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COMPLEX
NUMBERS
MARK SCHEME
MARKING SCHEMES 1 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
2 (i) State u − v is −3 + i B1
EITHER: Carry out multiplication of numerator and denominator of u/v by
4 − 2i, or equivalent M1
1 1
Obtain answer + i, or any equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
1 1
Obtain answer + i, or any equivalent A1 3
2 2
1
(ii) State argument is π (or 0.785 radians or 45°) A1√ 1
4
(iv) EITHER: Use fact that angle AOB = arg u − arg v = arg(u/v) M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1
OR: Obtain tan AOB from gradients of OA and OB and the tan(A ± B)
formula M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1
OR: Obtain cos AOB by using the cosine rule or a scalar product M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1
3 (i) Use quadratic formula, or the method of completing the square, or the
substitution z = x + iy to find a root, using i2 = -1 M1
Obtain a root, e.g. 2 + i A1
Obtain the other root –2 + i A1 3
[Roots given as ± 2 + i earn A1 + A1.]
(iii) Show both roots on an Argand diagram in relatively correct positions B1√ 1
[This follow through is only available if at least one of the two roots is
of the form x + iy where xy ≠ 0.]
8 (a) (i) EITHER: Carry out multiplication of numerator and denominator by 1 + 2i, or equivalent M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or any equivalent of the form (a + ib)/c A1
OR1: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or equivalent A1
OR2: Using the correct processes express z in polar form M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or equivalent A1 [2]
(b) EITHER: Square x + iy and equate real and imaginary parts to 5 and −12 respectively M1
Obtain x 2 − y 2 = 5 and 2xy = −12 A1
Eliminate one variable and obtain an equation in the other M1
Obtain x 4 − 5 x 2 − 36 = 0 or y 4 + 5 y 2 − 36 = 0 , or 3-term equivalent A1
Obtain answer 3 –2i A1
Obtain second answer –3 + 2i and no others A1
[SR: Allow a solution with 2xy = 12 to earn the second A1 and thus a maximum of 3/6.]
OR: Convert 5 –12i to polar form (R, θ) M1
Use the fact that a square root has the polar form ( R , 12 θ ) M1
Obtain one root in polar form, e.g. ( 13, − 0.588) or ( 13,−33.7°) A1 + A1
Obtain answer 3 –2i A1
Obtain answer –3 + 2i and no others A1 [6]
MARKING SCHEMES 4 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
(iii) State or imply relevance of the appropriate tangent from O to the circle B1 √
Carry out complete strategy for finding z for the critical point M1
Obtain answer 7 A1 [3]
2
13 (i) EITHER: State a correct expression for zor z , e.g. (1+ cos 2θ ) 2 + (sin 2θ ) 2 B1
Use double angle formulae throughout or Pythagoras M1
Obtain given answer 2cos θ correctly A1
State a correct expression for tangent of argument, e.g. (sin 2θ /(1+ cos 2θ ) B1
Use double angle formulae to express it in terms of cos θ and sin θ M1
Obtain tan θ and state that the argument is θ A1
OR: Use double angle formulae to express z in terms of cos θ and sin θ M1
Obtain a correct expression, e.g. 1+ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + 2i sin θ cosθ A1
Convert the expression to polar form M1
Obtain 2 cosθ (cosθ + i sin θ ) A1
State that the modulus is 2 cosθ A1
State that the argument is θ A1 [6]
(ii) Substitute for z and multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of z, or
equivalent M1
Obtain correct real denominator in any form A1
Identify and obtain real part equal to 12 A1 [3]
(iii) Show, or imply, locus is a circle with centre (1 + i)u and radius 1 M1
Use correct method to find distance from origin to furthest point of circle M1
Obtain 3 2 +1 or equivalent A1 [3]
MARKING SCHEMES 7 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
3
(ii) Either state arg(u) = − π , or express u* in terms of a (f.t. on u) B1√
4
Use correct method to form an equation in a, e.g. 5a = –10 M1
Obtain a = –2 correctly A1 [3]
18 (i) Use the quadratic formula, completing the square, or the substitution z = x + iy to find a
root and use i2 = –1 M1
Obtain final answers − 3 ± i , or equivalent A1 [2]
(ii) State that the modulus of both roots is 2 B1√
5
State that the argument of − 3 + i is 150° or π (2.62) radians B1√
6
5
State that the argument of − 3 − i is –150° (or 210°) or – π (–2.62) radians or
6
7
π (3.67) radians B1√ [3]
6
(iii) Carry out an attempt to find the sixth power of a root M1
Verify that one of the roots satisfies z6 = –64 A1
Verify that the other root satisfies the equation A1 [3]
19 (a) EITHER: Square x + iy and equate real and imaginary parts to 1 and − 2 6 respectively M1*
Obtain x2 – y2 = 1 and 2xy = − 2 6 A1
Eliminate one variable and find an equation in the other M1(dep*)
Obtain x4 – x2 – 6 = 0 or y4 + y2 – 6 = 0, or 3-term equivalent A1
Obtain answers ± ( 3 − i 2) A1 [5]
1
OR: Denoting 1 − 2 6i by Rcisθ, state, or imply, square roots are ± Rcis( 2 θ )
and find values of R and either cos θ or sin θ or tan θ M1*
1 1 1 2 6
Obtain ± 5(cos 2
θ + i sin 2
θ) , and cosθ = 5
or sin θ = − 5
or
tanθ = −2 6 A1
1 1
Use correct method to find an exact value of cos 2
θ or sin 2
θ M1(dep*)
1 3 1 2
Obtain cos 2 θ = ± and sin 2 θ = ± , or equivalent A1
5 5
Obtain arg(w2) = – 12 π or 3
2
π and arg(w3) = 1
4
π A1ft [4]
Obtain radius 1
2
10 or equivalent A1
Obtain │z + 1
2
+ 12 i│ = 1
2
10 or equivalent A1ft [4]
(iii) Substitute exact arguments in the LHS arg(1 + 2i) − arg(1 − 3i) = arg u, or equivalent M1
3
Obtain and use arg u = π A1
4
Obtain the given result correctly A1 [3]
24 (i) EITHER Substitute x = 1 + i and attempt the expansions of the x2 and x4 terms M1
Use i2 = –1 correctly at least once B1
Complete the verification A1
State second root 1 – i B1
OR 1 State second root 1 – i B1
Carry out a complete method for finding a quadratic factor with zeros 1 ± i M1
Obtain x2 – 2x + 3, or equivalent A1
Show that the division of p(x) by x2 – 2x + 3 gives zero remainder and
complete the verification A1
OR 2 Substitute x = 1 + i and use correct method to express x2 and x4 in polar form M1
2 4
Obtain x and x in any correct polar form (allow decimals here) B1
Complete an exact verification A1
State second root 1 – i, or its polar equivalent (allow decimals here) B1 [4]
(ii) Carry out a complete method for finding a quadratic factor with zeros 1 ± i M1*
Obtain x2 – 2x + 3, or equivalent A1
Attempt division of p(x) by x2 – 2x + 3 reaching a partial quotient x2 + kx,
or equivalent M1 (dep*)
2
Obtain quadratic factor x – 2x + 2 A1
Find the zeros of the second quadratic factor, using i2 = –1 M1 (dep*)
Obtain roots –1 + i and –1 –i A1 [6]
[The second M1 is earned if inspection reaches an unknown factor x2 + Bx + C and an
equation in B and/or C, or an unknown factor Ax2 + Bx + (6/3) and an equation in A and/or B]
[If part (i) is attempted by the OR 1 method, then an attempt at part (ii) which uses or
quotes relevant working or results obtained in part (i) should be marked using the scheme for part (ii)]
2
25 (a ) Expand and simplify as far as iw = −8i or equivalent B1
Obtain first answer i 8 , or equivalent B1
Obtain second answer − i 8 , or equivalent and no others B1 [3]
(ii) Identify ends of diameter corresponding to line through origin and centre M1
Obtain p = 3.66 and q = 7.66 A1
Show tangents from origin to circle M1
1
Evaluate sin −1 2 M1
4
1 1
Obtain α = π − sin −1 2 or equivalent and hence 0.424 A1
4 4
1 1
Obtain β = π + sin −1 2 or equivalent and hence 1.15 A1 [6]
4 4
MARKING SCHEMES 11 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
Or State y = x. B1
1 3 x 1 y−2
State y = x + 2 or = or = B1
3 2 2
x + ( y − 2) 2 2 x + ( y − 2) 2
2
π
State or imply argument is B1
4
Solve for x or y. M1
1
πi
Obtain 6.69e 4
A1 [5]
(ii) Square both sides and express the given equation in terms of z and z ∗ M1
Obtain a correct equation in any form, e.g. (z – 10i)(z* + 10i) = 4(z – 4i)(z* + 4i) A1
Obtain the given equation A1
Either express z − 2i = 4 in terms of z and z* or reduce the given equation to the form
z −u = r M1
Obtain the given answer correctly A1 [5]
(iii) State that the locus is a circle with centre 2i and radius 5 B1 [1]
MARKING SCHEMES 12 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
30 (a) Solve using formula, including simplification under square root sign M1*
− 2 ± 4i
Obtain or similarly simplified equivalents A1
2(2 − i )
2+i
Multiply by or equivalent in at least one case M1(d*M)
2+i
4 3
Obtain final answer − + i A1
5 5
Obtain final answer –i A1 [5]
(b) Show w in first quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Show w3 in second quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Show w* in fourth quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Use correct method for area of triangle M1
Obtain 10 by calculation A1 [5]
1 1
Obtain moduli and argument 18 and π or 2 and − π
6 6
1 1
or moduli 18 and 2 or arguments π and − π (allow degrees) B1
6 6
1 1
πi − πi
Obtain 18e 6 ÷ 2e 6
or equivalent A1
Divide moduli and subtract arguments M1
1
πi
Obtain 9e 3 A1 [5]
1
πi
(ii) State 3e 6 , following through their answer to part (i) B1
1 1
π i± π i
State 3e 6 2 , following through their answer to part (i) B1
5
− πi
Obtain 3e 6
B1 [3]
33 (a) EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by 1 − 4i, or equivalent, and use i 2 = −1 M1
Simplify numerator to −17 −17i , or denominator to 17 A1
Obtain final answer −1 −i A1
OR: Using i 2 = −1 , obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = −1 or y = −1, or equivalent A1
Obtain final answer −1 − i A1 3
(ii) State or imply that the angle between the tangents from the origin to the circle is
required M1
Obtain answer 0.927 radians (or 53.1°) A1 2
MARKING SCHEMES 14 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
1 + 2i
34 (i) Substitute z = 1 + i and obtain w = B1
1+ i
EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator,
or equivalent M1
Simplify numerator to 3 + i or denominator to 2 A1
Obtain final answer 3 + 1 i , or equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = 3 or y = 1 , or equivalent A1
2 2
Obtain final answer 3 + 1 i , or equivalent A1 [4]
2 2
i
38 (i) EITHER: Substitute for u in and multiply numerator and denominator by 1 + i M1
u
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Substitute for u, obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or for y M1
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1 2
2 2
1
(iii) State argument − π , or equivalent, e.g. 270° B1
2
State or imply the intersection in the first quadrant represents 2 + i B1
State argument 0.464, (0.4636)or equivalent, e.g. 26.6° (26.5625) B1 3
2 2
40 (i) State or imply w = cos p + isin p (allow decimals) B1
3 3
Obtain answer uw = - 3 - i (allow decimals) B1√
u
Multiply numerator and denominator of by -1 - i 3 , or equivalent M1
w
u
Obtain answer = 3 - i (allow decimals) A1
w
[4]
[2]
(iii) Prove that AB = UA (or UB), or prove that angle AUB = angle ABU
(or angle BAU) or prove, for example, that AO = OB and angle
AOB = 120o, or prove that one angle of triangle UAB equals 60° B1
Complete a proof that triangle UAB is equilateral B1
[2]
MARKING SCHEMES 16 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
[3]
(ii) Show the point U on an Argand diagram in a relatively correct position B1√
Show a circle with centre U B1√
Show a circle with radius consistent with 2 B1√
[3]
[f.t. on the value of u.]
(iii) State or imply relevance of the appropriate tangent from O to the circle B1√
Carry out a complete strategy for finding max arg z M1
Obtain final answer 126.9° (2.21 radians) A1
[3]
[Drawing the appropriate tangent is sufficient for B1√.]
[A final answer obtained by measurement earns M1 only.]
OR: Obtain z 3 = z 2 − z B1
Justify the given statement B1 2
MARKING SCHEMES 17 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS
(ii) Substitute for z and multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of
z + 2 – i, or equivalent M1
Obtain correct real denominator in any form A1
Identify and obtain correct unsimplified real part in terms of cosθ,
e.g. (2cosθ + 2)/(8cosθ + 8) A1
1 A1 [4]
State that real part equals
4
(ii) EITHER: Substitute for u and multiply numerator and denominator by 3 + i, or equivalent M1
Simplify the numerator to 8 + 6i or the denominator to 10 A1
Obtain final answer 4 + 3 i , or equivalent A1
5 5
OR: Substitute for u, obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = 4 or y = 3 , or equivalent A1
5 5
Obtain final answer 4 + 3 i , or equivalent A1 [3]
5 5