07.

07 Human Systems Review
7.01 Nervous and Endocrine Systems
1. Explain how the two parts of the nervous system work together.

The brain sends messages via the spinal cord to peripheral nerves throughout the body that serve to control the
muscles and internal organs. The somatic nervous system is made up of neurons connecting the CNS with the
parts of the body that interact with the outside world.

2. Describe the structure and function of each of the major parts of the brain.

The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Cerebellum: is located under the
cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance. Brainstem: acts as a
relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

3. Describe the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system.

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes all
of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body including
muscles and organs.

4. Explain how the nervous system and the endocrine system are related and can work together.

A gland in the endocrine system is made up of groups of cells that function to secrete hormones. The endocrine
system works together with the nervous system to influence many aspects of human behavior, including growth,
reproduction, and metabolism. And the endocrine system plays a vital role in emotions.

7.02 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

5. Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together.

The respiratory system works directly with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to the body. Oxygen taken
in from the respiratory system moves into blood vessels that then circulate oxygen-rich blood to tissues and
cells.

6. Describe each of the structures and their functions of the respiratory system.

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways,
lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts
work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

7. Describe the structures and functions of the circulatory system.

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen,
nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

8. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Blood pressure readings are given in two numbers. The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts
while beating (systolic pressure). The bottom number is the amount of pressure in your arteries between
beats (diastolic pressure).

9. Describe the effects of lifestyle on the respiratory and circulatory systems.

The risk factors of circulatory system diseases are: stress, overuse of alcohol, smoking cigarettes, bad eating
habits, sitting life style. Calorie overconsumption, animal fat rich diet, sitting life style result in the development
of android obesity, hypercholesterolemia, that enhance atheromatosis.

7.03 Digestive and Excretory Systems

10. Describe inferences that can be made based on observations and understandings of the structures and
functions of the digestive system.

The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall
bladder and liver. Here's how these organs work together in your digestive system.

11. Describe inferences that can be made based on observations and understandings of the structures and
functions of the excretory system.

The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary
system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and
converts them to energy.

7.04 Muscular, Skeletal, and Integumentary Systems

12. Describe the major structures and functions of the skeletal system.

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement,
makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the
musculoskeletal system.

13. Describe the major structure and functions of the muscular system.

The muscular system is made up of muscle tissue and is responsible for functions such as maintenance of
posture, locomotion and control of various circulatory systems. This includes the beating of the heart and the
movement of food through the digestive system.

14. Explain how the muscular and skeletal system work together.

The bones of the skeletal system serve to protect the body's organs, support the weight of the body, and give
the body shape. The muscles of the muscular system attach to these bones, pulling on them to allow for
movement of the body.

15. What is the body’s largest organ?

The skin is the body's largest organ.

 16. Explain that the largest organ in the body is also the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

If this defense is broken, the second line of defense within your body is activated. The skin is the largest organ of
your body. It acts as a barrier between invaders (pathogens) and your body. Skin forms a waterproof mechanical
barrier.

7.05 Reproductive System

17. Describe all the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.

The male reproductive system is mostly located outside of the body. These external organs include the penis,
scrotum and testicles. Internal organs include the vas deferens, prostate and urethra. The male reproductive
system is responsible for sexual function, as well as urination.

18. Describe all the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.

The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus,
produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes;
and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.

19. Explain the relationship between meiosis and the process of sexual reproduction.

During sexual reproduction, meiosis generates genetic variation in offspring because the process randomly
shuffles genes across chromosomes and then randomly separates half of those chromosomes into each gamete.
The two gametes then randomly fuse to form a new organism.

20. Describe fertilization.

Fertilization is the process by which male and female gametes are fused together, initiating the development of
a new organism.

21. Describe development of the zygote, following implantation.

During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote
travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a
blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation.

7.06 Immune System

22. Identify the body systems that protect from pathogens.

The immune system has a vital role: It protects your body from harmful substances, germs and cell changes that
could make you ill. It is made up of various organs, cells and proteins. As long as your immune system is running
smoothly, you don't notice that it's there.

23. Describe B cells and T cells.

The T and B lymphocytes (T and B Cells) are involved in the acquired or antigen-specific immune response given
that they are the only cells in the organism able to recognize and respond specifically to each antigenic epitope.
Thus, humoral immunity depends on the B Cells while cell immunity depends on the T Cells.

24. Summarize how the cells of the immune system respond to pathogens.
The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing
special proteins called antibodies. Antibodies attach to an antigen and attract cells that will engulf and destroy
the pathogen.

25. Identify specific and nonspecific immune responses and the body systems that produce them.

Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific,

innate immunity and specific, acquired immunity. Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all microorganisms
equally, while the specific immune responses are tailored to particular types of invaders.

26. Identify methods used to control pathogens.

Physical control includes such methods of control as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure,
radiation, and filtration. Chemical control refers to the use of disinfectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, and
chemotherapeutic antimicrobial chemicals.

27. Explain how vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.

Artificially acquired active immunity is protection produced by intentional exposure of a person to antigens in a
vaccine, so as to produce an active and lasting immune response.