2.

Specific gravity (S) is defined as the ratio of the density (or weight density) of a fluid to the density (or
weight density) of a standard fluid. For liquids, the standard fluid is assumed as water (at 4°C), whereas
for gases it is air (at 0°C). The specific gravity is also known as relative density and it has no units. The
specific gravity of a fluid is mathematically expressed as

3. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
an adjacent layer. In other words, it is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to
flow.

The Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear stress on a fluid layer is directly proportional to the
velocity gradient or the rate of shear strain. Newton’s law of viscosity defines the relationship between
the shear stress and shear rate of a fluid subjected to a mechanical stress. The ratio of shear stress to
shear rate is a constant, for a given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or
coefficient of viscosity.

The viscosity of liquids varies greatly with temperature. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of
liquids decreases while for gases it increases. This can be explained by the fact that the property of
viscosity is due to intermolecular forces of cohesion and the momentum transfer due to exchange of
molecules between adjacent layers of fluid under shear. In liquids due to closely packed molecules, the
cohesive forces predominates the molecular momentum transfer. With increase in temperature, the
molecular cohesion decreases due to increase in distance between the molecules and as a result, the
viscosity of liquids decreases.

4. A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing but don’t have definite shape of its own Or it is a
substance which cause it to undergo a deformation continuously when subjected to external shearing
force. Various types of fluids are Ideal Fluid, Real Fluid, Newtonian Fluid, Non-Newtonian Fluid, and Ideal
Plastic Fluid. Ideal fluid are liquids which are incompressible and is having no thickness. Real Fluid are
fluids which possesses viscosity. Newtonian Fluid are real fluids in which the shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of shear strain. Non-Newtonian Fluid are real fluids in which the shear stress is
not proportional to the rate of shear strain. While Ideal Plastic Fluid are fluids in which shear stress is
more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain.

5. Surface tension is the magnitude of this force per unit length which is denoted by σ and it is usually
expressed in N/m. The cause of surface tension is due to intermolecular attraction (cohesion) between
molecules, a pulling force acts parallel to the surface.

6. module

7. Capillary is a phenomenon of rising or falling of liquid surface in a small tube compared to the
adjacent normal liquid level. The rise of liquid in tube known as capillary rise while depression of
fluid level is known as capillary fall. Capillary action is due to the phenomenon of surface
tension of liquid as well as cohesive and adhesive forces between liquid molecules and
molecules of the narrow tube. Expression is on module.

8. Capillarity is due to both cohesion (forces between like molecules) and adhesion (forces between
unlike molecules). Adhesion between glass and water molecule is greater than cohesion between water
molecules. Thus, water rises in the tube and forms a concave meniscus with very small angle of contact.
In the case of mercury (Hg), the cohesion force between the molecules is more than the adhesion force
between the mercury molecules and the glass surface. Thus, the mercury in the clean glass tube goes
down relative to the free surface in the container and forms a convex meniscus with the angle of contact
for about 130°.

9. The compressibility of a fluid is the measure of volumetric strain caused by unit change in pressure. It
is defined as the property of being reduced to a smaller space by pressure. In other words,
compressibility or coefficient of compressibility is the reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid
as the bulk modulus of elasticity (K) is the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain.

10. Surface tension behaves a bit like an elastic layer. Some insects can walk on
water because their weight is small enough so it does not break through the surface
tension. If you look carefully at the insect’s feet, you can see that the water looks as
if it is stretched.

Surface tension is why air bubbles blown into a glass of water are small and don’t
last very long. The water molecules surrounding the air bubbles attract each other,
joining together. Adding soap to the water decreases the force of the surface
tension. The surface of the soapy water is more flexible than ordinary water. When
you blow air into soapy water, the air stretches the surface. The surface tension in
this stretchy layer captures the air and pulls the soapy water into the shape of a
sphere. This is because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area for
the volume of air it contains.

11. Water is a liquid that wets glass capillary tubes; mercury is one that does
not. When wetting does not occur, capillarity does not occur.

Capillarity is the result of surface, or interfacial, forces. The rise of water in a

thin tube inserted in water is caused by forces of attraction between the
molecules of water and the glass walls and among the molecules of water
themselves. These attractive forces just balance the force of gravity of the
column of water that has risen to a characteristic height. The narrower the
bore of the capillary tube, the higher the water rises. Mercury, conversely, is
depressed to a greater degree, the narrower the bore.

12. Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles due to pressure drop. In forming the
bubbles increases the volume of fluid present in the low pressure zone, which has the
effect of increasing pressure in some places where the gas bubble condenses violently
imploding. Shocks created by the bursting bubbles destroy the walls of the organs in
contact with the fluid.

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it

changes into the gas phase. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy
to overcome the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.
The vapor pressure of water (liquid) can be defined as the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with water at a given temperature. When both vapor and water are present and the
system is in phase equilibrium, then the partial pressure of vapor must be equal to the vapor
pressure, and the system is said to be saturated. The temperature at which the vapour
pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted by the
surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid.