1.

The material balance equation:

1.1 Introduction:
The material balance equation (MBE) has long been recognized as one of the
basic tools of reservoir engineers for interpreting and predicting reservoir
performance. The equation is structured to keep inventory of all material
entering, leaving , and accumulating in the reservoir.

The concept of the MBE was presented by Schilthuis in 1936 and is simply
based on the principle of the volumetric balance. It states that the cumulative
withdrawal of reservoir fluids is equal to the combined effects of fluid
expansion, pore volume compaction , and water influx. In its simplest form,
the equation can be written on a volumetric basis as:

Initial volume = volume remaining + volume removed

1.2 Assumptions in the material balance equation:

The material balance equation has some basic assumptions and limitations
which can cause some errors when applied to some reservoirs.

 Pressure:
The MBE is a tank model treating the reservoir as a large tank at which the
pressure is constant throughout the reservoir at a particular time. It clearly
ignores pressure changes which may arise across the reservoir. In the radial
flow section it was clear that there are large pressure variations around the
producing and injection wells.

In order to apply the equation at a particular time, an average pressure has to

be selected being representative of the reservoir pressure at the particular time.
All fluid properties are evaluated at this pressure.

 Temperature:

Changes in a reservoir generally takes place at isothermal, constant

temperature, conditions, unless major external temperatures are imposed
thorough, for example, thermal recovery processes and in some cases large
cold water injection schemes.

 Reservoir characteristics:

The reservoir has uniform porosity, permeability, and thickness.

 Fluid recovery:

The fluid recovery is considered independent of the rate, number of wells, or

location of the wells.

 Pressure equilibrium:

All parts of the reservoir have the same pressure.

 Constant reservoir volume:

Reservoir volume is assumed to be constant except for those conditions of

rock and water expansion or water influx that are specifically considered in the
equation.

 Reliable production data:

All production data should be recorded with respect to the same time period.

1.3 Uses of Material Balance:

 Can Provide an estimate of initial HC in place.

 independent of geological interpretation.
 can be used to verify volumetric estimates.
 Determines the degree of aquifer influence.
 understanding of the “drive mechanism”.
 estimate recovery factor.
 Estimate of recoverable reserves.
 As a precursor to reservoir simulation.
 Identify undrained hydrocarbons.
 Can be used as a forecasting tool in certain situations.
 Can be used to help evaluate operating strategies such as new wells,
accelerated rate, compression.
 In some cases can be used to screen for enhanced recovery.

1.4 Developing the MBE:

Before deriving the material balance, it is convenient to denote certain terms

by symbols for brevity. The symbols used conform where possible to the
standard nomenclature adopted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers as
shown:

Initial reservoir pressure, psi

 Volumetric average reservoir pressure, psi
Change in reservoir pressure , psi
Bubble point pressure, psi
Initial (original) oil in place,
Cumulative oil produced,

Cumulative gas produced,

Cumulative water produced, bbl

Cumulative gas-oil ratio, ⁄

Instantaneous gas-oil ratio, ⁄

Initial gas solubility, ⁄
Gas solubility, ⁄
Initial oil formation volume factor, ⁄
Oil formation volume factor, ⁄
Initial gas formation volume factor, ⁄

Gas formation volume factor, ⁄

Cumulative water injected,

Cumulative gas injected,
Cumulative water influx,
Ratio of initial-gas-cap-gas reservoir volume to initial reservoir oil
volume, ⁄
Initial gas-cap gas,
Pore volume,
Water compressibility,
Formation (rock) compressibility,
The total pore volume required by several (MBE) calculations can be derived
by introducing the parameter m into the relationship as follows:

Solving for the volume of the gas cap gives:

The total volume of the hydrocarbon system is then given by:

or
By treating the reservoir pore as an idealized container, as illustrated below,
volumetric balance expressions can be derived:

1+2=3+4+5+6+7+8+9
Pi P
Pore volume occupied by the
gas in the gas cap at p
3
Pore volume occupied by Pore volume occupied by the
the gas in the gas cap at pi evolved solution gas at p
4
1 Pore volume occupied by the
injected gas at p
Pore volume occupied by 5
the oil initially in place at Change in pore volume due to connate
pi = water expansion and pore

6
volume reduction due to rock expansion

Pore volume occupied by the

injected water at p
7
Pore volume occupied by the
remaining oil at p
8
Pore volume occupied by the
net water influx at p
2 9
The MBE can be written in a generalized form as follows:

Pore volume occupied by the oil initially in place at

Pore volume occupied by the gas in the gas cap at

Pore volume occupied by the remaining oil at

Pore volume occupied by the gas in the gas cap at

Pore volume occupied by the evolved solution gas at

Pore volume occupied by the net water influx at

Change in pore volume due to connate water expansion and pore volume
reduction due to rock expansion

Pore volume occupied by the injected gas at

Pore volume occupied by the injected water at

The above nine terms composing the MBE can be separately determined from
the hydrocarbon PVT and rock properties, as follows:

Pore volume occupied by the oil initially in place:

Pore volume occupied by the gas in the gas cap:

Pore volume occupied by the remaining oil:

Pore volume occupied by the gas cap at p:

[ ]

Pore volume occupied by the evolved solution gas:

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ( ) ]

Pore volume occupied by the net water influx:

Change in pore volume due to initial water and rock expansion:

( )

Pore volume occupied by the injected gas and water:

Combining Equations (1.2) through (1.9) with Equation (1.1) and rearranging
gives:
( ) ( )

[ ] [ ]

The cumulative gas produced can be expressed in terms of the cumulative

gas-oil ratio and cumulative oil produced by:

Combining Equations (1.10) and (1.11) gives:

[ ( ) ] ( )

[ ] [ ]

The above relationship is referred to as the "material balance equation"

(MBE). By introducing the concept of the total (two-phase) formation volume
factor [ ] into the equation, and assuming no water
or gas injection gives:

[ ( ) ] ( )

[ ] [ ]
1.5 The straight line material balance equation (Havlena & Odeh):

Havlena and Odeh (1963) expressed equation (1.12) in the following form:
[ ( ) ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Havlena and Odeh further expressed Equation (1.14) in a more condensed

form as:

[ ] ( )

Assuming no water or gas injection, Equation (1.15) becomes:

[ ]

where the underground withdrawal [ ( ) ]

the oil expansion

the gas expansion [ ]

the rock and water expansion * +

1.6 Material Balance Equation for Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs with
Water Influx:

For undersaturated oil reservoirs with water influx, pressures could be

supported completely or partially, depending on the strength of the aquifer.
Fluid saturations will also change within areas of the reservoir that had been
invaded by water influx from the aquifer.

The MBE for undersaturated reservoirs with water influx is:

[ ] [ ( ) ]

For undersaturated reservoirs with strong water influx, formation and water
compressibility are considered negligible (in case of low pressure, low and
reservoirs). Hence, Eq. (1.17) becomes:

[ ( ) ]

Re-arranging Eq. (1.18) gives:

[ ( ) ]

The LHS of Eq. (1.19) represents cumulative voidage from the reservoir, and
the RHS represents energy from oil expansion and water influx. If cumulative
reservoir voidage is denoted as , then:

[ ( ) ]

Also, if oil expansion is represented as , then:

Substituting Eqs. (1.20) and (1.21) into Eq. (1.19) yields:

Dividing both sides of Eq. (1.22) by gives:

Equation (1.23) is the Havlena-Odeh straight line form of the material balance
equation for undersaturated oil reservoirs with water influx. A plot of ⁄ vs.
 ⁄ will give a straight line with an intercept on the y-axis equal to N, and
the slope equal to unity.

In case of the reservoir pressure is above , Eq. (1.20) becomes:

The shape of ⁄ vs. ⁄ plot depends on the value of If correct

values of are used, the plot will be a straight line. If values of are too
small, the plot will curve upward. If the values are too large, the plot will
curve downward. A linear aquifer will yield an S-shaped curve. These possible
shapes are shown in the figure.

For undersaturated reservoirs with strong water influx, formation and water
compressibility are included (in case of high pressure, high and
reservoirs). Hence, the MBE becomes:

[ ] [ ( ) ]

As shown previously in Eqs. (1.20) and (1.21):

[ ( ) ]

A new term is defined to represent formation and water expansion as:

[ ]

Substituting these terms into Eq. (1.17) and re-arranging gives:

A plot of ⁄ vs. ⁄ will give a straight line with an
intercept on the y-axis equal to , and a slope equal to unity.

The characteristics and the shapes of this line will be the same as described
previously for the plot of ⁄ vs. ⁄ .
2. Water Influx Models:

Water influx (water encroachment, (We)) into reservoir can be estimated with
steady-state, unsteady-state, pseudosteady-state, and approximation models.

2.1 Steady-state models:

The Schilthuis aquifer model is an example of steady-state models.

Steady-state models assume that:

 The rate of water influx is directly proportional to the pressure drop

between the original oil-water contact and the external aquifer boundary.
 The pressure at the external aquifer boundary is constant.

Steady-state models have limited applications for calculating water influx,

especially for reservoirs with short production history.

The rate of water influx can be determined by applying Darcy’s equation:

[ ]
( )

Where rate of water influx, bbl/day

permeability of the aquifer, md
thickness of the aquifer, ft
radius of the aquifer, ft
radius of the reservoir, ft
time, days
water influx constant, bbl/day/psi
In terms of the cumulative water influx , Equation (2.1) is integrated to give
the common Schilthuis expression for water influx as:

∫
2.2 Unsteady-state models:

2.2.1 The van Everdingen and Hurst (edge-water drive) model: which is
based on the radial diffusivity equation.

Van Everdingen and Hurst assumed that the aquifer is characrerized by:

 Uniform thickness.
 Constant permeability.
 Uniform porosity.
 Constant rock compressibility.
 Constant water compressibility.
They made the solution to the diffusivity equation generalized and applicable
to any aquifer where the flow of water into the reservoir is essentially radial.
They expressed their mathematical relationship for calculating the water influx
in a form of a dimensionless parameter that is called dimensionless water
influx WeD. They also expressed the dimensionless water influx as a function of
the dimensionless time tD, and dimensionless radius rD. The solutions were
derived for cases of bounded aquifers and aquifers of infinite extent. They
presented their solutions in tabulated (tables 8-1 & 8-2, Craft & Hawkins) and
graphical forms.

Graphical form of WeD vs. tD for infinite & finite reservoirs

 Graphical form of WeD vs. tD for infinite & finite reservoirs

The two dimensionless parameters tD and rD are given by:

[ ]

where

t = time, days
k = permeability of the aquifer, md
= porosity of the aquifer
= viscosity of water in the aquifer, cp
ra = radius of the aquifer, ft
re = radius of the reservoir, ft
cw = water compressibility, psi-1
cf = aquifer formation compressibility, psi-1
ct = total compressibility coefficient, psi-1
The cumulative water influx is then given by:

with

where

We = cumulative water influx, bbl

B = water influx constant, bbl/psi
∆p = pressure drop at the boundary, psi
WeD = dimensionless water influx
f = encroachment angle,
The van Everdingen-Hurst model uses superposition to calculate cumulative
water influx.

2.2.2 Coats, Allard and Chen (bottom-water drive) model:

By modifying the diffusivity equation to account for the vertical flow:

where Fk is the ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability, or:

The general solution of Eq. (2.5) is presented in terms of tD, rD, and zD.

where zD = dimensionless variable distance

h = aquifer thickness, ft
The solution to the bottom-water influx is comparable in form to that of the
edge-water:

where the water influx constant is identical to that of the edge-water model,
except that for the bottom-water, the encroachment angle is not included.

The actual values of WeD are different from those of the edge-water model,
because WeD for the bottom-water model is also a function of the vertical
permeability. The values of Wed are tabulated as a function of rD, tD, and zD.
These values are presented in tables 8-6 to 8-10 (Craft & Hawkins).

Superposition principle is also used for calculation of cumulative water influx

in the bottom-water drive model.

2.2.3 The Carter-Tracy model:

The Carter-Tracy model is an approximate model which is based on the van

Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state model (the results are comparable to the
exact solutions of the van Everdingen-Hurst model). The Carter-Tracy model
is recommended in preference to the van Everdingen-Hurst model because it
does not use superposition which makes the calculations less tedious
especially if performed manually on a calculator.

The primary difference between the Carter-Tracy method and the van
Everdingen-Hurst method is that the Carter-Tracy technique assumes constant
water influx rates over each finite time interval. Using the Carter-Tracy
technique, the cumulative water influx at any time , can be calculated
directly from the previous value obtained at , or:

[ ][ ]

where, the van Everdingen-Hurst water influx constant.

the dimensionless time.

refers to the current time step.

refers to the previous time step.

total pressure drop, , psi.

 dimensionless pressure.

dimensionless pressure derivative.

√
√

The following approximation could also be used between

[ ]

with the derivative as given by:

It should be noted that the Carter-Tracy method is not an exact solution to the
diffusivity equation and should be considered an approximation.

2.3 Pseudosteady-state models:

2.3.1 The Fetkovich model:

The Fetkovich model was developed from a combination of an inflow equation
and a material balance model based on the aquifer. Because pseudosteady-state
is assumed in developing this model, early transient effects on cumulative
water influx are ignored. For this reason, cumulative water influx calculated
with the Fetkovich method is usually less than cumulative water influx
calculated with either the van Everdingen-Hurst or Carter-Tracy methods.

The model begins with two simple equations:

1. The aquifer productivity index equation, ̅

2. The aquifer material balance equation, ̅

The Fetkovich water influx during any time interval is given by:

[ ̅ ̅ ][ ( )]

where

the maximum possible water influx occurs if , or :

with

̅ the average aquifer pressure, or:

̅ ( )

̅ the average reservoir boundary pressure, or:

the productivity index, which is a function of the boundary conditions and

aquifer geometry.

The cumulative (total) water influx at the end of any time period is given by:

∑
Case Study: Application of MBE for calculation of initial oil in place

The oil field "Libyaoil" is produced from carbonate reservoir located at depth
of about 2600 ftss. The reservoir is undersaturated oil reservoir with strong
water drive. Based on volumetric calculation, OOIP was estimated as 1500
MMSTB. The field was put on production in 1971. As end of 2011, a
cumulative of 546 MMSTB have been produced from the reservoir.

Reservoir data:

Datum depth 2600 ftss

Average net pay 103 ft
Reservoir temperature at datum 150
Initial water saturation 49 %
Average porosity 25 %
Average reservoir radius 24600 ft
Formation compressibility 4.14E-6
Reservoir permeability 150 md

Aquifer data:

Average thickness 900 - 1200 ft

Average permeability 110 md
Average porosity 25 %
Total compressibility 6.942E-6
Average viscosity 0.515 cp
Vertical permeability 20 - 100 md
 PVT data:

Pressure z
psia rb/stb scf/stb cp cp rb/stb cp
14.65 1.0151 0 1.366 0.999 0.0107 2.85E-6 1.020 0.4978
100 1.118 116 0.952 0.9897 0.0109 2.85E-6 1.020 0.4996
200 1.1387 147.1 0.891 0.9797 0.0111 2.84E-6 1.020 0.5016
281.7 1.147 165 0.854 0.9716 0.0113 2.84E-6 1.020 0.5033
300 1.1469 165 0.855 0.9699 0.0114 2.84E-6 1.020 0.5037
400 1.1461 165 0.859 0.9603 0.0116 2.83E-6 1.020 0.5058
500 1.1454 165 0.864 0.9509 0.0119 2.83E-6 1.020 0.5079
750 1.1436 165 0.875 0.9287 0.0125 2.81E-6 1.019 0.5134
1000 1.1418 165 0.886 0.9086 0.0132 2.80E-6 1.019 0.5191
1500 1.1381 165 0.908 0.8761 0.0146 2.77E-6 1.018 0.5311
2000 1.1345 165 0.93 0.8564 0.0160 2.74E-6 1.018 0.5438
2500 1.1308 165 0.952 0.8512 0.0175 2.72E-6 1.017 0.5573
3000 1.1272 165 0.974 0.8599 0.0190 2.69E-6 1.016 0.5716
3500 1.1235 165 0.996 0.8801 0.0205 2.67E-6 1.015 0.5867
4000 1.1199 165 1.018 0.9090 0.0221 2.64E-6 1.013 0.6025
Production and pressure data:

Time Pressure Np Wp
Year psi STB STB
1970 1188 0 0
1971 1109.1331 40833204 4631803
1972 1050.1643 77058970 15409756
1973 1009.1589 1.11E+08 35365039
1974 979.45414 1.42E+08 53929220
1975 957.2685 1.71E+08 69029855
1976 940.3646 1.98E+08 79371915
1977 927.3174 2.23E+08 1.03E+08
1978 917.1644 2.45E+08 1.32E+08
1979 909.2253 2.66E+08 1.73E+08
1980 903.0014 2.85E+08 2.17E+08
1981 898.1166 3.02E+08 2.52E+08
1982 894.2809 3.18E+08 2.73E+08
1983 891.2656 3.32E+08 3.01E+08
1984 888.8881 3.45E+08 3.31E+08
1985 887.0001 3.57E+08 3.7E+08
1986 885.4798 3.67E+08 4.05E+08
1987 884.2263 3.77E+08 4.44E+08
1988 883.1549 3.85E+08 4.7E+08
1989 882.1944 3.93E+08 5E+08
1990 881.284 3.99E+08 5.19E+08
1991 880.3721 4.05E+08 5.49E+08
1992 879.4138 4.11E+08 5.85E+08
1993 878.3709 4.16E+08 6.22E+08
1994 877.2097 4.21E+08 6.42E+08
1995 875.9012 4.25E+08 6.69E+08
1996 874.4199 4.3E+08 7.04E+08
1997 872.7435 4.34E+08 7.36E+08
1998 870.8523 4.38+E08 7.69E+08
1999 868.729 4.43E+08 8.02E+08
2000 866.3583 4.47E+08 8.15E+08
2001 863.7267 4.53E+08 8.43E+08
2002 860.8222 4.58E+08 8.7E+08
2003 857.634 4.64E+08 8.93E+08
2004 854.1528 4.71E+08 9.16E+08
2005 850.3701 4.79E+08 9.39E+08
2006 846.2785 4.87E+08 9.62E+08
2007 841.8714 4.97E+08 9.83E+08
 2008 837.1427 5.07E+08 1E+09
2009 823.0873 5.19E+08 1.02E+09
2010 826.7004 5.32E+08 1.04E+09
2011 820.978 5.46E+08 1.06E+09

Production and PVT data calculations

The reservoir initial pressure is 1188psi and the bubble point pressure is 281.7
psi.

The values of PVT data ( , , , and ), were calculated using a

numerical interpolation method (Lagrange Method).

By plotting the reservoir pressure versus cumulative oil production , we

notice that reservoir pressure is declining gradually and with small pressure
drop, which indicates that the reservoir is supported by infinite water aquifer
(active water drive).

To determine or to classify whether the reservoir is volumetric or not, I plotted

the term versus cumulative production . The shape of the
plot shows that the reservoir may be classified as "strong water drive
reservoir", in which the aquifer is displacing an infinite acting behavior.
 Bo Bw Cw Np Wp F Eo Efw Eo+Efw F/(Eo+Efw)
bbl/stb bbl/stb psi-1 stb stb bbl bbl/stb bbl/stb bbl/stb stb
1.1404244 1.0187804 2.79028E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1410038 1.0188955 2.79459E-06 40833204 4631803 51310163.7 0.0005793 0.0009716 0.001550957 33082900637
1.1414348 1.0189598 2.79759E-06 77058970 15409756 103659713 0.0010104 0.0016985 0.002708894 38266429823
1.1417334 1.0189937 2.79957E-06 1.11E+08 35365039 162769161 0.001309 0.0022042 0.003513208 46330632500
1.1419492 1.0190126 2.80095E-06 1.42E+08 53929220 217111338 0.0015247 0.0025707 0.0040954 53013460347
1.14211 1.0190236 2.80195E-06 1.71E+08 69029855 265643868 0.0016856 0.0028444 0.004529967 58641463043
1.1422324 1.0190303 2.80269E-06 1.98E+08 79371915 307044400 0.001808 0.003053 0.004860927 63165809189
1.1423268 1.0190344 2.80325E-06 2.23E+08 1.03E+08 359699405 0.0019023 0.003214 0.005116289 70304743072
1.1424001 1.0190369 2.80368E-06 2.45E+08 1.32E+08 414400901 0.0019757 0.0033393 0.005314952 77968887470
1.1424574 1.0190385 2.80402E-06 2.66E+08 1.73E+08 480187345 0.002033 0.0034373 0.005470263 87781401563
1.1425023 1.0190396 2.80428E-06 2.85E+08 2.17E+08 546744757 0.0020779 0.0035141 0.005591999 97772676660
1.1425376 1.0190402 2.80448E-06 3.02E+08 2.52E+08 601844491 0.0021131 0.0035744 0.005687531 1.05818E+11
1.1425652 1.0190407 2.80464E-06 3.18E+08 2.73E+08 641533852 0.0021408 0.0036217 0.005762538 1.11328E+11
1.142587 1.019041 2.80476E-06 3.32E+08 3.01E+08 686070208 0.0021625 0.003659 0.005821498 1.17851E+11
1.1426041 1.0190412 2.80486E-06 3.45E+08 3.31E+08 731501043 0.0021797 0.0036883 0.005867983 1.2466E+11
1.1426177 1.0190413 2.80493E-06 3.57E+08 3.70E+08 784959803 0.0021933 0.0037116 0.005904896 1.32934E+11
1.1426287 1.0190414 2.80499E-06 3.67E+08 4.05E+08 832056483 0.0022042 0.0037304 0.005934618 1.40204E+11
1.1426377 1.0190414 2.80505E-06 3.77E+08 4.44E+08 883228818 0.0022133 0.0037459 0.005959124 1.48215E+11
1.1426454 1.0190415 2.80509E-06 3.85E+08 4.70E+08 918867992 0.002221 0.0037591 0.005980069 1.53655E+11
1.1426524 1.0190415 2.80513E-06 3.93E+08 5.00E+08 958583139 0.0022279 0.0037709 0.005998845 1.59795E+11
1.1426589 1.0190416 2.80516E-06 3.99E+08 5.19E+08 984803476 0.0022345 0.0037822 0.006016642 1.6368E+11
1.1426655 1.0190416 2.8052E-06 4.05E+08 5.49E+08 1022233352 0.002241 0.0037934 0.006034468 1.69399E+11
1.1426724 1.0190416 2.80524E-06 4.11E+08 5.85E+08 1065777694 0.0022479 0.0038053 0.0060532 1.76068E+11
1.1426799 1.0190416 2.80528E-06 4.16E+08 6.22E+08 1109198733 0.0022555 0.0038181 0.006073586 1.82627E+11
1.1426883 1.0190417 2.80533E-06 4.21E+08 6.42E+08 1135296497 0.0022638 0.0038325 0.006096283 1.86228E+11
1.1426977 1.0190417 2.80538E-06 4.25E+08 6.69E+08 1167385387 0.0022732 0.0038486 0.006121859 1.90691E+11
1.1427083 1.0190417 2.80544E-06 4.30E+08 7.04E+08 1208769920 0.0022839 0.0038669 0.006150811 1.96522E+11
1.1427204 1.0190417 2.80551E-06 4.34E+08 7.36E+08 1245955316 0.002296 0.0038876 0.006183576 2.01494E+11
1.142734 1.0190416 2.80558E-06 4.38E+08 7.69E+08 1284160510 0.0023096 0.003911 0.006220537 2.06439E+11
1.1427493 1.0190416 2.80567E-06 4.43E+08 8.02E+08 1323509276 0.0023249 0.0039372 0.006262032 2.11355E+11
1.1427664 1.0190415 2.80576E-06 4.47E+08 8.15E+08 1341335362 0.0023419 0.0039664 0.006308359 2.12628E+11
1.1427853 1.0190413 2.80586E-06 4.53E+08 8.43E+08 1376733580 0.0023609 0.0039989 0.006359782 2.16475E+11
1.1428062 1.0190411 2.80598E-06 4.58E+08 8.70E+08 1409971020 0.0023818 0.0040348 0.006416534 2.1974E+11
1.1428291 1.0190409 2.8061E-06 4.64E+08 8.93E+08 1440276203 0.0024047 0.0040741 0.006478825 2.22305E+11
1.1428542 1.0190405 2.80624E-06 4.71E+08 9.16E+08 1471725410 0.0024297 0.0041171 0.006546834 2.248E+11
1.1428813 1.01904 2.80639E-06 4.79E+08 9.39E+08 1504318768 0.0024569 0.0041638 0.006620728 2.27214E+11
1.1429107 1.0190395 2.80654E-06 4.87E+08 9.62E+08 1536913498 0.0024863 0.0042143 0.006700648 2.29368E+11
1.1429424 1.0190387 2.80671E-06 4.97E+08 9.83E+08 1569757454 0.002518 0.0042688 0.006786722 2.31298E+11
1.1429764 1.0190378 2.80689E-06 5.07E+08 1.00E+09 1598526858 0.0025519 0.0043272 0.006879067 2.32376E+11
1.1430126 1.0190368 2.80708E-06 5.19E+08 1.02E+09 1632641055 0.0025882 0.0043896 0.00697778 2.33977E+11
1.1430513 1.0190354 2.80729E-06 5.32E+08 1.04E+09 1667900156 0.0026269 0.0044561 0.007082953 2.35481E+11
1.1430923 1.0190339 2.8075E-06 5.46E+08 1.06E+09 1704304339 0.0026679 0.0045268 0.007194661 2.36885E+11
Strong-water drive
 Volumetric water influx calculations

Np Bo Bw Wp Eo Efw F N We F/(Eo+Efw) We/(Eo+Efw)

stb bbl/stb bbl/stb stb bbl/stb bbl/stb bbl stb bbl stb stb
0 1.1404244 1.0187804 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40833204 1.1410038 1.0188955 4631803 0.0005793 0.0009716 51310163.7 1500000000 48983727.9 33082900637 31582900637
77058970 1.1414348 1.0189598 15409756 0.0010104 0.0016985 103659713 1500000000 99596371.3 38266429823 36766429823
111000000 1.1417334 1.0189937 35365039 0.001309 0.0022042 162769161 1500000000 157499348 46330632500 44830632500
142000000 1.1419492 1.0190126 53929220 0.0015247 0.0025707 217111338 1500000000 210968237 53013460347 51513460347
171000000 1.14211 1.0190236 69029855 0.0016856 0.0028444 265643868 1500000000 258848918 58641463043 57141463043
198000000 1.1422324 1.0190303 79371915 0.001808 0.003053 307044400 1500000000 299753009 63165809189 61665809189
223000000 1.1423268 1.0190344 103000000 0.0019023 0.003214 359699405 1500000000 352024971 70304743072 68804743072
245000000 1.1424001 1.0190369 132000000 0.0019757 0.0033393 414400901 1500000000 406428473 77968887470 76468887470
266000000 1.1424574 1.0190385 173000000 0.002033 0.0034373 480187345 1500000000 471981951 87781401563 86281401563
285000000 1.1425023 1.0190396 217000000 0.0020779 0.0035141 546744757 1500000000 538356758 97772676660 96272676660
302000000 1.1425376 1.0190402 252000000 0.0021131 0.0035744 601844491 1500000000 593313194 1.05818E+11 1.04318E+11
318000000 1.1425652 1.0190407 273000000 0.0021408 0.0036217 641533852 1500000000 632890045 1.11328E+11 1.09828E+11
332000000 1.142587 1.019041 301000000 0.0021625 0.003659 686070208 1500000000 677337961 1.17851E+11 1.16351E+11
345000000 1.1426041 1.0190412 331000000 0.0021797 0.0036883 731501043 1500000000 722699069 1.2466E+11 1.2316E+11
357000000 1.1426177 1.0190413 370000000 0.0021933 0.0037116 784959803 1500000000 776102460 1.32934E+11 1.31434E+11
367000000 1.1426287 1.0190414 405000000 0.0022042 0.0037304 832056483 1500000000 823154556 1.40204E+11 1.38704E+11
377000000 1.1426377 1.0190414 444000000 0.0022133 0.0037459 883228818 1500000000 874290132 1.48215E+11 1.46715E+11
385000000 1.1426454 1.0190415 470000000 0.002221 0.0037591 918867992 1500000000 909897889 1.53655E+11 1.52155E+11
393000000 1.1426524 1.0190415 500000000 0.0022279 0.0037709 958583139 1500000000 949584871 1.59795E+11 1.58295E+11
399000000 1.1426589 1.0190416 519000000 0.0022345 0.0037822 984803476 1500000000 975778513 1.6368E+11 1.6218E+11
405000000 1.1426655 1.0190416 549000000 0.002241 0.0037934 1022233352 1500000000 1013181650 1.69399E+11 1.67899E+11
411000000 1.1426724 1.0190416 585000000 0.0022479 0.0038053 1065777694 1500000000 1056697893 1.76068E+11 1.74568E+11
416000000 1.1426799 1.0190416 622000000 0.0022555 0.0038181 1109198733 1500000000 1100088355 1.82627E+11 1.81127E+11
421000000 1.1426883 1.0190417 642000000 0.0022638 0.0038325 1135296497 1500000000 1126152073 1.86228E+11 1.84728E+11
425000000 1.1426977 1.0190417 669000000 0.0022732 0.0038486 1167385387 1500000000 1158202598 1.90691E+11 1.89191E+11
430000000 1.1427083 1.0190417 704000000 0.0022839 0.0038669 1208769920 1500000000 1199543703 1.96522E+11 1.95022E+11
434000000 1.1427204 1.0190417 736000000 0.002296 0.0038876 1245955316 1500000000 1236679952 2.01494E+11 1.99994E+11
438000000 1.142734 1.0190416 769000000 0.0023096 0.003911 1284160510 1500000000 1274829704 2.06439E+11 2.04939E+11
443000000 1.1427493 1.0190416 802000000 0.0023249 0.0039372 1323509276 1500000000 1314116228 2.11355E+11 2.09855E+11
447000000 1.1427664 1.0190415 815000000 0.0023419 0.0039664 1341335362 1500000000 1331872823 2.12628E+11 2.11128E+11
453000000 1.1427853 1.0190413 843000000 0.0023609 0.0039989 1376733580 1500000000 1367193907 2.16475E+11 2.14975E+11
458000000 1.1428062 1.0190411 870000000 0.0023818 0.0040348 1409971020 1500000000 1400346219 2.1974E+11 2.1824E+11
464000000 1.1428291 1.0190409 893000000 0.0024047 0.0040741 1440276203 1500000000 1430557966 2.22305E+11 2.20805E+11
471000000 1.1428542 1.0190405 916000000 0.0024297 0.0041171 1471725410 1500000000 1461905158 2.248E+11 2.233E+11
479000000 1.1428813 1.01904 939000000 0.0024569 0.0041638 1504318768 1500000000 1494387676 2.27214E+11 2.25714E+11
487000000 1.1429107 1.0190395 962000000 0.0024863 0.0042143 1536913498 1500000000 1526862526 2.29368E+11 2.27868E+11
497000000 1.1429424 1.0190387 983000000 0.002518 0.0042688 1569757454 1500000000 1559577371 2.31298E+11 2.29798E+11
507000000 1.1429764 1.0190378 1000000000 0.0025519 0.0043272 1598526858 1500000000 1588208258 2.32376E+11 2.30876E+11
519000000 1.1430126 1.0190368 1020000000 0.0025882 0.0043896 1632641055 1500000000 1622174385 2.33977E+11 2.32477E+11
532000000 1.1430513 1.0190354 1040000000 0.0026269 0.0044561 1667900156 1500000000 1657275726 2.35481E+11 2.33981E+11
546000000 1.1430923 1.0190339 1060000000 0.0026679 0.0045268 1704304339 1500000000 1693512347 2.36885E+11 2.35385E+11
 Intercept = N = 1.5E+09

Slope = 1

Volumetric calculations of water influx show that a plot of the term

versus will give a straight line with an intercept on the
"y-axis" equal to OOIP (intercept = N = 1.5E+09 STB) and a slope equal to
one.
 The Carter-Tracy water influx calculations

n Time Pressure TD PD E F P` D ∆Pn We

days psi psi bbl
0 0 1188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 365 1109.1331 0.4697318 0.6018748 898.22154 1775.6421 0.5058573 78.8669 32551875.1
2 730 1050.1643 0.9394636 0.7840177 1080.152 3522.6512 0.3066304 137.8357 78729043.1
3 1095 1009.1589 1.4091954 0.9067877 1271.3202 5644.2332 0.2252423 178.8411 130655083
4 1460 979.45414 1.8789272 1.001016 1470.8583 8186.2548 0.1796741 208.54586 185186853
5 1825 957.2685 2.348659 1.07804 1677.9809 11174.268 0.1501647 230.7315 240792274
6 2190 940.3646 2.8183908 1.1434324 1892.0642 14627.423 0.1293505 247.6354 296634771
7 2555 927.3174 3.2881226 1.2003833 2112.6091 18561.884 0.1138144 260.6826 352227754
8 2920 917.1644 3.7578544 1.2509039 2339.2071 22992.078 0.1017397 270.8356 407279689
9 3285 909.2253 4.2275862 1.2963498 2571.5167 27931.27 0.0920659 278.7747 461615888
10 3650 903.0014 4.697318 1.3376811 2809.2479 33391.866 0.0841297 284.9986 515135582
11 4015 898.1166 5.1670498 1.3756042 3052.15 39385.605 0.077494 289.8834 567786664
12 4380 894.2809 5.6367816 1.410655 3300.0041 45923.679 0.0718584 293.7191 619549976
13 4745 891.2656 6.1065134 1.4432502 3552.6165 53016.814 0.0670092 296.7344 670429375
14 5110 888.8881 6.5762452 1.4737205 3809.8147 60675.338 0.0627902 299.1119 720444913
15 5475 887.0001 7.0459769 1.502333 4071.4434 68909.229 0.0590842 300.9999 769628294
16 5840 885.4798 7.5157087 1.5293068 4337.3621 77728.15 0.0558017 302.5202 818019656
17 6205 884.2263 7.9854405 1.5548237 4607.4428 87141.48 0.0528731 303.7737 865665231
18 6570 883.1549 8.4551723 1.5790365 4881.5683 97158.345 0.0502434 304.8451 912615722
19 6935 882.1944 8.9249041 1.6020749 5159.6308 107787.63 0.0478685 305.8056 958925001
20 7300 881.2840 9.3946359 1.6240499 5441.5305 119038.02 0.0457125 306.716 1004649257
21 7665 880.3721 9.8643677 1.6450572 5727.175 130917.98 0.0437463 307.6279 1049846209
22 8030 879.4138 10.3341 1.6651802 6016.4782 143435.79 0.0419454 308.5862 1094574698
23 8395 878.3709 10.803831 1.6844915 6309.3595 156599.58 0.0402898 309.6291 1138894151
24 8760 877.2097 11.273563 1.7030553 6605.7437 170417.29 0.0387622 310.7903 1182864387
25 9125 875.9012 11.743295 1.7209283 6905.5598 184896.71 0.0373482 312.0988 1226545299
26 9490 874.4199 12.213027 1.738161 7208.7412 200045.51 0.0360355 313.5801 1269996700
27 9855 872.7435 12.682759 1.7547983 7515.225 215871.19 0.0348135 315.2565 1313278167
28 10220 870.8523 13.15249 1.7708806 7824.9515 232381.15 0.0336729 317.1477 1356448946
29 10585 868.7290 13.622222 1.7864444 8137.8644 249582.65 0.0326059 319.271 1399567857
30 10950 866.3583 14.091954 1.8015225 8453.9101 267482.84 0.0316054 321.6417 1442693227
31 11315 863.7267 14.561686 1.8161448 8773.0375 286088.76 0.0306654 324.2733 1485882839
32 11680 860.8222 15.031417 1.8303384 9095.1981 305407.33 0.0297805 327.1778 1529193900
33 12045 857.6340 15.501149 1.8441281 9420.3455 325445.4 0.028946 330.366 1572683042
34 12410 854.1528 15.970881 1.8575365 9748.4354 346209.7 0.0281576 333.8472 1616406247
35 12775 850.3701 16.440613 1.8705844 10079.426 367706.86 0.0274116 337.6299 1660418883
36 13140 846.2785 16.910345 1.883291 10413.275 389943.45 0.0267046 341.7215 1704775665
37 13505 841.8714 17.380076 1.8956738 10749.946 412925.93 0.0260336 346.1286 1749530657
38 13870 837.1427 17.849808 1.9077492 11089.399 436660.68 0.0253959 350.8573 1794737315
39 14235 832.0873 18.31954 1.9195322 11431.6 461154.01 0.0247891 355.9127 1840448431
40 14600 826.7004 18.789272 1.9310368 11776.513 486412.16 0.024211 361.2996 1886716185
41 14965 820.9780 19.259004 1.942276 12124.106 512441.28 0.0236595 367.022 1933592107
 Intercept = N = 1.8E+10

Slope = 0.845568397

The Carter-Tracy calculations show that the best or the most representative
encroachment angle to be used for calculation of water influx constant is
, although the reservoir structure map shows that the encroachment
angle is bigger than that (may be 270o or more).

The calculations show also that the most representative aquifer thickness to be
used is 900 ft.

The Carter-Tracy calculations show that a plot of versus

will give a straight line with an intercept equal to
and a slope equal to (0.845568397), which is considered very different
from the value estimated by volumetric calculations.

The superposition principle was not required for calculation of .

 Edge-water model calculations

Time Pressure TD ∆ Psup. Wed We F Eo Efw Eo+Efw F/(Eo+Efw) We/(Eo+Efw)

days psi bbl bbl/stb bbl/stb bbl/stb stb stb
0 1188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
365 1109.1331 0.4697318 39.43345 0.9831 20502173.5 51310164 0.000579349 0.000971609 0.001551 33082900637 13219045086
730 1050.1643 0.9394636 68.91785 1.5085 67290842.4 103659713 0.00101036 0.001698534 0.0027089 38266429823 24840704551
1095 1009.1589 1.4091954 49.9871 1.9283 121184399 162769161 0.001308981 0.002204227 0.0035132 46330632500 34493941012
1460 979.45414 1.8789272 35.35508 2.3407 177356769 217111338 0.001524746 0.002570654 0.0040954 53013460347 43306333742
1825 957.2685 2.348659 25.9452 2.7102 234504552 265643868 0.001685587 0.00284438 0.00453 58641463043 51767391223
2190 940.3646 2.8183908 19.54477 3.0649 291491432 307044400 0.001807961 0.003052967 0.0048609 63165809189 59966220480
2555 927.3174 3.2881226 14.97555 3.4011 347886751 359699405 0.00190231 0.003213979 0.0051163 70304743072 67995910622
2920 917.1644 3.7578544 11.6001 3.7257 403385593 414400901 0.001975667 0.003339285 0.005315 77968887470 75896374376
3285 909.2253 4.2275862 9.04605 4.04 457874891 480187345 0.002032991 0.003437272 0.0054703 87781401563 83702538471
3650 903.0014 4.697318 7.0815 4.3435 511250177 546744757 0.002077906 0.003514094 0.005592 97772676660 91425290473
4015 898.1166 5.1670498 5.55435 4.6416 563506528 601844491 0.002113143 0.003574388 0.0056875 1.05818E+11 99077523272
4380 894.2809 5.6367816 4.36025 4.93 614646508 641533852 0.002140803 0.003621735 0.0057625 1.11328E+11 1.06662E+11
4745 891.2656 6.1065134 3.4255 5.2159 664719981 686070208 0.002162542 0.003658956 0.0058215 1.17851E+11 1.14184E+11
5110 888.8881 6.5762452 2.6964 5.493 713777426 731501043 0.002179679 0.003688304 0.005868 1.2466E+11 1.21639E+11
5475 887.0001 7.0459769 2.13275 5.7693 761889378 784959803 0.002193286 0.00371161 0.0059049 1.32934E+11 1.29027E+11
5840 885.4798 7.5157087 1.70415 6.0575 809541925 832056483 0.002204241 0.003730377 0.0059346 1.40204E+11 1.3641E+11
6205 884.2263 7.9854405 1.3869 6.3057 856284741 883228818 0.002213273 0.003745851 0.0059591 1.48215E+11 1.43693E+11
6570 883.1549 8.4551723 1.16245 6.5666 901787783 918867992 0.002220992 0.003759077 0.0059801 1.53655E+11 1.50799E+11
6935 882.1944 8.9249041 1.01595 6.8273 946669775 958583139 0.002227912 0.003770934 0.0059988 1.59795E+11 1.57809E+11
7300 881.284 9.3946359 0.93545 7.0829 991041162 984803476 0.00223447 0.003782172 0.0060166 1.6368E+11 1.64717E+11
7665 880.3721 9.8643677 0.91115 7.3375 1034947894 1.022E+09 0.002241038 0.00379343 0.0060345 1.69399E+11 1.71506E+11
8030 879.4138 10.3341 0.9351 7.5877 1078453759 1.066E+09 0.002247941 0.00380526 0.0060532 1.76068E+11 1.78163E+11
8395 878.3709 10.803831 1.0006 7.8362 1110238305 1.109E+09 0.002255452 0.003818134 0.0060736 1.82627E+11 1.82798E+11
8760 877.2097 11.273563 1.10205 8.0814 1164478321 1.135E+09 0.002263814 0.003832469 0.0060963 1.86228E+11 1.91014E+11
9125 875.9012 11.743295 1.23485 8.3243 1207123947 1.167E+09 0.002273236 0.003848623 0.0061219 1.90691E+11 1.97183E+11
9490 874.4199 12.213027 1.3949 8.565 1249620141 1.209E+09 0.002283902 0.00386691 0.0061508 1.96522E+11 2.03163E+11
9855 872.7435 12.682759 1.57885 8.8032 1292033627 1.246E+09 0.002295971 0.003887605 0.0061836 2.01494E+11 2.08946E+11
10220 870.8523 13.15249 1.7838 9.0398 1334439404 1.284E+09 0.002309584 0.003910953 0.0062205 2.06439E+11 2.14522E+11
10585 868.729 13.622222 2.00725 9.2732 1376892284 1.324E+09 0.002324866 0.003937166 0.006262 2.11355E+11 2.19879E+11
10950 866.3583 14.091954 2.247 9.5059 1419464979 1.341E+09 0.002341925 0.003966434 0.0063084 2.12628E+11 2.25013E+11
11315 863.7267 14.561686 2.50115 9.7351 1462219498 1.377E+09 0.002360859 0.003998923 0.0063598 2.16475E+11 2.29917E+11
11680 860.8222 15.031417 2.76805 9.9642 1505227616 1.41E+09 0.002381752 0.004034782 0.0064165 2.1974E+11 2.34586E+11
12045 857.634 15.501149 3.04635 10.1921 1548604497 1.44E+09 0.00240468 0.004074145 0.0064788 2.22305E+11 2.39026E+11
12410 854.1528 15.970881 3.3347 10.4199 1592449187 1.472E+09 0.002429709 0.004117125 0.0065468 2.248E+11 2.4324E+11
12775 850.3701 16.440613 3.63195 10.6451 1636817853 1.504E+09 0.002456899 0.004163829 0.0066207 2.27214E+11 2.47226E+11
13140 846.2785 16.910345 3.93715 10.87 1681761011 1.537E+09 0.0024863 0.004214348 0.0067006 2.29368E+11 2.50985E+11
13505 841.8714 17.380076 4.24935 11.0928 1727341173 1.57E+09 0.002517958 0.004268764 0.0067867 2.31298E+11 2.54518E+11
13870 837.1427 17.849808 4.5679 11.315 1773612708 1.599E+09 0.002551915 0.004327151 0.0068791 2.32376E+11 2.57828E+11
14235 832.0873 18.31954 4.89205 11.5359 1820645881 1.633E+09 0.002588205 0.004389575 0.0069778 2.33977E+11 2.6092E+11
14600 826.7004 18.789272 5.22115 11.7562 1868506385 1.668E+09 0.00262686 0.004456093 0.007083 2.35481E+11 2.63803E+11
14965 820.978 19.259004 5.55465 11.9752 1944877038 1.704E+09 0.002667905 0.004526756 0.0071947 2.36885E+11 2.70322E+11
 Intercept = N = 2.0E+10

Slope = 0.8487219

Edge-water drive model calculations show that the best or the most
representative encroachment angle to be used for calculation of water influx
constant is , although the reservoir structure map shows that the
encroachment angle is bigger than that (may be 270o or more).

For pressure calculations, the superposition principle was used.

The calculations show also that the most representative aquifer thickness to be
used is 900 ft.

Edge-water drive model calculations show that a plot of

versus will give a straight line with an intercept equal to
and a slope equal to (0.8487219), which is considered very
different from the value estimated by volumetric calculations.
 Bottom-water model calculations

Time Pressure TD ∆ Psup. We D We F Eo Efw Eo+Efw F/(Eo+Efw) We/(Eo+Efw)

days psi psi bbl bbl bbl/stb bbl/stb bbl/stb stb stb
0 1188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
365 1109.1331 0.4697318 39.43345 1.1256 46947912.6 51310164 0.000579349 0.000971609 0.001551 33082900637 30270282065
730 1050.1643 0.9394636 68.91785 1.6691 151667759 103659713 0.00101036 0.001698534 0.0027089 38266429823 55988806973
1095 1009.1589 1.4091954 49.9871 1.815 256884370 162769161 0.001308981 0.002204227 0.0035132 46330632500 73119596228
1460 979.45414 1.8789272 35.35508 2.3222 359502981 217111338 0.001524746 0.002570654 0.0040954 53013460347 87782136217
1825 957.2685 2.348659 25.9452 2.6213 467878478 265643868 0.001685587 0.00284438 0.00453 58641463043 1.03285E+11
2190 940.3646 2.8183908 19.54477 2.9168 572463438 307044400 0.001807961 0.003052967 0.0048609 63165809189 1.17768E+11
2555 927.3174 3.2881226 14.97555 3.2033 673803472 359699405 0.00190231 0.003213979 0.0051163 70304743072 1.31698E+11
2920 917.1644 3.7578544 11.6001 3.4842 772567312 414400901 0.001975667 0.003339285 0.005315 77968887470 1.45357E+11
3285 909.2253 4.2275862 9.04605 3.7628 869304648 480187345 0.002032991 0.003437272 0.0054703 87781401563 1.58915E+11
3650 903.0014 4.697318 7.0815 4.04 964488401 546744757 0.002077906 0.003514094 0.005592 97772676660 1.72476E+11
4015 898.1166 5.1670498 5.55435 4.3117 1058273472 601844491 0.002113143 0.003574388 0.0056875 1.05818E+11 1.86069E+11
4380 894.2809 5.6367816 4.36025 4.5781 1150576701 641533852 0.002140803 0.003621735 0.0057625 1.11328E+11 1.99665E+11
4745 891.2656 6.1065134 3.4255 4.8414 1241428426 686070208 0.002162542 0.003658956 0.0058215 1.17851E+11 2.13249E+11
5110 888.8881 6.5762452 2.6964 5.0946 1330658849 731501043 0.002179679 0.003688304 0.005868 1.2466E+11 2.26766E+11
5475 887.0001 7.0459769 2.13275 5.3463 1418212410 784959803 0.002193286 0.00371161 0.0059049 1.32934E+11 2.40176E+11
5840 885.4798 7.5157087 1.70415 5.5839 1503898048 832056483 0.002204241 0.003730377 0.0059346 1.40204E+11 2.53411E+11
6205 884.2263 7.9854405 1.3869 5.8216 1587652149 883228818 0.002213273 0.003745851 0.0059591 1.48215E+11 2.66424E+11
6570 883.1549 8.4551723 1.16245 6.0461 1669485544 918867992 0.002220992 0.003759077 0.0059801 1.53655E+11 2.79175E+11
6935 882.1944 8.9249041 1.01595 6.2702 1749401017 958583139 0.002227912 0.003770934 0.0059988 1.59795E+11 2.91623E+11
7300 881.284 9.3946359 0.93545 6.5156 1828855020 984803476 0.00223447 0.003782172 0.0060166 1.6368E+11 3.03966E+11
7665 880.3721 9.8643677 0.91115 6.765 1909138648 1.022E+09 0.002241038 0.00379343 0.0060345 1.69399E+11 3.16372E+11
8030 879.4138 10.3341 0.9351 6.9793 1988828312 1.066E+09 0.002247941 0.00380526 0.0060532 1.76068E+11 3.28558E+11
8395 878.3709 10.803831 1.0006 7.1794 2044982864 1.109E+09 0.002255452 0.003818134 0.0060736 1.82627E+11 3.36701E+11
8760 877.2097 11.273563 1.10205 7.394 2141756553 1.135E+09 0.002263814 0.003832469 0.0060963 1.86228E+11 3.51322E+11
9125 875.9012 11.743295 1.23485 7.619 2217528570 1.167E+09 0.002273236 0.003848623 0.0061219 1.90691E+11 3.62231E+11
9490 874.4199 12.213027 1.3949 7.8387 2293832838 1.209E+09 0.002283902 0.00386691 0.0061508 1.96522E+11 3.72932E+11
9855 872.7435 12.682759 1.57885 8.052 2370239849 1.246E+09 0.002295971 0.003887605 0.0061836 2.01494E+11 3.83312E+11
10220 870.8523 13.15249 1.7838 8.2649 2446667699 1.284E+09 0.002309584 0.003910953 0.0062205 2.06439E+11 3.93321E+11
10585 868.729 13.622222 2.00725 8.4772 2523356427 1.324E+09 0.002324866 0.003937166 0.006262 2.11355E+11 4.02961E+11
10950 866.3583 14.091954 2.247 8.689 2600511429 1.341E+09 0.002341925 0.003966434 0.0063084 2.12628E+11 4.12233E+11
11315 863.7267 14.561686 2.50115 8.8985 2678231909 1.377E+09 0.002360859 0.003998923 0.0063598 2.16475E+11 4.2112E+11
11680 860.8222 15.031417 2.76805 9.1078 2756626234 1.41E+09 0.002381752 0.004034782 0.0064165 2.1974E+11 4.29613E+11
12045 857.634 15.501149 3.04635 9.3145 2835789511 1.44E+09 0.00240468 0.004074145 0.0064788 2.22305E+11 4.37701E+11
12410 854.1528 15.970881 3.3347 9.5212 2915825923 1.472E+09 0.002429709 0.004117125 0.0065468 2.248E+11 4.4538E+11
12775 850.3701 16.440613 3.63195 9.7257 2996854844 1.504E+09 0.002456899 0.004163829 0.0066207 2.27214E+11 4.52647E+11
13140 846.2785 16.910345 3.93715 9.93 3078981155 1.537E+09 0.0024863 0.004214348 0.0067006 2.29368E+11 4.59505E+11
13505 841.8714 17.380076 4.24935 10.1324 3162318798 1.57E+09 0.002517958 0.004268764 0.0067867 2.31298E+11 4.65957E+11
13870 837.1427 17.849808 4.5679 10.3344 3246968396 1.599E+09 0.002551915 0.004327151 0.0068791 2.32376E+11 4.72007E+11
14235 832.0873 18.31954 4.89205 10.5345 3333028172 1.633E+09 0.002588205 0.004389575 0.0069778 2.33977E+11 4.77663E+11
14600 826.7004 18.789272 5.22115 10.7337 3420574051 1.668E+09 0.00262686 0.004456093 0.007083 2.35481E+11 4.8293E+11
14965 820.978 19.259004 5.55465 10.9313 3560251715 1.704E+09 0.002667905 0.004526756 0.0071947 2.36885E+11 4.94846E+11
 Intercept = N = 1.5E+10

Slope = 0.4734024

Bottom-water drive model assumes that the reservoir is completely underlain

by water, so that the encroachment angle will be ,

For pressure calculations, the superposition principle was used.

An average vertical permeability value of 72.7 md was used in the

calculation of the dimensionless variable zD to give a value of 0.05 to be used
for calculation of WeD in conjunction with the dimensionless time tD and
dimensionless radius rD.

The calculations show that the most representative aquifer thickness to be used
is 1000 ft.

Bottom-water drive model calculations show that a plot of

versus will give a straight line with an intercept equal to
and a slope equal to (0.4260622), which is considered very
different from the value estimated by volumetric calculations.
By plotting the three models (the Cater-Tracy, the edge, and the bottom ) and
making comparison with the volumetric one , we notice that the edge model
and the Carter-Tracy model are very close from each other (since the Carter-
Tracy is an approximate model which is based on the edge-model). We also
note that the two models (the edge and the Carte-Tracy) are somewhat close to
the volumetric, while the bottom model is very far from the volumetric (may
be due to the use of 360o encroachment angle).
 Conclusion

After many iterations on the calculation of water influx by using the three
models (the Carter-Tracy, the edge and the bottom), we found that when we
use these estimated values of water influx for the calculation of OOIP, this
will give a value of OOIP different from that one obtained by volumetric
estimation.

The values of OOIP as calculated from the material balance (using water
influx calculated from models) are in the range of (1.5E+10 to 2.0E+10) which
is considered very different from the value obtained by volumetric calculations
(1.5E+09).

This difference in the calculations may be attributed to the use of non-

representative production data and PVT data, like formation compressibility
which should not be a constant value and should be changing with pressure.

As we saw that the plots are slightly curved downward at the end of the
production history, this may be due to the use of constant formation
compressibility. Also we saw that the plots are slightly curved upward at the
beginning of the production, this may indicate that there was instability in
production at the early production period.

References

Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Ahmed T.