(a) The compressive stress σ acts axially on the pipe cross-sectional surface of area A.

The area A is calculated as follows:

π 2
A= (79 − 672 ) mm2 = 1376.017582 mm2
4
Using the stress formula using σ and A:

P
σ= ⇒ P = σA
A
P = 59 ∗ 106 ∗ 1376.017582 = 81, 185 N

(b)

Shortening, d

As the strain is measured in the longitudinal direction, the shortening d will occur in the
tube’s length. Using the strain formula:

d
ε= ⇒ d = εL = −808 ∗ 106 ∗ (540) mm = −0.43632mm
L

% change in cross-sectional area

To find the percentage change in area, we need the initial area Ai before the compression
load was added, and then the final area Af due to the compression.
Ai was previously calculated to be Ai = 1376.017582 mm2 .
To find the final area, we need to first calculate the change in the lateral dimension, which
would be the diameter of the pipe.
The lateral strain ε0 will be calculated using the Poisson’s ratio formula, then be used to
find the changes in diameters:
ε0 = −νε = −0.33 ∗ (−808 ∗ 10−6 ) = 2.667 ∗ 10−4
Changes in diameters:
∆d2 = ε0 d2 = 0.021 mm
∆d1 = ε0 d1 = 0.0179 mm
The final area can now be calculated using the updated diameters:

1
 πh i
Af = (d2 + ∆d2 )2 − (d1 + ∆d1 )2
4
πh 2 2
i
Af = (79 + 0.021) − (67 + 0.0179)
4
Af = 1376.7398 mm2

Percentage change in ccross-sectional area:

Af − Ai
%∆A = × 100%
Ai
1376.7398 − 1376.017582
= × 100%
1376.017582
%∆A = 0.052484%

Volume change

Like the above problem, we need to find the initial volume Vi before compression and the
final volume Vf after compression.
Volume before compression:

Vi = Ai L
= 1376.017582 ∗ 540mm3
= 743049 mm3

Volume after compression:

Vf = Af (L + d)
= 1376.7398(570 − 0.43632) = 742838.7929

Change in volume:

∆V = Vf − Vi
= 742838.7929 − 743049.49 = −210.697

2
(c) It was previously calculated that P = 81185 N.
Using axial stress formula:

81185 N
σ = P/Amiddle ⇒ Amiddle = = 0.0011275694 m2 = 1127.57 mm2
72000000 Pa
In the middle section, the area can be calculated in terms of d3 as follows:

π 2 2

Amiddle = 79 − d3 = 1127.57
4
d3 = 69.32 mm