10-95

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with four shell passes and eight tube passes uses 3.0 kg/s of
ethylene glycol in the shell to heat 1.5 kg/s of water from 20 to 50◦C. The glycol enters at 80◦C,
and the overall heat-transfer coefficient is 900 W/m2 · ◦C. Determine the area of the heat
exchanger.
After the heat exchanger above is sized (i.e., its area determined), it is operated with a glycol
flow of only 1.5 kg/s and all other parameters the same. What would the exit water temperature
be under these conditions?

Solution

Assumptions -
1. The fluid specific heats do not vary with temperature.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4180 J/kg · ◦C

Specific heat capacity of ethylene glycol = 2474 J/kg · ◦C ( assuming an average temperature of
40◦C)

Flow rate of water = 1.5kg/s

Flow rate of ethylene glycol = 3kg/s
Water is heated from 20 to 50◦C
Since the energy remains conserved.
Heat absorbed by cold fluid = Heat given out by hot fluid

1.5 * 4180 * (50-20) = 3 * 2474 * ∆𝑇

∆𝑇= 25.3435
Using NTU method
Cwater = 1.5 * 4180 = 6270 J/s· ◦C Cglycol
Cglycol= 3*2474 = 7422 J/s· ◦C
The minimum is for water Cmin = Cwater = 6270 J/s· ◦C
Cmax = Cglycol = 7422 J/s· ◦C

C = Cmin /Cmax = 0.845

∆𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑) 50−20

ϵ=
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
-- (Eq. 10-21) ϵ=
80−20
=
0.5

No of shell pass = n = 4
From Table 10-3
𝑛
[ (1 − ϵ 𝑝
𝐶) / (1 − ϵ 𝑝
)] −1
ϵ= 𝑛 ϵ 𝑝
= Effectiveness of each shell pass
[(1−ϵ 𝑝
𝐶) / (1 − ϵ 𝑝
)] −𝐶
On rearranging
1/𝑛
[ (1− ϵ 𝐶) / (1−ϵ)] −1 [(1−0.5*0.845) / (1−0.5)]
1/4
−1
ϵ 𝑝
= 1/𝑛 ϵ 𝑝
= 1/4 ϵ 𝑝
=
[(1−ϵ𝐶) / (1−ϵ)] −𝐶 [(1−0.5*0.845)/(1−0.5)] − 0.845
0.191357

From Table 10-4,

2 1/2
2/ϵ 𝑝
− 1 −𝐶 −(1 + 𝐶 )
Np = -(1 + C2)-1/2 * ln 2 1/2 (1 + C2 )½ = (1 +
2/ϵ 𝑝
− 1−𝐶 + (1+𝐶 )
0.8452)½ = 1.3092
−1 2/0.1914 − 1− 0.845 − 1.3092
Np =
1.3092
* ln 2/0.1914 − 1 − 0.845 + 1.3092 = 0.23419
Ntotal = n * Np = 4 * 0.23419 = 0.936
𝑈𝐴 900 * 𝐴
Ntotal = = = 0.936 => A = 6.5208 m 2
𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 6270

Now, flow rate of ethylene glycol is reduced to half, so the capacity rate also become halved
7422
Cglycol =
2
= 3711 J/s· ◦C
Water flow rate remains same
Cwater = 6270 J/s· ◦C
The minimum capacity rate is for ethylene glycol
Cmin = Cglycol = 3711 J/s· ◦C Cmax = Cwater = 6270 J/s· ◦C
C = Cmin /Cmax = 3711 / 6270 = 0.59188
𝑈𝐴 900 * 6.5208
Np = = = 0.39536
𝑛𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4 * 3711
From Table 10-3,
2 1/2
1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑁 𝑝(1 + 𝐶 ) )
ϵ= 2 [1 + C + (1+C)1/2 x 2 1/2 ]-1
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑁 𝑝(1+𝐶 ) )
(1 + C2)1/2 = (1 + 0.591882)1/2 = 1.162
Np (1+C2)1/2 = 0.46

1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−0.46) -1
ϵ 𝑝= 2 [ 1 + 0.59188 + 1.162 x ] = 0.28523
1−𝑒𝑥𝑝(−0.46)
[For each shell pass]
n=4
From Table 10-3
 𝑛
[(1−ϵ 𝑝𝐶) / (1 − ϵ 𝑝)] −1 [(1−0.28523*0.59188) / (1−0.28523)]
4
−1
ϵ= 𝑛 ϵ= 4
[(1−ϵ 𝑝𝐶)/(1−ϵ 𝑝)] −𝐶 [(1−0.28523*0.59188) / (1−0.28523)] − 0.59188

ϵ= 0.63646

∆𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑) ∆𝑇
ϵ= = = 0.63646
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 80−20
∆𝑇 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙
= 38.1876◦C

The above ∆𝑇 is for the minimum fluid i.e ethylene glycol the question requires to get the exit
temperature of water

Since the energy remains conserved.

Heat absorbed by cold fluid = Heat given out by hot fluid

3711 * 38.
3711 * ∆𝑇 = 6270 * ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 =
𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 6270
∆𝑇 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 22.602◦C

The exit temperature for water = 20 + 22.602 = 42.602◦C

Matlab Code

clc;
clear all;
prompt1 = ('Enter the specific heat capacity of water in J/kg.degree C');
CpW = input(prompt1);
prompt2=('Enter the specific heat capacity of ethylene glycol in J/kg.degree
C');
CpG = input(prompt2);
prompt3 = ('Enter the flow rate of water in kg/s');
M_w = input(prompt3);
prompt4 = ('Enter the flow rate of ethylene glycol in kg/s');
M_g = input(prompt4);
prompt5 = ('Enter the inlet temperature of water in degree celsius');
Tw_in = input(prompt5);
prompt6 = ('Enter the outlet temperature of water in degree celsius');
Tw_out = input(prompt6);
prompt7 = ('Enter the inlet temperature of ethylene glycol in degree celsius');
Tg_in = input(prompt7);
prompt8 = ('Enter the overall heat transfer area in W/m2.degree C');
U = input(prompt8);
prompt9 = ('Enter the number of shell passes');
n = input(prompt9);
C_w = M_w * CpW;
C_g = M_g * CpG;
if (C_w > C_g)
C_max = C_w;
C_min = C_g;
else
C_max = C_g;
C_min = C_w;
end
C = C_min / C_max;
e = (Tw_out - Tw_in) / (Tg_in - Tw_in );
e_p = effectiveness1(n, e, C);
fprintf('Single pass effectiveness %f \n', e_p);
N_p = NTU(e_p, C);
fprintf('NTU single pass %f \n', N_p);
N_total = n * N_p;
fprintf('NTU total passes %f \n', N_total);
A = (N_total * C_min) / U;
fprintf('Area %f \n', A );
%Flow Rate of ethylene glycol is reduced to half
C_g = C_g /2;
if (C_w > C_g)
C_max_new = C_w;
C_min_new = C_g;
else
C_max_new = C_g;
C_min_new = C_w;
end
C_new = C_min / C_max;
N_p_new = (U * A) / (n * C_min_new);
e_p_new = effectiveness2(N_p_new, C_new);
fprintf('effectiveness single pass new %f \n', e_p_new);
e_new = effectiveness1(1/n, e_p_new, C_new);
fprintf('effectiveness new %f \n', e_new);
%according to the question minimum flow rate is for glycol now
del_Tg = e_new * (Tg_in - Tw_in);
del_Tw = C_g * del_Tg / C_w;
Tw_exit = del_Tw + Tw_in;
fprintf('The exit temperature of water is %f', Tw_exit);
function ntu = NTU(e_p, C)
a = 2/e_p;
temp = power(1 + C*C, 0.5);
ntu = -1 / temp * log((a - 1 - C - temp )/ (a - 1 - C + temp));
end
function eff1 = effectiveness1(n,e,C)
a = 1 - e*C;
b = 1-e;
temp = a/b;
 eff1 = (power(temp,1/n) - 1) / (power(temp,1/n) - C);
end
function eff2 = effectiveness2(N_p, C)
a = power(1 + C*C, 0.5);
b = N_p * a;
temp = (1 + exp(-1*b)) / (1 - exp(-1*b));
eff2 = 2 * power((1 + C + a*temp), -1);
end

10-113
The condenser on a certain automobile air conditioner is designed to remove 60,000 Btu/h from
Freon 12 when the automobile is moving at 40 mi/h and the ambient temperature is 95◦F. The
Freon 12 temperature is 150◦F under these conditions, and it may be assumed that the
air-temperature rise across the exchanger is 10◦F. The overall heat-transfer coefficient for the
finned-tube heat exchanger under these conditions is 35 Btu/h · ft2 · ◦F. If the overall
heat-transfer coefficient varies as the seven-tenths power of velocity and air-mass flow varies
directly as the velocity, plot the percentage reduction in performance of the condenser as a
function of velocity between 10 and 40 mi/h. Assume that the Freon temperature remains
constant at 150◦F.

Solution
Assumption-
1. The fluid specific heats do not vary with temperature.
2. Both fluids are unmixed.
3. c(air) = cc = .24 Btu/lbm.℉

Here, Freon 12 is the heating fluid. Also, it is condensing and its temperature is
not changing.
And air is the cooling fluid.
Given : ΔTh = 0 ΔT c = 10 ℉ U = 35 Btu/ h.ft2.℉ q= 60000 Btu/h
Tc(inlet)= 95 ℉ Th(inlet) = 150 ℉ v(initial) = 40 mi/h = 211200 ft/h

𝑞 60000
q = ṁc*cc*ΔTc ⇒ ṁc =
𝑐𝑐*Δ𝑇𝑐
= .24*10
= 25000 lbm/h
0.7
Also given that U∝v ṁc ∝ v (where v is the velocity of automobile)
0.7
U = k1v - (1) ṁc = k2v - (2) ( k1 and k2 are constants)
Insert initial values of U and v in equation 1:
35 = k1*(211200)0.7
⇒ k1 = 0.0065
Insert initial values of ṁc and v in equation 2:
25000= k2*(211200)
⇒ k2 = 0.118
Now U=.0065*v0.7 ṁc= 0.118*v

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
We know that C = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
As water experiences greater temperature difference, it is the minimum fluid.
Also, for condensation Cmax → ∞ , so C=0.
At v = 40 mi/h or 211200 ft/h
Cmin = 25000 * 0.24 = 6000 Btu/h. ℉

Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)
Ɛ= Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
-- (Eq. 10-21)

10 10
= 150−95
= 55
= 0.182
For condensation process, NTU = − ln(1 −ɛ ) = - ln(1-0.182) = 0.2
0.2 * 6000
NTUmax = AU/C min ⇒ A = 35
= 34.2857 ft2

For v= 30 mi/h or 158400 ft/h:

Let exit temperature of water be Te,2
U = 0.0065*1584000.7
U = 28.36 Btu/h·ft2·◦F
ṁc = .0.118*158400 = 18691.2 lbm/h

Cmin = 18691.2*0.24 = 4485.9 Btu/h. ℉

𝑈*𝐴 28.36*34.2857
NTUmax = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 4485.9
= 0.216

-NTU -0.216
For condensation process, Ɛ= 1 - e ⇒ Ɛ= 1 - e = 0.194
Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)
As Ɛ = Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
-- (Eq. 10-21)
𝑇𝑒,2− 95 𝑇𝑒,2− 95
0.194 = 150−95
⇒ 0.194 = 55
⇒ Te,2 -95 = 10.67

⇒ Te,2 = 105.67 ℉

q= ṁc *cc*ΔTc = 18691.2*0.24*(105.67-95) = 47864.4 Btu/hr

(initial q was 60000 Btu/hr at 40 mi/h)

60000−47864.4
%reduction in performance = 60000
*100 = 20.2%

For v= 20 mi/h or 105600 ft/h:

Let exit temperature of water be Te,3
U = 0.0065*1056000.7
U = 21.354 Btu/h·ft2·◦F
ṁc = .0.118*105600 = 12460.8 lbm/h

Cmin = 12460.8*0.24 = 2990.6 Btu/h. ℉

𝑈*𝐴 21.354*34.2857
NTUmax = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 2990.6
= 0.245

-NTU -0.245
For condensation process, Ɛ= 1 - e ⇒ Ɛ= 1 - e = 0.22

Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)
As Ɛ = Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
-- (Eq. 10-21)
𝑇𝑒,3 − 95 𝑇𝑒,3− 95
0.22 = 150−95
⇒ 0.22 = 55
⇒ Te,3 -95 = 12.1

⇒ Te,2 = 12.1 ℉

q= ṁc *cc*ΔTc = 12460.8*0.24*(107.1-95) = 36185 Btu/hr

(initial q was 60000 Btu/hr at 40 mi/h)

60000−36185
%reduction in performance = 60000
*100 = 39.7%
For v= 10 mi/h or 52800 ft/h:
Let exit temperature of water be Te,4
U = 0.0065*528000.7
U = 13.145 Btu/h·ft2·◦F
ṁc = .0.118*52800 = 6230.4 lbm/h

Cmin = 6230.4*0.24 = 1495.3 Btu/h. ℉

𝑈*𝐴 13.145*34.2857
NTUmax = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 1495.3
= 0.301

-NTU -0.301
For condensation process, Ɛ= 1 - e ⇒ Ɛ= 1 - e = 0.26
 Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)
As Ɛ = Δ𝑇(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
-- (Eq. 10-21)
𝑇𝑒,4− 95 𝑇𝑒,4− 95
0.26 = 150−95
⇒ 0.26 = 55
⇒ Te,4 -95 = 14.3

⇒ Te,4 = 109.3 ℉

q= ṁc *cc*ΔTc = 6230.4*0.24*(108.75-95) = 21382.7 Btu/hr

(initial q was 60000 Btu/hr at 40 mi/h)

60000−21382.7
%reduction in performance = 60000
*100 = 64.36%

Matlab Code

clc;
clear all;
prompt1 = ('Enter the initital value of overall heat transfer area in
Btu/hft2◦F');
U_initial = input(prompt1);
prompt2 = ('Enter the heat required to be removed in Btu/h');
q_initial = input(prompt2);
prompt3 = ('Enter the ambient temperature in degree F');
T_infi = input(prompt3);
prompt4 = ('Enter the rise in air temperature in degree F');
del_T = input(prompt4);
prompt5 = ('Enter the initial temperature of Freon-12 in degree F');
T_a = input(prompt5);
Y = [0 0 0 0];
X = [10 20 30 40];% in mph
C_air = 0.24; %in Btu/lbm.℉
e = del_T/ (T_a - T_infi);
NTU =-1 * log(1-e);
mdot_air = q_initial/(del_T * C_air);
C_min = mdot_air * C_air;
A = NTU * C_min / U_initial; %Area calculation
k = 1;
for i = 10:10:30
fprintf('At v=%f mph\n',i);
U = overallHT(i);
m_dot = flowRate(i);
C_min = m_dot * C_air;
NTU = U*A/C_min;
ep = effectiveness(NTU);
del_T = ep * (T_a - T_infi);
Te = del_T + T_infi; %Te is exit temperature of air
q = C_min * del_T;
fprintf('U=%f,m_dot_air= %f, effectiveness= %f, q= %f,T(exit)= %f
\n',U,m_dot,ep,q, Te);
change = (q_initial - q)/q_initial * 100;
Y(k) = change;
k = k+1;
end
fprintf('percentage reduction in performance at 10 mph, 20 mph, 30 mph, 40 mph
are ')
fprintf('%f ',Y);
disp('respectively')
ln = plot(X,Y);
xlabel('Speed in mph');
ylabel('Percentage change in performance');
ln.Marker = 'o';
function eff = effectiveness(NTU)
eff = 1 - exp(-NTU);
end
function m_dot = flowRate(v)
m_dot = 0.118 * v * 5280; %5280 is for conversion to ft/h
end
function U = overallHT(v)
U = 0.0065 * power(v*5280,0.7);
end