Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Biotechnology 8 (Q3-Wk3-4)
Genetic Manipulation

I. Introduction

Genetic manipulation is a modern biotechnological technique process

where human altered the specific genome of an organism, It was developed
to help end the spread of diseases. With the advent of genetic engineering,
scientists can now change the way genomes are constructed to terminate
certain diseases that occur as a result of genetic mutation. This is a clear
indication that genetic engineering has the potential to improve the quality
of life and allow for longer life span.

In this activity sheet you will be provided with different activities that
will improve your understanding about the process of genetic manipulation.

II. Learning Competencies

Discuss how genetic materials are manipulated.

III. Objectives

At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. Discuss genetic manipulation;
2. explain the process of genetic manipulation; and
3. Critique an online article related to genetic manipulation.
IV. Discussion

What is genetic manipulation?

Genetic manipulation is also called as genetic modification or genetic
engineering, is the direct manipulation of an
organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change
the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across
species boundaries to produce improved organisms. At first gene manipulation
was used in the agriculture to improve the quality of plants it was discovered in
2001 in native Mexican corn. Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous
fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In
research GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of
function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out
genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model
organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and
other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases
through gene therapy. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can
also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry
detergent, cheeses and other products. Humans have altered the genomes of
species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial
selection as contrasted with natural selection. More recently, mutation
breeding has used exposure to chemicals or radiation to produce a high
frequency of random mutations, for selective breeding purposes.

Brief background of genetic manipulation

Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans

outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s. The term
"genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science
fiction novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951 one year before DNA's role
in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years
before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a
double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic
manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936
science fiction story Proteus Island.
Chromosome Mutations may involve changing the structure of chromosome, the
loss or gain of part of a chromosome. This includes inversion, translocation,
duplication, deletion and nondisjunction . These mutations may lead to common
abnormalities which include Down syndrome (caused by an extra chromosome
#21), Klinefelter syndrome (caused by an extra X chromosome), Turner syndrome
(caused by a missing X chromosome), and Cri-du-chat syndrome (partial deletion of
chromosome number 5). Many chromosomal abnormalities are of psychological
importance, with substantial impacts on mental processes; for example, Down
Syndrome can cause mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. It also affects
physical and emotional aspect of the individual.

Inversion The complete reversal of one or more gene(s) within a chromosome; the
genes are present, but the order is backwards from the parent chromosome.

Translocation. Involves two chromosomes that aren’t homologous. Part of one

chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.

Duplication is a chromosomal mutation that results in the doubling or repeating a

chromosomal segment.

Nondisjunction. Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis causes gamete

to have too many or too few chromosomes which lead to disorders like Klinefelter’s
syndrome, Down’s syndrome chromosome, Turner syndrome, Cri-du-chat
syndrome and many more.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/manumohan121/gene-manipulation-102307343
V. Activities

Activity # 1
Read each sentences carefully. Choose the best answer and write the letter on the
space before each number.

1. A mutation that does NOT alter the protein production is called a .

A. deletion B. substitution C. inversion D. duplication

2. A mutation originates during meiosis while a mutation originates

during mitosis.
A. gene, somatic C. somatic, gene
B. gene, spontaneous D. spontaneous, gene

3. Substitution mutation has the least effect because .

A. it changes only one amino acid
B. it may change no amino acid
C. it changes many amino acids
D. A & B only
 4. When does a gene mutation have the greatest effect on an organism?
A. When it occurs in the somatic cells only
B. When it occurs in the gametes only
C. When it occurs in early embryonic development only
D. B&C

5. The three-based code in DNA is called .

A. transcription B. traits C. codon D. tRNA

6. What type of gene mutation results from the insertion or deletion of

nucleotides and alters the entire amino acid sequence from that point
forward?
A. Frameshift B. Missense C. Nonsense D. Silent

7. What is a disease caused by a defect in protein hemoglobin?

A. Polyploidy C. Huntington’s disease
B. Sickle cell anemia D. Down’s syndrome

8. What is genetic mutation?

A. DNA complication
B. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur
just after fertilization
C. Any alteration in the inherited nucleotide sequence of the genotype of
an organism
D. none of the above

9. Mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of

an organism?
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. none of the choices

10. Does genetic mutation sometimes make someone grow an extra arm?
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. None of the choices

11. Mutations cannot be caused by copying errors in the genetic material

during cell division?
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. none of the choices

12. Original DNA: ATC - CAT Mutated DNA: ATC - GCAT

What type of mutation occurred?
A. Deletion C. duplication
B. substitution D. insertion

13. Original DNA: CAT - GAT Mutated DNA: CAT - AT

What type of mutation occurred?
A. deletion C. duplication
B. B. substitution D. insertion
 14. Original Gene: ABCDEF Mutated Gene: ABBCEFCD
What type of mutation?
A. deletion C. duplication
B. substitution D. inversion

15. Original Gene: ABC New Gene: CBA

What type of mutation?
A. Deletion C. duplication
B. substitution D. inversion

Activity # 2

Construct 4 different sentences which consists of 4-5 words using three

letter words. (Remember that codon has 3 letters only) and make an ANALOGY to
the different gene mutation by replacing, adding or removing one letter in the
sentence to represent the mutation. (3 points per item)

Example: Original sentence: THE BOY CUT HIS ARM

Substitution: Mutated to THE BOI CUT HIS
ARM. Insertion: Mutated to THE BOL YCU THI
SAR M. Deletion: Mutated to THB OYC UTH ISA
RM.

1.) Original sentence: _

Substitution: _

Insertion:

Deletion: _

2.) Original sentence: _

Substitution: _

Insertion:

Deletion: _

3.) Original sentence:

Substitution:

Insertion:

Deletion:
4.) Original sentence:

Substitution:
Insertion:
Deletion:

5.) Original sentence:

Substitution:
Insertion:
Deletion:

Activity # 3

Answer the questions below.

Note: Refer to the picture.

A.) Image source

https://www.sentinelassam.com/north
- east-india-news/assam-news/a-royal-
bengal-tigress-tranquilized-and-sent-to-
assam-state-zoo-from-sonitpur/

1. What determines the color of the tiger’s coat?

2. If the DNA sequence were to change, what would this be called?

3. Explain how a mutation could cause this tiger to have a white coat
instead of an orange coat. (3 pts)

B.) The white tiger’s coat color was due to a mutation.

Image source https://www.wikiwand.com/en/White_tiger
1. Explain what a mutation is. (3 pts.)

2. Explain how this mutation caused this tiger to have a white coat instead of an
orange coat. (3 pts.)

3. Which of these would most likely cause this mutation?

A. the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum
B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA
C. the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus
D. the release of messenger RNA from DNA

Source:

C.) Research at least 4-5 other chromosomal disorders caused by mutation. Indicate
the chromosome number that is being affected and describe each. (10 points

VI. Assessment

Part I. Match the following. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before
each number.

Column A Column B
1. Changes that occur in the nucleotide A. Somatic mutation
sequence of DNA of an organism B. Germline
mutation
2. Only one nitrogen base is replaced C. Duplication
3. A codon is flipped D. Substitution
4. An extra nitrogen base is added E. Deletion
5. A nitrogen base is removed F. Inversion.
6. Doubling of a chromosomal segment G. Insertion
7. It changes the “reading frame” H. Mutation
like changing a sentence I. Frameshift mutation
8. The three-based code in DNA J. Sickle cell anemia
9. A mutation originates during mitosis K. Codon
10. A condition caused by substitution
mutation which affects the red blood
cells

Part II. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of these is a mutagen? (Choose all the possible answer.)

A. dust C. X-ray
B. lead & mercury D. UV radiation
2. It is something that causes the DNA to change.
A. mutagen C. mutation
B. codon D. chromosome

3. It is a change of nucleotide in an organism.

A. mutagen C. codon
B. mutation D. chromosome

4. The three-based code in DNA is called .

A. transcription C. codon
B. traits D. tRNA

5. Where does mutation may occur?

A. somatic cells C. both A & B
B. germ cells D. none of the choices

6. Which mutations can be passed on to an organism’s offspring?

A. somatic mutation C. A only
B. germline mutation D. B only

7. The cat ate the rat mutated to The lca tat eth era t.
A. deletion C. duplication
B. substitution D. insertion

VI. Reflection

Identify what is being described in each item. Choose from the box of the
correct answer.

Gene mutation Substitution Frameshift mutation Codon

Deletion Cri-du-chat syndromeMutation Somatic mutation

Sickle cell anemia Mutagen Huntington’s disease

Germline mutation InsertionChromosome 21 Germ cells

1. It is where somatic mutations occur.

2. It is something that causes the DNA to change.
3. The three-based code in DNA.
4. A type of gene mutation results from the insertion or
deletion of nucleotides and alters the entire amino acid
sequence from that point forward.
5. A mutation where nitrogen base is added or inserted to
the sequence.
6. Any alteration in the inherited nucleotide sequence of
the genotype of an organism.
7. A condition caused by substitution mutation which
affects the red blood cells by changing its shape.
8. A nitrogen base is removed or deleted to the sequence.
9. It is caused by a dominant insertion mutation. CAG
repeat of HTT gene on chromosome 4 that leads to the
production of a protein that damages the brain.
10. A single nitrogen base is substituted or replaced for
another in a codon.
11. It is a mutation which occur in the various cells of
one’s body like skin, bone and blood cells.
12. A condition when part of chromosome 5 is deleted.

13. A mutation which can be passed on to an organism’s

offspring.
14. These are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the
genetic material of an organism.
15. The chromosome number mutated when one suffers
from Down’s Syndrome.
VII. Reference

Image Source:https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.go v/sicklecell/index.html

Image Source:https://slidepalyer.com/slide/5308592/genetics and heredity

published by Brianne Norman

Image source https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-

news/assam-news/a-royal- bengal-tigress-tranquilized-and-sent-
to-assam-state-zoo-from-sonitpur/

Image source

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/White_tiger

Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation

Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/coachpointer/gene-mutations-ppt

Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

psychology/chapter/genetics- and-behavior/

Retrieved from

http://gk12.egr.uh.edu/sites/gk12.egr.uh.edu/files/docs/lessons/les
son- mutations.pdf

SickKids staff. 2016. AboutKidsHealth.Chromosomal problems in newborn

babies https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?
contentid=468&language=English#:~:text=S ome%20chromosomal
%20abnormalities%20occur%20when,syndrome%20and%20tri ple%20X
%20syndrome.
VIII. Answer Key
IX. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Aileen D. Ocampo

Editor: Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Reviewers: Ala M. Elagio, Madilyn C. Sangki, Gemma R. Mendoza
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Engr. Edgard C. Domingo, PhD CESO V
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

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