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Ch10 Sheet Piles 571 607
Ch10 Sheet Piles 571 607
10.1 INTRODUCTION
A sheet pile wall is a flexible structure which depends for stability upon the passive
resistance of the soil in front of and behind the lower part of the wall. Stability also depends on
the anchors when incorporated. Retaining walls of this type differ from other walls in that their
weight is negligible compared with the remaining forces involved. Several methods are available
for design and analysis of these structures. Usually, most of them neglect the effect of friction
between the soil and the wall, but this omission is fairly satisfactory when determining active
pressure values. However, the effect of wall friction can almost double the Rankine value of K p .
572
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
A A
h h
B B
Pa
do do Pp
d
C k p .d o ka .( h d o ) (h+do)/3
R
k p .d o 0.5k p .d o C ka .( h d o )
k p .( h d) D
D
(a) Wall geometry (b) Bs 8002:1994 method (c) CP2: Distribution assumed
for design
k a .h k a .h
(d) Net available passive resistance method (e) Net total pressure method
573
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Granular H
backfill
Active Active
Passive D Passive
Granular R
backfill O
Active Passive C
574
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
W.T.
ht
Granular backfill Clay
H
Ra q e.H Ra q e.H
Dredge line y y
Rp Pa Rp
Clay Clay
D
z R p z R p
(1) Find the pressure distribution along the wall, depending on soil profile, as shown in
Figs.(10.3a or 10.3b).
(2) Determine the distance (z) from Fx 0 .
Hence
Ra R p Rp 0 ….…………………..…………………………………….(10.1)
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
(3) Find the depth of penetration (D). Taking moments about the toe of the pile gives:
D zz
R a (D y) (4c q)D 8c 0
2 2 3
8.c.z 2
or D (4.c q) 2.R a (D y)
2
0 …..….…......…………...……….…(10.3)
3
Substituting for (z), Eq.(10.3) gives:
2
8 1
D 2 (4.c q) 2.R a (D y) c (4.c q)D R a 2 0 …......…(10.4)
3 4.c
Eq.(10.4) can be solved by trial and error. For a safety factor greater than one, the length
can be increased by 20% − 40%.
(4) Find the maximum moment M max . where the shear, V, is zero as shown in Fig.(10.5).
Taking moments about the toe of the pile gives:
x
M max . R a ( x y) (4.c q)( x ) ….……..………………………….…(10.5)
2
For equilibrium ( Fx 0 ); R a (4.c q).x
Ra
or x
4.c q
Substituting the value of (x) into Eq.(10.5) gives:
R a 1 Ra
M max . R a y .……….………………………….…(10.6)
4c q 2 4c q
W.T. hw W.T. hw
H Ra H Ra
Dredge line Dredge line y (4c-q)
y
R p1
R p1 x
x
O O
V=0 V=0
Mmax. Mmax.
b (K p K a ).x
(a) Granular Soil. (b) Cohesive Soil.
576
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
2 2
Ws 10.kN / m Ws 10.kN / m
A
5m Sandy
Soil
0.5m + Pq1
B
do Pp1 Pa1
d
C
Pa2 Pp2 Pq2
D
2
Ws 10.kN / m
A A A
5m
5.5m 5m
Pq1 B
+
B B
Pa1 do Pa1
Pp1 do Pp1
do d
(h+do)/3 (h+do)/3
R C R
0.5k p .d o C ka .( h d o ) 0.5k p .d o C ka .(5 d o )
577
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Solution:
25.3.d 2o 7.9.d o (d d o ) 3.95(d d o )2 3.95(d o 5.5)2
578
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
To obtain (d) the required depth of penetration, d o is then increased 30% to generate a net
passive resistance force below the point of rotation at least as large as R. This demands
additional calculations; however it is common practice to avoid this by simply increasing d o
by 30% to give d. i.e., d =1.3 d o = 9.0 m
Pa1
20
(5 d o ) 2
5 d o 10
(5 d o ) 3
(3)( 2) 3 9
(3)20 2 do
Pp1 .d o 5d 3o
(2)( 2) 3
Mc 0:
10
(5 d o )3 5d 3o = 0; d o = 7.7 m and d =1.3 d o = 10 m
9
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Solution:
1 sin
Using Rankine's theory (for 35..and.. 0, ) k a = 0.27, and k p = 3.7
1 sin
The earth pressure diagram is shown in Fig.(10.7b). The distributions of hydrostatic pressure on
the two sides of the wall balance each other and therefore can be eliminated from the
calculations. The procedure is to equate moments about c, the point of application of the force
representing the net passive resistance below the point of rotation. The forces, lever arms and
moments are set out below; with specified factor of safety being applied to forces (4), (5) and (6).
17.kN / m3
2.5m c 0 ,.. 35,.. 0
1.0m W.T
. 4 1 W.T
.
do 5 2 20.kN / m3
Req. (D) =?
6 3
C R
C
Equating the algebraic sum of the moments about C to zero, produces the following equation:
580
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
17.kN / m3
2.5m
c 0 ,.. 35,.. 0
Passive
1.0m
W.T. 0.27x17x1 3.7x17x3.5 W.T.
Active
20.kN / m3
Passive
2.0m
Active
Active
Passive
C R
0.9m
581
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
20 kN/m2 20 kN/m2
5.2
Dense sand Z
X X
18.kN / m3 , 40, 27 ha
d =? hpm
Req. (D) =?
R
C
3.6D 38.88D
where, Ka
sin( ) / sin()2 (from Coulomb's Theory)
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
This gives for loose sand with 90 , 0 , 33..and.. 22 ; Ka 0.26 and for
dense sand with 40..and.. 27,..Ka 0.20 .
At the top of the wall: ha (20)(0.26) = 5.2 kN/m2
At a depth of 5m:
for loose sand; ha [20 + (16)(5)] 0.26 = 26 kN/m2
for dense sand; ha [20 + (16)(5)] 0.20 = 20 kN/m2
At the toe of the wall: ha 20 + (18)(D) 0.20 = 20 + 3.6D kN/m2
582
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
where, Kp
sin( ) / sin()2 (from Coulomb's Theory)
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
Therefore at the toe of the pile hpm 2.16 (18)(D) = 38.88D kN/m2. The pressure
distribution is shown in Fig.(10.8b). The force R represents the passive resistance developed
below the point of rotation which is taken to be the toe of the sheet pile.
(4) Maximum free earth support bending moment: Maximum bending moment will occur
between the dredge line and the toe of the pile. Thus take moments about section XX through
the sheeting, distance z below dredge level. Hence
5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
M z (5)(5)( z ) (21)(5)( z) (20.z )( z) ( )(3.6.z )(z )( z) ( )(38.88.z )(z)( z )
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
dM z
25 52.5 20.z 1.8.z 2 19.44.z 2 0
dz
(5) Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 5 + 5.20 = 10.20 m. Thus 5/10.20 = 0.49
and M / M FES 0.65 . Hence M = 0.65 x 316.47 = 205.70 kN-m/m
Thus the required section modulus = 205.70/172500 =119 x 10-5 m3/m.
Therefore, use for example US Steel Corporation section PZ-27 (section modulus = 162 x
10-5 m3/m).
583
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
2m W.T.
Granular backfill
5m 16.kN/m3
9.5.kN/m3
Dredge line c 0,.. 32
Clay
D
c = 46.kN/m2
0
W.T. R1
Granular backfill
P1
R2
Ra q
Dredge line y R3
Rp P2
Clay
R p
4c q 4c q
Fig.(10.9): Cantilever sheet pile with clay embedment and granular backfill.
584
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Solution:
1. Active pressure
1 sin 1
ha v .K a where K a and K p
1 sin K a
This gives for sand with 32.;...K a 0.307 . and .K p 3.25
R a .y R1.y1 R 2 .y 2 R 3 .y 3
2 3 3
y 9.824 3 29.472 13.123 / 52.419 1.781 .m
3 2 3
4c q 4(46) 60.5 123 .5.kPa
4c q 4(46) 60.5 244 .5.kPa
3. Maximum free earth support bending moment: Maximum bending moment will occur
between the dredge line and the toe of the pile. Thus from Eq.(10.6):
R a 1 Ra
M max . R a y ……………………………...(10.6)
4c q 2 4c q
52.419 1 52.419
52.419 1.781 104.482.kN m / m
123.5 2 123.5
585
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
W.T. T
AnchorTie
rod h
Dredge line
B
Mmax.
Sheet pile d Pa1
d
simply Pp1
supported (h+d)/3
R
Deflection Moment 0.5k p .d C k a .(h d)
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
commercial sheet pile sections (such as US Steel Corporation), calculate and obtain M / MFES.
Then, calculate the moment (M) and thus the actual stress (f) in the sheeting from (f = M / S
(section modulus)). Compare (f and fall.) and repeat the process until agreement is obtained.
Fig.(10.11b) shows the moment reduction curves for sheet pile walls embedded in clay and
retaining sand; where S n is the stability number defined by: Sn (c u / vn ) 1 c w / c u and
( vn = q ) is the difference in total vertical pressure between the active and passive sides of the
wall at the dredge level. Calculate S n and for the relevant value of , obtain M / MFES for the
three cases given in Fig.(10.11b). Then, plot a graph of M / MFES versus and proceed as that
described for a pile wall embedded in sand.
(a) Sheet piles in sand (Rowe, 1952). (b) Sheet piles in clay (Rowe, 1957).
In English Units: H4 / E.I ; where: H in (ft), E in (Psi), and I in ( in4/ft) of the wall.
In S.I. Units: 10.91.x.107 H4 / E.I ; where: H in (m), E in (MN/m2), and I in (m4/m) of the wall.
Fig.(10.11): Rowe's moment-reduction curves for use with free-earth support method.
587
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
W.T.
T
AnchorTie rod h
Mmax.
Dredge line
Point of inflection
x
O
d Pp2
Pa
d
Sheet pile
Fixed at lower end d/3 (h+d)/3
Pp1
Deflection Moment B
A
K P .x K a (h x)
T
h AnchorTie
rod O
R
d−x
x
R Pp1
O B
K P (d x) K a (d x)
K P .x K a (h x)
(i) Upper part (ii) Lower part
588
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
NOTES:
1. Anchor tie rods may receive extra load from the weight of overburden, causing them to
bend and overstress. Hence it may be necessary to protect them in reinforced concrete
boxes and well tarred to protect them against corrosion.
2. The actual tie rod force is greater than the free earth support value TFES by about
20−30%. Therefore, for design purposes, take T / TFES 1.2 for wall in sand and
T / TFES 1.3 for wall in clay.
3. For walls in clay check overall stability against rotational or deep-seated slip surface.
Ore pile
Water level
Soft clay Two Sliding wedges
Sliding failure
interfere with each other.
b e
(45 / 2)
c Possible failure
zone
a
(c) The anchorage block located (d) When space is limited (e) To prevent bending a pair of
in this area has full capacity. piling is necessary. raking piles can be used.
589
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Moment
Section
Driving of
Web Modulus
Section Distance Weight Inertia
Sketch of Section Thickness
Designation Per Pile (Ib/ft2) m3/m m4/m
(in.) in3/ft in4/ft
(in.) of wall of wall
of wall of wall
X 10-5 X 10-6
590
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Moment
Section
Driving of
Web Modulus
Section Distance Weight Inertia
Sketch of Section Thickness
Designation Per Pile (Ib/ft2) m3/m m4/m
(in.) in3/ft in4/ft
(in.) of wall of wall
of wall of wall
X 10-5 X 10-6
591
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Ws 10.kN / m Ws 10.kN / m
2 2
A A
1m 1m
T T
5m
5.5m
B Pa2
0.5m +
B B
Pa1
d d Pp1
(5.5+d)/3
C R
k p .d C
k a .(5.5 d)
A A
1m 1m
T T
5m 5m
B B
Pa1
d d Pp1
(h+d)/3
C R
C
0.5k p .d k a .(5 d)
592
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Solution:
Pa1 0.395(20)
d 5.52 2
d 5.5 1 2
3.95(d 5.5) 2 (d 5.5) 1
2 3 3
Pa 2 0.395(10)d 5.5
d 5.5 1 (d 5.5)
3.95(d 5.5) 1
2 2
d2 2 2
Pp1 (2.53)( 20) d 4.5 (25.3)d 2 d 4.5
2 3 3
1 5 d 2 2 (10)5 d 2
2
(5 d ) 1
3 (5 d ) 1
Pa1 (20)
3 2 3 3
3 d2 2 2
Pp1 (20). d4 (15)d 2 d 4
2.0 2 3 3
(10)5 d 2 2 2
Mc 0: (5 d ) 1 (15)d 2 3 d 4 = 0
3 3
By trial and error: d 3.4 m = Ddesign.
593
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Problem (10.6): (Anchored sheet pile wall embedded in sand with fluctuating water level)
An anchored sheet pile wall is embedded in dense sand as shown in Fig.(10.15). The depth of
water against the face is tidal and a lag of 1.0 m between the inside and outside levels is expected.
The properties of sand are: 17.5 kN/m3, sat . 20 kN/m3, 37, and 25 , let
w 10 kN/m3. Calculate:
(a) The required penetration depth for a factor of safety of 1.5 with respect to passive
resistance,
(b) Suitable pile section and size of anchor bars if these are to be at 3.0 m centers.
Solution:
Active pressure:
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
at toe of the wall: ha 11.865 + (0.226)(20 - 10)(6 + D) = 11.865 + 2.26 (6 + D) kN/m2
2 (11.865)(6 + D) kN/m
Pha
From Fig.(10.15), the lag of 1.0 m represents a differential water pressure of 1.0 𝛾𝜔 kN/m2
acting downward on the sheeting.
Phw1 (0.5)(10)(1) = 5.0 kN/m
Phw 2 (10)(5 + D) kN/m
K p
sin( ) / sin()2 (from Coulomb's Theory)
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
or K pm 4.56 .
thus hpm v ..Kpm 4.56..v .
at toe of the pile: hpm 4.56 (20 - 10)(D) = 45.6 D kN/m2.
and (0.5)(45.6 D)(D) = 22.8 D2 kN/m.
Phpm
1 2
(11.865)(6 + D) (6 D) 1 + 1.13(6 + D)2 (6 D) 1
2 3
5 1 2
5.0 10(5 D) (5 D) 2 22.8.D 2 (7 D)
3 2 3
595
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Maximumn free earth support bending moment: Take moments about section xx through
the sheeting, distance z below top of wall where 4m < z < 9m. Hence
1
M z (109.613)(z 2) 17.797(z 2) 11.865(z 3) (z 3)
2
1 1 1 1
(1)(10)(z 3)(0.226) (z 3) (z 3) 5.0 (z 4) 10(z 4) (z 4)
2 3 3 2
dM z
109.613 17.797 11.865(z 3) 1.13(z 3) 2 5.0 10(z 4) = 0 (for a maximum).
dz
Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 11.85 m. Thus 9/11.85 = 0.76. The
determination of a suitable section is illustrated with reference to steel sheet piling given by
the United States Steel Corporation and the relevant calculations are set out in the following
table taking E = 207 x 106 kN/m2 and f all. 172500 kN/m2.
Section H4 M Section M
US Steel
𝐈 M FES
M
modulus
f f all.
(m4/m) E.I kN.m/m sec . mod .
Corporation (m3/m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(m3/kN) Fig.(10.10)
PDA−27 54.33 x 10-6 1.75 0.38 105.21 57.46 x10-5 183101 172500
Therefore, use US Steel Corporation section PZ−27 (section modulus = 162.17 x 10-5 m3/m).
Anchor bars: Take T/TFES = 1.2. Hence T = 1.2(109.613) = 131.535 kN/m. For tie rods at
3m centers, total tie force to be resisted = 131.535(3) = 394.605 kN. Assuming a factor of
safety of 2.0 on the yield stress (i.e., f all. 132500 kN/m2) the required diameter of tie rod is
given by:
(4)(394.605)
d tie..rod 0.061 m = 61 mm
()(132500)
596
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
20 kN/m2 20 kN/m2
4.52
TFES TFES
A
2m 2m Z
W.T. W.T. W.T. W.T.
3m 16.385 3m
Sand Sand
X X
𝛾 = 17.5 kN/m3
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡. = 20 kN/m3
∅′ = 37o, 𝛿 ′ = 25o Dredge line Dredge line 27.17
8m 8m
27.685
Clay D Clay D Clay
Solution:
597
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Since the same water level on both sides of the pile, there is no net water pressure acting on
the sheeting.
Passive pressure below dredge level: For a safety factor F on undrained shear strength of
clay, the net pressure on sheeting at dredge level:
hp ha
c c c c
vp 2 u 1 w va 2 u 1 w
F cu F cu
c c
4 u 1 w va vp
F cu
c c
4 u 1 w q
F cu
45 25
4 1 20 (17.5)(3) (20 10)(5) 27.17.kN / m 2
1.5 45
Maximumn free earth support bending moment: Take moments about section xx through
the sheeting, distance z below top of wall where 3m < z < 8m. Hence
z 1 1
M z (84.5)(z 2) (4.52.z ) (16.385 4.52)(3)(z 2) (16.385 4.52)(z 3) (z 3)
2 2 2
1 1
(27.685)(z 3)(0.226) (z 3) (z 3)
2 3
598
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
dM z
84.5 4.52z 17.79 11.86.(z 3) (z 3) 2 = 0 (for a maximum).
dz
Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 10.1 m and 8/10.1 = 0.79.
The stability number is given by:
c 1 cw / cu 45 1 25 / 45
S u 0.46
vn 20 (17.5)(3) (20 10)(5)
From Fig.(10.11) for S = 0.46 and 0.791; M / M FES 0.925 (independent of ) and
from the following data:
Section H4 M Section M
US Steel
𝐈 M FES
M
modulus
f f all.
(m4/m) E.I kN.m/m sec . mod .
Corporation (m3/m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(m3/kN) Fig.(10.10)
PDA−27 54.33 x 10-6 0.92 0.925 98.36 57.46 x 10-5 171180 172500
PMA−22 18.70 x 10-6 2.69 0.925 98.36 29.00 x 10-5 339172 172500
Therefore, use US Steel Corporation section PDA−27 (section modulus = 57.46 x 10-5 m3/m).
Anchor bars: Take T/TFES = 1.3. Hence T = 1.3 x 84.5 = 109.85 kN/m. For tie rods at 3m
centers, total tie force to be resisted = 109.85 x 3 = 329.55 kN. Assuming again a factor of
safety of 2 on the yield stress (i.e., f all. 132500 kN/m2) the required diameter of tie rod is
given by:
(4)(329.55)
d tie.rod 0.056m = 56 mm
()(132500)
599
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
W.T.
8m
Pw1192.kN
Dredge line
W.T. W.T. (84)(8) / 14 48.kN / m 2
Pwa
Pw 2 144.kN
6m Pwp
84.kN / m2 84.kN / m2
(a) (b) (c)
Solution:
With the assumption that the hydrostatic pressures are linearly distributed around the length of
pile within the water zone, the formula for u (the water pressure on both sides of the pile base)
is:
2. w ( h D).D
u 84.0 kN/m2
( h 2.D)
The assumed diagrams for water pressure on each side of the wall are shown in Fig.(10.17b)
and the net pressure diagram is shown in Fig.(10.17c).
600
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Ground Surface
1.0
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
0.5 H W.T.
0.25
Derdge Line 0.5
(H/D) 0.0
Depth ratio D Granular subsoil
Sheet Pile
(kp/ka) ratio
(a) Depth ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
H W.T.
(kp/ka) ratio
601
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
Ground Surface
𝟒𝒄−𝒒
Cohesion ratio
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯
Ground Surface
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
H W.T.
1.0
Derdge Line 0.5
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 0.5
D Cohesive subsoil
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯𝟑
0.25 Sheet Pile
0.0
𝟒𝒄−𝒒
Cohesion ratio
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯
602
Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
4.5
Ground Surface
4.0
1.0 Anchor tie rod
3.5 H Granular backfill
H W.T. , , k , k
3.0
0.25 0.5 Derdge Line
P a
(H/D)
(D/H) 2.5 0.5
Depth ratio
Depth ratio 2.0
0.0 D Granular Subsoil
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.0
0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 10 100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
(b) Moment ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
2.00
Ground Surface
1.75 1.0 Anchor tie rod
1.50
H Granular backfill
H W.T. , , k , k
1.25
0.5 Derdge Line
P a
𝐓 0.5
Anchor pull ratio 0.25
𝛄 𝐊 𝐚 𝐇𝟐 1.00
′ D Granular Subsoil
0.75
0.0 Sheet Pile
0.50
0.25
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
(c) Anchor pull ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
Fig.(10.20): Anchored sheet pile, granular subsoil with granular backfill.
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
2.00
Ground surface
1.0
1.75 Anchor tie rod
0.5 H H Granular backfill
1.50 W.T. , , k P , k a
0.25
1.25 Derdge line
(H/D)
(H/D) 0.0 0.5
Depth ratio 1.00 D Cohesive subsoil
Depth ratio
Sheet pile
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝟒𝒄−𝒒
Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯
(a) Depth ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
0.25
Ground surface
0.05
0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 10
𝟒𝒄−𝒒
Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯
(b) Moment ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
1.50
Ground surface
Anchor tie rod
1.25
H H
Granular backfill
W.T. , , k P , k a
1.00 Derdge line
𝐓 0.5
Anchor pull ratio D
𝛄′ 𝐊 𝐚 𝐇𝟐 0.75 1.0 Cohesive subsoil
0.5 Sheet pile
0.50 0.25
0.0
0.25
0.00
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝟒𝒄−𝒒
Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio
𝜸′ 𝑲𝒂 𝑯
(c) Anchor pull ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
Fig.(10.21): Anchored sheet pile, cohesive subsoil with granular backfill.
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
PROBLEMS
P10.1 Design the cantilever sheet pile wall penetrating sand shown in the figure below.
Given that: L1 = 2m, L2 = 3m, γ = 15.9 kN/ m3, sat . =19.33 kN/m3, 32 , and
L1 = 2m Sand
W.T. 15.9 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
L2 = 3m
P10.2 Design the cantilever sheet pile wall penetrating clay shown in the figure below. Given
that: all. 172.5 MN/m2.
A
Sand
L1 = 2m
W.T. 15.9 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
Sand
L2 = 3m
sat. 19.33 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
Dredge line E
Clay
D c 47 kN/m2, 0
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
P10.3 Design the anchored sheet pile wall penetrating sand shown in the figure below.
Given that: L1 = 2m, L2 = 3m, l1 =l2 =1m, γ =15.9 kN/m3, sat . =19.33 kN/m3, c 0 ,
32 , E 207x10 3 MN/m2 and all. 172.5 MN/m2.
L2 = 3m
Dredge line
Sand
sat. 19.33 kN/m3
c 0 , 32
D
P10.4 Design the anchored sheet pile wall penetrating clay shown in the figure below. Given
that: E 207x10 3 MN/m2 and all. 172.5 MN/m2.
A
Anchor tie rod l1 =1.5m
L1 = 3m
Sand
W.T. W.T. l2 =1.5m t 17 kN/m3
c 0 , 35
L2 = 6m
Sand
sat. 20 kN/m3
c 0 , 35
Dredge line
E Clay
D c 41 kN/m2, 35
B
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Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
REFERENCES
Barden, L. (1974),“Sheet pile wall design based on Rowe’s method”, CIRIA Technical Note 54,
London.
Bowles, J. E. (1996),“Foundation analysis and design”, McGraw-Hill Publications, 4th edition,
New York.
British Steel Piling Handbook (1997),“British Steel Corporation”, Scunthorpe.
Burland, J.B., Potts, D.M. and Walsh, N.M. (1981),”The overall stability of free and propped
embedded cantilever retaining walls”, Ground Engineering, 14 (5), 28–38.
Rowe, P.W. (1952),”Anchored sheet pile walls”, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 1,
27–70.
Rowe, P.W. (1957),”Sheet pile walls in clay”, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 7,
629–54.
Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual (1984),” United States Steel”, Updated and reprinted by U. S.
Department of Transportation /FHWA with permission. July 1984
Terzaghi, K. (1943),” Theoretical Soil Mechanics”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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