 0.85 - for members whose ends are ec
= eccentricity ratio
B. NSCP SPECS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION restrained against rotation in the plane r²
Fp = 0.35 fc' of bending
AND BENDING P = total axial load
M
On less than the full area of a concrete support Cm = 1.0 - for members whose ends are
unrestrained against rotation in the r= I (radius of gyration)
U
Fp = 0.35 fc' A 2 /A 1 < 0.70 fc' plane of bending A
A. SMALL AXIAL COMPRESSION ( fa/Fa < 0.15 ) L = unsupported length of column
R
where:
M1 = smaller moment
fa fbx fby M2 = bigger moment
FO
A. MINIMUM WIDTH OF BEARING PLATE : (N)
+ + < 1.0 PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
1. Due to web yielding Fa Fbx Fby
P P P fy fy
R
KS
N = - 2.5K
0.66 Fy tw B. LARGE AXIAL COMPRESSION ( fa/Fa > 0.15 ) M2 M2 M2
fa Cm fb Cm fb
O
2. Due to web yielding + + < 1.0 fy fy
Fa (1 - fa/Fe') Fb (1 - fa/Fe') Fb
x y Section Elastic Distribution Plastic Distribution
O
of Stress of Stress
Strength interaction criterion:
FB
1.5
N tw Fyw tf Plastic Neutral Axis
R = 89.30 tw² 1 + 3 fa fbx fby
d tf tw + + < 1.0 M1 M1
- the plastic neutral axis of a section is the line that
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby divide the section into two equal areas.
P P P
PD
where: M1 = 12 M2 M1 = M2 M1 = 0 Yield Moment
Fyw = Fy if not specified Cm = 0.40 Cm = 1.0 Cm = 0.60 - moment that will just produce the yield stress in the
Amplification Factor M1/M2 is positive M1/M2 is negative outermost fiber of the section
Reversed Curvature Single Curvature My = S Fy
T
where:
B. THICKNESS OF BEARING PLATE: 1 S = section modulus
AF =
SI
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 11/16 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 12/16