Richmond

Natural Science

PRIMARY
Natural Science 2 is a collective work, conceived, designed
and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana,
under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITER
Caroline Cooke

MANAGING EDITOR
Sheila Tourle

PROJECT EDITOR
Geona Edwards

EDITOR
Vassilia Katte

PROOFREADING
Jane Drummond
James Price

ILLUSTRATIONS
Juanjo Barco
Mercedes Rodríguez-Piñero

1
 Contents

Unit Natural Science Syllabus Topics

People and health   Parts of the body

1 We are all different   Everybody is different

4

People and health   The five senses

2 The senses   Bones and joints
and movement

12

People and health   What we need to live

3 Nutrition   Respiration
22

Living things   Living things and non-living things

4 Plants   Parts of a plant
32

Living things   Vertebrates and invertebrates

5 Animals   Mammals and birds
42

Living things   Living things are different

  What is an ecosystem?
6 Ecosystems
  Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
52

Matter and energy   Natural and man-made materials

7 Materials   Properties of materials
62

Matter and energy   Forces

8 Forces and   Types of forces
energy   Gravity
72

Technology, objects and machines  Types of machines

  Machines and jobs
9 Machines
  Machines: past and present
82

FINAL REVISION

Project: A medicinal plant book

Atlas of the human body

The three Rs

2 two
 Topics Know how to Songs

  We grow, we change Resolve a conflict

  Expressing feelings

  Muscles Plan an exercise routine What’s inside your body?

  Looking after your body

  Digestion Complete a healthy diet What’s good to eat?

  A healthy diet questionnaire

  Types of plants Describe a plant Everywhere you look

  How plants reproduce

  Reptiles, amphibians and fish Identify animal tracks The wonderful world of animals
  Invertebrates and insects Life cycle

  Life in ecosystems Study an ecosystem

  People and ecosystems

  Weight and volume Do a scientific experiment Let’s make something

  Materials change

  Energy and energy sources Identify forces How does it work?

  Sound

  Computers Explain how a torch works

  The Internet

three 3
 6 Ecosystems

forest

beach

rocks

seabed

What animals can you see in the forest?

KNOW HOW TO
What animals can you see in the water?
How many seagulls are flying? FINAL TASK

Where is the coral, on the land or in the sea? Study an ecosystem.

SPEAKING. Tell your partner about a seaside

place you know. What animals live there?

52 fifty-two
Living things are different
1 Look at the picture and classify the living things.

rabbit pine trees lynx dolphin

seagulls jellyfish fish

in the forest   

on the beach and rocks   

in the sea   

2 What do all living things need? Choose and complete the sentence.
  food   ice   water   salt   sunlight   fire   air

A”l¬ livin@ thingfi >æe∂

.
3 Different living things live in different places. Where do these
animals live? Write.

a river a desert a forest the sea

A dolphi> liñfi i> .

A lyn≈ .
A caµe¬ .
A crocodi¾ .
Living things are different and have different needs because they live
in different places.

fifty-three 53
 What is an ecosystem?
ecosystem
There are many different natural
areas on our planet, for example
forests, deserts and lakes. Each
different area is an ecosystem.
An ecosystem is made up of:
 
Living things. These include all
the animals and plants.
  Non-living things. These include
the soil, the air, the rocks and
non-living things living things water.

Some ecosystems, such as jungles, are very big. Other ecosystems,

such as ponds, are small.

jungle pond

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the jungle and the pond. What living
things can you see? What non-living things can you see?

54 fifty-four
 6

2 Look at this ecosystem and write.

living things  

non-living things  

3 Write T (true) or F (false).

6.1

An ecosystem is made up of living things and non-living things.

An ecosystem only includes animals and plants.

Plants are part of the non-living things in an ecosystem.

There are many different ecosystems on Earth.

4 Which animals live in this ecosystem? Look and circle.

North Pole

An ecosystem is made up of living things and non-living things.

fifty-five 55
 Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
There are two types of ecosystems: terrestrial ecosystems
and aquatic ecosystems.

Terrestrial ecosystems

In forests, trees provide Grasslands are big, flat In deserts there is little
shelter and food for the grassy areas. Many rain, so not many living
animals. herbivores live there. things live there.

Aquatic ecosystems

Saltwater ecosystems are Freshwater ecosystems are

in seas and oceans. in rivers and lakes.

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Choose one of the ecosystems. What living
things live there? What non-living things can you see?

56 fifty-six
 6

2 What type of ecosystem is it? Write terrestrial or aquatic.

3 Which ecosystem do these animals live in? Write.

whale
dromedary
6.2 water buffalo
octopus

wildebeest
scorpion

desert  

sea  

grassland  

4 IN YOUR NOTEBOOK. What ecosystems are there near where you live?
Write the living and non-living things you can find there.

There are two types of ecosystems: terrestrial ecosystems, such as forests

and deserts, and aquatic ecosystems, such as seas and rivers.

fifty-seven 57
 Life in ecosystems
Living things in ecosystems depend on each other for food. For example,
rabbits eat grass and foxes eat rabbits. These living things form
a food chain.

grass rabbit fox

Living things in an ecosystem join

together to help each other.
For example, wildebeest travel
together in a group to protect each
other from lion attacks.

People and ecosystems

Some people can damage

ecosystems. They cut down trees.
They leave rubbish on the ground.
They pollute the air and water.
Some people look after ecosystems.
They protect animals in danger
of extinction. They plant trees
and recycle rubbish.

1 GROUP WORK. Which animals are in danger of extinction in your region?

Make a poster to show the class.

58 fifty-eight
 6

2 Look at the food chain and answer the questions.

  What does the eagle eat?

  What does the snake eat?

  What does the mouse eat?

 Are these animals carnivores or herbivores? Write.

mouse snake

eagle

3 How can we protect ecosystems? Tick (✓) the good actions

and cross out (✗) the bad actions.

We can cut down the trees.

We can look after the animals living there.

We can light fires.

We can take away our rubbish.

We can plant trees.

We can build houses.

Living things in an ecosystem depend on each other. People should

protect and look after ecosystems.

fifty-nine 59
 KNOW HOW TO

Study an ecosystem

1 Look at this ecosystem and write.

living things  

non-living things  

2 What kind of ecosystem is it? Tick (✓).

  a forest   a desert  grassland

3 Look at the picture and write an example of a food chain.

4 What problem is there in this ecosystem? Read and circle.

There is not much water / sunlight. The animals and plants

can / cannot live without it.

60 sixty
 6
REVISION

1 What do all living things need? Write.

2 Read and complete the text.

food living shelter non-living

An ecosystem is made up of and

things. The living things depend on each other for

and .

3 Name these ecosystems.

SHOW YOUR SKILLS

4 Choose one of these activities:

Make a poster about

A.  Search the Internet for information
B. 
a protected natural area about savannahs. What type of
where you live. ecosystem are they?

sixty-one 61