Chart Work - Oow

2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt.
Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 1

What We’ll Cover
Construction of
charts.
Reading nautical
charts.
Using nautical charts
to determine:
Position
Direction
Distance
Measuring a Position’s Latitude
& Longitude
 Pick off
distance from
parallel to ruler
edge.
 Transfer
distance. Read
latitude from
scale.
 Repeat
process using
longitude
scale.
Describe Buzzard’s Light
 The Light?
 - White, flashing every 2.5 seconds
 The Seabed?
 - Rocky
 Depth of the Water?
 - Approx 60 ft, rising at light to 37 ft
 What other information is provided?
 - Light is 101ft high, visible for 22
mi
 - Radio beacon, frequency of 314
MHz
 - Code: Dash followed by three dots
 - Horn
Determining Direction
Compass rose:
-Shows True and
Magnetic directions.
-Use rose nearest
measurement.
Use parallel rules or

course plotter.
Determining Direction Using
Parallel Rules
Draw line for
expected course.
“Walk” parallel
rulers to center of
compass rose.
 Read True
direction from
outer ring.
Determining Direction
Find direction,
R“2” to
Buzzards Light:
Draw line, R“2”
to Buzzards.
Measure
direction from
Buzzards to
R“2”.
Measuring Distance
Use dividers to
transfer distances
between objects
and distance
scales.
Use latitude scale
or distance scale.
Longer Distances
 “Walk” dividers to measure large
distances.
 Read amount “left-over” on distance

scale.
Measuring Position
Scale of a Chart
Scale:
- Number of distance units on
earth’s surface represented by
same distance unit on a chart.
Example:
- One inch on a chart is equal to
2,500 inches on earth’s surface.
- This is written 1:2,500
“Large” vs “Small”
 The smaller the ratio, the larger the

scale.
 Large scale charts show:
 - Less area, more detail
 - 1:2,500 is considered large-scale.
 Small scale charts show:
 - More area, less detail
 - 1:5,000,000 is considered small-
scale.
Use Large Scale Chart
To Show
Maximum Detail
Types of Marine Charts
 Sailing Chart
- Scale - 1:600,000 and smaller.
- Used off-shore, outside of coastal
areas or between distant coastal ports
 General Chart
 - Scale – 1:150,000 to 1:600,000.
- Used for off-shore but within
coastal zones outside of outlying reefs
and shoals.
Types of Marine Charts
 Coast Charts
- Scale - 1:40,000 to 1:150,000.
 - Used for in-shore navigation of bays
and harbors of considerable width and
for large inland waterways and coastal
passages.
 Harbor Charts
- Scale – Larger than 1:40,000.
- Used in harbors, anchorages areas
and small waterways.
Small Craft Charts
Scale - 1:40,000 and larger.
Composite type chart of inland

waters.
- Mercator projection is used
- North may not be at top - made
to fit the expanse of water on the
chart.
- Contains information of interest
to small boat operator.
Chart Classification Summary
Three Choices: Point Judith
Harbor
Harbor
Chart scale
is 1:15,000.
Upper left is
1:80,000.
Upper right
from Coast
Chart.
Title Block
Low Water
 Mean means an average of
all depths.
 MLLW is intended to be
conservative.
 Most of the time you will

have greater depth –
BUT NOT ALWAYS.
Depth Contours
Navigator’s Tools & Instruments
Navigator’s Tools
Accuracy Depends On
 Good Quality Tools:
 - Buy the best quality you can
afford.
 - Plated, stamped steel perish
quickly in marine environment.
 - Good tools, good care = long life.
 Good Technique
 - Use the right tool for the purpose.
 - Practice using the tool.
Plotters
 Draw straight lines.
 Measure angles with respect to

longitude.
 - e.g. Measure directions
 Many types.
 - Choose according to personal
preference.
2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 36
Plotting Symbols
Position Fixing
The Three Points
Fix
Position & Position Lines
Potential Fix Inaccuracies -1
Potential Fix Inaccuracies -
2
Fix by Bearing and Sounding
Fix by Dipping or Rising Light
Fix by Dipping or Rising
Light…
Fix by Dipping or Rising
Light…
Dipping Distance Table
Dead Reckoning (DR)
Estimated Position (EP)
Estimated Position (EP)
…..
Estimated Position (EP) …..
Leeway
Estimated Position with Leeway
Transits
Fix by Transferred Position
Line Using One Charted
Feature
Feature ….
Feature ….
Feature ….
Line Using Two Charted
Feature
Feature …..
Feature …..
Course to Steer (CTS)
Course to Steer (CTS) …
Estimated Time of Arrival
(ETA)
Course Shaping – Wind Strategy
Course Shaping
Port Entry-Cross
Tide
Course Shaping
Port Entry-Cross Tide
…
Strategy on Approach to
Harbour
Leading Lines
Leading Lines and Lights
Bearings
Clearing Bearings
Cardinal Marks
Lateral & Other Buoyage
Lateral & Other Buoyage …
Passage Planning
Passage Planning …..
Passage Planning …
Passage Planning …
Passage Planning Salcombe to
Dartmouth
Passage Planning
Salcombe to Dartmouth
…
Passage Planning
Salcombe to Dartmouth
…
PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey
 Departure constraints
 None - but beware of Naval activities and ferries
 Care in strong South and West winds
 Take departure from Eddystone Rock LH
 Arrival constraints?
 Sill (Entry/exit up to ± 2½ hours local HW)
 Transit constraints?
 Shipping Lanes (Not Separation Scheme)
 Through Race of Alderney, Swinge or via Casquets?
 Through Little or Big Russel Channels or West of
Guernsey?
PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey ….
 Distance 58 Miles Approx
 12 hours @ 5 knots
 3 hours @ 20 knots
 Departure
 Time departure to arrive at Race of Alderney
 at appropriate time
 Visual aids
 Mast on Rame Head
 EC 'A' Buoy, Eddystone Rocks LH
 Quenard Point LH, Cap de la Hague LH
 Platte Fougère LH, Bec du Nez LH
PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey ….
 Plan waypoints
 Plymouth West Breakwater
 East of Eddystone Rocks LH
 Start and end of shipping lanes
 Top of Race of Alderney
 West of Banc de la Schôle
 Lower Heads South Cardinal
 Weather information
 Before start and under way
PILOTAGE
(Navigating Safely in Confined Waters)
 USE ALL SIGNPOSTS AVAILABLE

 Buoys & lights
 Charted landmarks
 Transits, clearing bearings
 Soundings etc.
 PRE-PLAN
 Use large scale charts
 Pilot books
 Local knowledge
 As detailed as necessary for the task
PILOTAGE
 DETAIL NEEDED
 Start of pilotage
 Distance and Course to Steer to next mark
 Use 6 minute marks for high speed navigation
 Repeat until destination reached
 Use transits and clearing bearings to avoid hazards
Log Extract
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
  US Military system – selective availability discontinued
in 2000
  Based on 24 satellites
  10,900 mile high orbits
  24 hour coverage
  Satellite gives spherical position line
  4 Satellites give 3 dimension fix
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
GPS - FIX ERROR
WAYPOINTS AND ROUTE-PLAN
…
…
FOG NAVIGATION
FOG NAVIGATION …
Course
Position
Depth
(sounding)
Direction

TRUE
NORTH
HEADING
By heading
is meant:
the direction in
which the vessel is
pointing.
It is the angle
between
the fore-and-aft line
and
True North.
SO UND
COURSE
By course
is meant:
the direction
in which the vessel
is steered.
It is expressed in
degrees.
sound
HEADING AND COURSE
Do not confuse
heading
and
course;
heading constantly
changes due to
sea- and wind
influences and
and steering errors.

TRACK
The track
consists of one
or a number of
course lines
along which the
navigator
WK intends to proceed.

sound
GREAT CIRCLE COURSE (TRACK)
A great circle course
forms the shortest
connection between
two places on the
earth.
DESTINATIO N
DEPARTURE

RHUMB LINE (loxodrome)
A Rhumb line
DESTINATIO N
is a line whereby
all the angles
made by the
meridians
and the
course line
are equal.
This implies that in (Mercator) sea charts
the earth is not a sphere, but a square.
DEPARTURE
sound

COMPOSITE SAILING
+
s
sound
Composite sailing combines the advantages of the

great circle and the rhumb line:
it will offer the shortest possible route, and the vessel
can keep constant
2/17/2019
true directions.
Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 110
DRIFT AND CURRENT
Due to the
influences of
B
wind
and
current
destination B
will not be reached
without any
alterations of course.
A sound

COURSE (OR TRACK) MADE GOOD
By
B
course made good
is understood
the course that the
ship will follow
after allowing for
the effects caused
by wind.
A sound

COURSE OVER GROUND
By
B
course over ground
is understood
the course that the
ship will follow
after allowing for
the effects caused
by current.
A sound

s

Pilotage (coastal navigation);
Cross bearing;
The cocked hat;
A running fix;
Dead reckoning;
Astronomical navigation;
Satellite.
s
PILOTAGE
When sailing along the coast, compass-

bearings of conspicuous objects are
taken at regular intervals.

PILOTAGE
A CONSPICUOUS OBJECT (CONSPIC)

is an object on land or at sea, which is
mentioned and described in the pilot book.

CROSS BEARINGS
Cross bearings form

an intersection of two
bearing lines that
have been taken of two
conspicuous
2/17/2019
objects.
X
CONSPIC 1
X
CONSPIC 2
If a third conspicuous object

X is available, a third bearing
(“check line”) is taken.
CONSPIC 3

X
X
X
Cocked
hat
As the ship is
proceeding,
a triangle is formed
by the two bearing
lines and the
check line.
When there is only one
conspicuous object,
a position fix is made
by taking two bearings
of that same conspic
at interval.

X
Course line
50
16 380
The first bearing

is taken at 16.50 hrs;
log reading:
distance travelled =
380 nautical miles.
X
Course line
50
16 380
55
16 381
The second bearing is
taken at 16.55 hrs;
log reading:
distance travelled =
381 nautical miles.
2/17/2019 (theKamal
Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa angle between the
2 bearing
123
lines must be >30 degr.)
X
Course line
50
16 380
55
16 381
With the aid of

chart dividers
“1” is measured from
the chart scale and
transferred to the
course line.
X
50
16 380
55
16 381
The position of the ship
is at the intersection of
the second bearing line
with the line that runs
parallel to the first
2/17/2019
bearing line.
By “Dead Reckoning” is meant
finding one’s position by
taking into consideration:
. last known position;
. course and speed;
. sea and weather conditions.
sound 2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 126
With the aid of the
echo sounder
the depth of the water
can be determined.

sound
TAKING SOUNDINGS
A signal is transmitted to From the time elapsed
the sea bed. between transmission
This signal “bounces back” and reception of the signal,
and is received again the depth of the water
by the echo sounder. can be determined.

TAKING SOUNDINGS
With multi-beam echo sounding

3-D images are made of the seabed
to determine charted depth of water.

WIRE SWEEPING
Depth over a protruding obstacle can also be obtained by
wire sweeping, whereby a cable is swept over the sea bed
between two survey vessels.
However, this method of determining depth is obsolete.
so
s

Ahead
Port Starboard

Astern
On the stem
On the On the
port bow starboard bow
Before the Before the

port beam starboard beam
On the On the
port beam starboard beam
Abaft the
Abaft the
starboard beam
port beam
On the On the
2/17/2019 port quarter
Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal starboard quarter
133
On the stern
Geographic vs. Magnetic Poles
 Earth’s Axis of Rotation

= Geographic Poles.
 –Where meridians
converge.
 Earth is also a magnet.
 –N & S magnetic poles are
not the same as
geographic.
 –Not only that … they
Polar and Magnetic North
Difference
between
GEOGRAPHIC
NORTH
and MAGNETIC
NORTH
is termed
2/17/2019
 VARIATION
Variation
 Variation is angular difference between
locations of geographic and magnetic poles.

“Names” of
Variation
Variation is WEST ... Variation is EAST ...
if magnetic north is to the if magnetic north is to the
WEST of true north from EAST of true north from
your location. your location.

Magnetic Pole Movement
 Scientists chart pole’s

moving position.
 Northwesterly motion
averages 10 km per year.
 Magnetic pole also
wanders daily in an
elliptical path
 Due to magnetic
disturbances caused by
the sun.
Finding Variation
Variation
indicated at
center of each
compass rose
on chart.
In this case:
–VAR = 10º00’W
(1988)
–ANNUAL
INCREASE = 6’
Relative Bearings

Magnetic Poles

Variation

Compass Rose

Magnetic Bearing

Deviation

Effects of CompassDeviation

Compass Deviation Table

MNEMONICS

Applying Corrections

Deviation Check

Deviation Conversions
M T T
M
C C

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2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt.

Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 1

Use parallel rules or

 Read amount “left-over” on distance

 The smaller the ratio, the larger the

Composite type chart of inland

 Most of the time you will

 Measure angles with respect to

 USE ALL SIGNPOSTS AVAILABLE

2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 103

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Composite sailing combines the advantages of the

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When sailing along the coast, compass-

2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 116

A CONSPICUOUS OBJECT (CONSPIC)

2/17/2019 Compiled by Capt. Mohammad Mostafa Kamal 117

Cross bearings form

If a third conspicuous object

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The first bearing

With the aid of

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With multi-beam echo sounding

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Before the Before the

 Earth’s Axis of Rotation

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 Scientists chart pole’s

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