CHAPTER 1 PLANE FIGURES

1. POLYGONS
2. TRIANGLES
3. QUADRILATERALS

POLYGONS
A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line segments.

PARTS OF POLYGON
1. Side or edge of a polygon is one of the line segments that
make up the polygon.
2. Interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside
the polygons.
3. Vertices of a polygon are the endpoints of each side of the
polygon.
4. Exterior Angle is an angle that is adjacent to and
supplementary to an interior angle of the polygon.
5. Diagonal of a polygon is a line segment joining two non-
adjacent vertices of the polygon.
Side or edge

Vertex
Exterior angle
Diagonal
Interior angle
 TYPES OF POLYGONS
1. Irregular Polygon-A polygon that is neither equiangular nor
equilateral .
2. Regular Polygon- Regular polygons are both equiangular
and equilateral.
3. Convex Polygon- Every interior angle of a convex polygon is
less than 1800 . If a line is drawn through the convex
polygon, the line will intersect at most two sides.

4. Equilateral Polygon- all sides are equal.

5. Equiangular Polygon -all of its angles are congruent.
6. Concave Polygon- A concave polygon has at least one
interior angle that measures more than 1800. If a line is
drawn through a concave polygon, the line may intersect
more than two sides.

NAMING POLYGONS
SIMILAR POLYGONS:
The ratio of two quantities is the quotient of one quantity divided by
another quantity.
Example:
a/c, b/d, a:c, b:d,
a ÷ c=b ÷ d

A proportion is an expression of equality between two ratios. That is,

if two ratios a:b = c:d are equal, then the equation a/b=c/d is a
proportion.
Similar polygons if their corresponding interior angles are congruent
and their corresponding sides are proportional. Similar polygons have
the same shape but may differ in size.
Y1 Y2

X1 X2 A2

A1

X1/X2= Y1/Y2
The following relations between the two polygons are obtained using
the concept of ratio and proportion.
1. The ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar polygons are
equal.
X1/X2= Y1/Y2
Example:
X1=23
X2=10
Y1=18
Y2=?
Solution:
X1/X2= Y1/Y2
 23/10=18/Y2, 23Y2=(10)(18)
Y2=180/23
Y2=7.83
2. The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is the square of the ratio
of any two corresponding sides.
A1/A2= (X1/X2)2
3. The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is equal to the ratio
of any two corresponding sides.
P1/P2= X1/X2

PROPERTIES OF A REGULAR POLYGON

A regular polygon of n sides can be subdivided into n congruent
isosceles triangles, whose base is a side of the polygon. The
common vertex of these triangles is the center of the polygon

s
a

PERIMETER
To find the perimeter of a polygon, add the lengths of the sides of the
polygon. Since regular polygons are equilateral, the formula in finding
the perimeter of a regular polygon is:
Formula:
P=ns, where P= perimeter of the polygon
n= number of sides of polygon
 s= length of each side
CENTRAL ANGLE
The angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon is a central angle
Θ of the polygon. It is the angle formed by two lines drawn from the
center of the polygon to two adjacent vertices. Regular polygons are
equiangular.
Formula:
Ө= 3600/n

APOTHEM
The altitude of the isosceles triangles that can be formed from a regular
polygon is the apothem of the regular polygon. The apothem bisects
the central angle and its opposite side.
Formula:
tan Ө/2 = tan 3600/2n s/2
= s/2a
Solving for a: a
s
a=
1800 Ө/2
2 tan ( )
n

INTERIOR ANGLE
In each isosceles triangle, the measure of the base angles can be
denoted by Ө, in each interior angle of the regular polygon by 2Ө. Thus
the measure of each interior angle is solve as follows:
2Ө= 1800- Ө
 0 3600
= 180 - n
Ө Ө

1800 (n−2)
= n

Thus :

FORMULA:
1800 (n−2)
IA= n

SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES

Since the number of sides equals the number of interior angles, then
the sum of interior angles is n times the measure of the interior ang.
Hence:
n= number of sides
S.I.A.=1800(n-2)

AREA
Area is the amount of two-dimensional space that a plane figure
occupies. To get the area of a regular polygon, multiply the area of the
isosceles triangle by the number of triangles formed, or
A=(S/2)(a)(n)
Note that this is the same as one-half of the product of its perimeter
and its apothem. In general, the formula for area of a regular polygon is
given by:
A=1/2 Pa
The formula for area of a regular polygon can be expressed in terms of
its number of sides and the measure of one side as follows:

A=1/2 Pa
s
=1/2 (ns)
( 2 tan
1800
( )
n )
n s2
A=
( 4 tan
1800
( ) n )
DIAGONAL
From any given vertex of a regular polygon, a diagonal is drawn from
the vertex to a non adjacent vertex. This means that you can construct
a diagonal from each vertex of a polygon with n sides in n-3 ways. Since
there are n vertices and each diagonal has two end points, you can do
this in only n/2 ways. Thus, the total number of distinct diagonals of a
regular polygon is.
FORMULA:
D=n/2(n-3)
Example 1:
Find the area of a regular nonagon whose sides measure 3 units.
Determine the number of distinct diagonals that can be drawn from
each vertex and the sum of its interior angles.
Solution:
Given:
n=9
s= 3 units
A=55.64 sq. units
D=27
S.I.A=1,2600

FORMULA FOR AREA OF A POLYGON

n s2
1. A=
( 4 tan
1800
( ),
n ) where A= Area of polygon

n=no. of sides of polygon

s= length of side

Solution:
(9)(3)2
A=
( 4 tan
1800
( )
9 )
81
A=( 4 tan ( 200 ) )
 81
A=( 4 (.36) )
81
A=( 1.4559 )

A=55.64 sq. units

FORMULA FOR DIAGONAL

D=n/2(n-3), D=Diagonal
n= no. of sides of polygon
Solution:
2. D=n/2(n-3), n=no. of sides of polygon
D=9/2(9-3)
D=4.5(6)
D=27
FORMULA FOR SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES
S.I.A.=1800(n-2), n=no. of sides of polygon
SIA=Sum of Interior Angles
Solution:
3. S.I.A.=1800(n-2)
S.I.A.=1800(9-2)
S.I.A.=1800(7)
S.I.A.=1,2600
EXAMPLE #2
Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total
number of sides of the polygons is 13, and the sum of the number of
diagonals of the polygons is 25.

Given:
13= the number of sides of two polygons
25= sum of the number of diagonals of the polygons
Solve the number of sides of each of the two polygons.
Solution: let x be the first polygon
y be the second polygon
Substitute Eq1 in Eq2
X+y=13 equation 1
Eq. #1, x+y=13, y=13-x
Eq. #2, x/2(x-3)+y/2(y-3)=25

x2 3 x y2 3 y
[ 2
−
2 ][
+ −
2 2
=25 ]
x 2−3 x y2 −3 y
[ 2 ][+
2 ]=25

{¿

[ x 2−3 x+ y 2−3 y ]=50

2 2
x −3 x+ ( 13−x ) −3 ( 13−x )=50

X2-3x+(x2-26x+169)-39+3x=50
X2-3x+x2-26x+169-39+3x=50
2x2-26x+130-50=50-50
2x2-26x+80=0
x2-13x+40=0
(x-5)(x-8)=0
(x-5)=0, (x-8)=0
X1=5, x2=8; ANSWER

Eq. #1, x+y=15, y=15-x

Eq. #2, x/2(x-3)+y/2(y-3)=36
Substitute Eq1 in Eq2
x2 3 x y2 3 y
[ 2
−
2 ][
+ −
2 2
=36 ]
x 2−3 x y2 −3 y
[ 2 ][+
2 ] =36

{¿

[ x 2−3 x+ y 2−3 y ]=72

2 2
x −3 x+ ( 15−x ) −3 ( 15−x )=72

2 2
x −3 x+ ( 15−x ) −3 ( 15−x )=72

X2-3x+(x2-30x+225)-45+3x=72
X2-3x+x2-30x+225-45+3x=72
2x2-30x+180-72=72-72
2x2-30x+108=0
x2-15x+54=0
(x-6)(x-9)=0
X1=6, x2=9; ANSWER