CECOS UNIVERSITY OF IT & EMERGING SCIENCES, PESHAWAR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME-424 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

FINAL TERM EXAM – 8th SEMESTER (ME-2016 A&B)

Name : Muhammad Kashif

Student ID: CU-366-2016B
Submitted to: Engr M.Irfan Khan
Q 2 (a) why is air refrigeration used in aircraft air conditioning?
Ans: Air doesn't change it's phase throughout the cycle i.e., remains in gaseous
phase, therefore the heat carrying capacity per kg of air is very small as compared
to other cycle in refrigeration. So it is obsolete and only use in air flight.
Air refrigeration cycle used in aircraft because,
1. Availability of high pressure air.
2. Due to light weight and low volume of the equipment.
3. Kill two birds with one stone - at high altitude pressure falles down so it can
achieve both air-conditioning, as well as the pressurization of the cabin.
4. The weight to tonne of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to other
systems.
5. Safety-There is no danger of fire or toxic effects which can cause danger of
life onboard.
6. The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available.
7. To avoid solar radiation we need cooling inside our aircraft.
8. To overcome to a larger heat generation due occupants and equipment the
cooling is needed.
Summary, as the aircraft requires a lightweight refrigeration system with a lot of
air surrounding it (aircraft) that will act as its refrigerant thus air refrigeration
cycle acts as the best possible option.
Sometime outer temperature falls down to -50 C but still cooling is required for to
keep the cabin temperature at a comfortable level.
b)Derive an expression for the COP of reversed Brayton Cycle?
Q 3 a) 5000 CFM at 55 ℉ DB & 52℉WB of air is mixed with 1500 CFM of outside
air that is at 70℉ DB and 60℉ WB find the properties of the mixture

Answer:
To find the properties we have to use the psychometric chart and find the specific
volume for weight and dry bulb temperature of mixture as well as to join both the
mixture and find the properties at the dry bulb temperature at joining point of
both mixtures.
For total weight of mixture, convert CFM of air to pound
Weight of inside mixture = 5000/13.16 = 380 lbm/min
Weight of outside mixture = 1500/13.16 = 113.96 lbm/min
Weight of total mixture = (380 lbm/min) + (113.96 lbm/min)
Weight of mixture = 493.96 lbm/min
Dry Bulb Temperature of inside mixture = (380 lbm/min)/(493.96 lbm/min) x 55℉
= 42.3℉
Dry Bulb Temperature of outside mixture = (113.96 lbm/min)/(490.46 lbm/min) x
70℉ = 16.26℉
Dry Bulb Temperature of mixture = 42.3℉ + 16.26℉
Dry Bulb Temperature of mixture = 58.56 ℉
Properties of mixture in psychometric chart.
 Wet bulb = 52.5 F

Enthalpy=22 Btu/lb
Relative humidity=72%
Dew point =50 F
Specific volume= 13.1

Mixture Humidity ratio=54

Dry bulb = 57 F

Properties of mixture.
a) Dry Bulb temperature = T db = 57℉
b) Relative Humidity = ∅ = 72 % = 0.72.
Lb of water vapor
c) Specific humidity=Humidity ratio =ω=0.00543 .
Kg dry airLb of dry air
d) Wet Bulb Temperature = T wb = 52.5℉.
e) dew point Temperature = T dp = 50℉
Btu
f) Enthalpy = h= 22 .
Lb dry air

ft 3
Specific Volume = v = 13.1
Lb dry air
b) Determine the amount of latent heat needed to increase the temperature
of air from 50°F and 50% RH to 90°F and same RH?
Given Data:
Initial data: Dry Bulb temperature = T = 50℉
Relative Humidity = ∅ = 50 % = 0.50.
After increasing temperature.
Dry Bulb temperature = T = 90℉
 Relative Humidity = ∅ = 50 % = 0.50

MUHAMMAD KASHIF

CU-366-2016B

Final enthalpy= 38.2

Intersection enthalpy= 26.2

Inatial enthalpy= 16.3

50 F 90 F

For sensible heating = Intersection state enthalpy - Initial states enthalpy

Sensible heat = (26.2 – 16.3) Btu/(Lb dry air)
Sensible heat = 9.9Btu/(Lb dry air)
Latent heat = Final state enthalpy - Intersection state enthalpy
Latent heat = (38.2 – 26.2) Btu/(Lb dry air) .
Latent Heat = 12 Btu/(Lb dry air)

Q no 4 a) Suggest possible mold remediation techniques?

Ans: following are the techniques for mold remediation
 Learn about moisture:
 Assessing mold growth involves more than just looking at what's visibly
growing on the walls or in a corner. Mold can be an invisible intruder,
 growing behind and around what you first see. Such devious behavior
requires inquisitive thinking.
 First, understand that behind all mold growth is a water or moisture
problem. Second, become a master of moisture — know where moisture
comes from and how it gets into the home. The ultimate goal of these two
steps is for warranty representatives to identify a moisture source and use
its location to help locate all mold growth, not just, what's immediately
visible.
 Dry the surface:
 The most important part of how to remove mold is drying the surface. Take
note that moisture is the main cause of mold build-up. These fungi love the
humid, damp environment. Since you will be cleaning mold with water, the
surface will be wet for a period of time. Aim to speed up the drying process
by ventilating the area. Open doors and windows if possible and run a
dehumidifier. You can also use air movers to quickly dry the surface.

 Avoid Oversized air conditioner:

 Another side effect of an oversized air conditioner is that your house won't
be properly dehumidified. ... It takes a cycle between 20 and 30 minutes for
any unit to be able to condition and dehumidify the air. As a result, you
may notice mold growth develop on walls or ceilings.
 Visibility test:
 All areas should be visibly free of contamination and debris — no dust and
dirt means no mold.
If the mold doesn't disappear after light scrubbing, reapply the cleaning mix
and let it sit for a minute or two. Then lightly scrub again for mold
remediation

 Seal Off the Damaged Area

 Seal the room from the rest of the house.
 Cover the doorway with a barrier made of overlapping plastic sheeting and
tape it to the wall and floor.
 Cover all air ducts in the room with plastic and tape.
 Slope to prevent from water:
The place around the foundation of should slope away from the building to
ensure that water does not collect around or go under the house.
Q no 4 b) Discuss any three organic chemicals that are normally present in
household products?
Ans: following are the organic chemicals use present in house hold profudct
I. Detergent:
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties in
dilute solutions. These substances are usually alkylbenzene sulfonates, a family of
compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because
the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of
soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. The
detergent molecules also help to make the washing process more effective by
reducing the surface tension of the water

II. Bleach:
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product, which is used industrially,
and domestically to remove color from a fabric or fiber, to clean, or to remove
stains in a process called bleaching. It often refers, specifically, to a dilute solution
of sodium hypochlorite, also called "liquid bleach".
Bleaches also have other minor uses like removing mildew, killing weeds, and
increasing the longevity of cut flowers.
Bleaches work by reacting with many colored organic compounds, such as natural
pigments, and turning them into colorless ones. While most bleaches are oxidizing
agents (chemicals that can remove electrons from other molecules), some are
reducing agents (that donate electrons).

III. Disinfectant:
Disinfectants are chemical agents designed to inactivate or destroy
microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfectant does not necessarily kill all
microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than
sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of
life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such
as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and antiseptics,
which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. Disinfectants are also different
from biocides — the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just
microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or
interfering with their metabolism.
In wastewater treatment, a disinfection step with chlorine, ultra-violet (UV)
radiation or ozonation can be included as tertiary treatment to remove pathogens
from wastewater.
A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological
sterilization, without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and
noncorrosive
Q no 5 a) What is the difference between space heat gain and space cooling load?
i. Space Heat Gain
Is the rate at which heat enters into and/or is generated within the conditioned
space during a given time interval. The heating load is the amount of heat energy
that would need to be added to a space to maintain the temperature in an
acceptable range.
Heat gain is the term given to a temperature rise within a space due to heat from
the sun (solar radiation), heat from surfaces (long wave infrared radiation), heat
originating from other sources within the space (such as heating appliances,
ovens, people, mechanical systems, lights and computers) and so on. It is the heat
that is gained from such sources that changes the prevailing temperature within
the space.
Heat gain can be positive, for example providing 'free' heating to spaces on sunny
but cold days, or it can be negative, overheating spaces in the summer so that
they are uncomfortable to occupy
ii. Space Cooling Load
Is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to maintain a constant
space air temperature. The cooling load is the amount of heat energy that would
need to be removed from a space (cooling) to maintain the temperature in an
acceptable range.
Sensible heat into the space causes its air temperature to rise while latent heat is
associated with the rise of the moisture content in the space. The building design,
internal equipment, occupants, and outdoor weather conditions may affect the
cooling load in a building using different heat transfer mechanisms.