Chemistry: 1 of 20 1 of 34

Chemistry
Ionic, Covalent &

Metallic Bonds
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34 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
2004
• Learning Competency
Recognize different types of compounds (ionic
or covalent) based on their properties such as
melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical
and thermal conductivity;
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• At the end of the session, I can be able
to:
- differentiate the properties of ionic,
covalent and metallic bonds;
- explain the formation of ionic and
covalent compounds and
-draw the Lewis Dot Structure (LED) of
diatomic elements and some
compounds;
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Review
• Mapping of the Periodic Table
-Metals
-Non-metals
-Metalloids/Semi-Metals
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Metals and Nonmetals
5
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Lewis Structures
Developed the idea in

1902.
G. N. Lewis
8
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9.1
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Formula of ionic compounds
A formula uses chemical symbols and numbers to show
the ratio of atoms of each element present in the
compound.
To work out the formula of an ionic compound, follow
this procedure:
1. Write down the symbol for each atom.

2. Calculate the charge for each ion.
3 Balance the number of ions so the positive and
negative charges equal zero. This gives a ratio of
ions.
4. Write down the formula without the ion charges – the
metal is always written first.
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Formula of sodium fluoride
What is the formula of sodium fluoride?
Symbol Na F
Ion charge 1+ 1-
Balance the 1 sodium ion is needed
number of ions for each fluoride ion
Ratio of ions 1:1
Formula
Na 1 electron F Na+ F-
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Formula of aluminium bromide
What is the formula of gallium bromide?
Symbol Ga Br
Ion charge 3+ 1-
Balance the 3 bromide ions are needed for
number of ions each aluminium ion
Ratio of ions 1:3

Formula
Br Br-
Ga 1 electron for Ga 3+
Br Br-
each atom
Br Br-
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Formula of aluminium oxide
What is the formula of aluminium oxide?
Symbol Al O
Ion charge 3+ 2-
Balance the 2 aluminium ions are
number of ions needed for 3 oxide ions
Ratio of ions 2:3
Formula
Al O O2-
Al3+
2 electrons for
each atom O O2-
Al3+
Al O O2-
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Application
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Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms with

an overall ionic charge.
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Names and Formulas of Common Polyatomic Ions
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Names and Formulas of Common Polyatomic Ions
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Naming Ionic Compounds with
Polyatomic Ions
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More complicated formulae
Working out the formulae for compounds containing
compound ions is the same as for simple ionic
compounds. The compound ion is treated as a single
particle, not individual particles.
1. Write down the symbol for each atom.
2. Calculate the charge for each ion.
3 Balance the number of ions so the positive and
negative
charges equal zero. This gives a ratio of ions.
4. Write down the formula without the ion charges. If
more than one compound ion is required, brackets must
be put around the ion, before the number.
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Formula of Lithium nitrate
What is the formula of lithium
nitrate?
Symbol Li NO3
Ion charge 1+ 1-
Balance the 1 lithium ion is needed
number of ions for each nitrate ion
Ratio of ions 1:1
Formula
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Formula of Magnesium nitrate
What is the formula of magnesium
nitrate?
Symbol Mg NO3
Ion charge 2+ 1-
Balance the 2 nitrate ions are needed for
number of ions each magnesium ion
Ratio of ions 1:2

Formula
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Formula of Sodium sulfate
What is the formula of sodium sulfate?
Symbol Na SO4
Ion charge 1+ 2-
Balance the 2 sodium ions are needed for
number of ions each sulfate ion
Ratio of ions 2:1

Formula
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Formula of Aluminium hydroxide
What is the formula of aluminium hydroxide?
Symbol Al OH
Ion charge 3+ 1-
Balance the 3 hydroxide ions are needed for
number of ions each aluminium ion
Ratio of ions 1:3

Formula
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Formula of Ammonium sulfate
What is the formula of ammonium sulfate?
Symbol NH4 SO4

Ion charge 1+ 2-
Balance the 2 ammonium ions are needed
number of ions for each sulfate ion
Ratio of ions 2:1

Formula
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Formula of Aluminium carbonate
What is the formula of aluminium carbonate?
Symbol Al CO3
Ion charge 3+ 2-
Balance the 2 aluminium ions are needed
number of ions for 3 carbonate ions
Ratio of ions 2:3

Formula
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Application
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Ionic lattices
In an ionic compound, millions and millions of ions are
packed together in a regular cubic arrangement, joined
by ionic bonds. This forms a giant 3D structure called an
ionic lattice.
+ ++ ++ +
-- -- --
++ +++ +++ +
- - -- - -- - -
+ +++ +++ ++
- - --- - --- - --
+ +++ +++ ++
- - -- - -- - -
++ ++++ ++++ ++
- - -- - -- - -
+ +++ +++ ++
- - --- - --- - --
+ +++ +++ ++
- - -- - -- - -
+ +++ +++ ++
-- -- --
+ + +
- - -
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Ionic lattices and crystals
The structure of the lattice means that the ionic
compound forms a crystal. This has flat sides and
straight edges.
These are crystals

of sodium
chloride.
All ionic compounds form lattices and crystals when

solid.
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Heating ionic compounds
Ionic bonds are strong and require a lot of heat to break
them. This means that ionic compounds are solid at room
temperature.
A larger ionic charge produces stronger ionic bonds,
which means that more heat is required to break the
bonds.
Compound Ion Melting Boiling
charges point (°C) point (°C)
Sodium 1+ and 1- 801 1,413
chloride
Magnesium 2+ and 2- 2,852 3,600
oxide
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Electricity, solubility and ionic compounds
Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they
are solid because the ions are packed together and
cannot move.
When molten, however, the lattice breaks up and the ions
are free to move. Because they are charged particles,
they can carry an electric current.
Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water because

water molecules have a slight electrical charge and can
attract the ions away from the lattice.
When dissolved, the ions are free to move and can carry
an electric current.
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Chemistry
Covalent Bonding
1
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COVALENT BOND FORMATION
When one nonmetal shares one or

more electrons with an atom of
another nonmetal so both atoms end
up with eight valence electrons
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Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bond
• involve the sharing of a pair of valence
electrons by two atoms
• lead to stable molecules if they share
electrons in such a way as to create a
noble gas configuration for each atom
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Naming of Covalent Compounds
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Types of Covalent Bonds
• Non-Polar Covalent
bonds are ones in
which both atoms share
the electrons evenly.
• By evenly, we mean
that the electrons have
an equal probability of
being at a certain radius
from the nuclei of
either atom.
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Diatomic Molecules
• Hydrogen gas H2
• The halogens:
– Chlorine Cl2
– Fluorine F2
– Bromine Br2
– Iodine I2
• Nitrogen N2
• Oxygen O2
Pneumonic Device to remember the diatomic
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molecules: Professor BrINClHOF
© Boardworks Ltd 2005
2004
Polar Covalent Bonds
• Covalent Bonds in which the sharing of

the electron pair is unequal
• The electrons spend more time around the
more nonmetallic atom.
• In such a bond there is a charge
separation with one atom being slightly
more positive and the other more
negative.
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Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with greater electron density around
one of the two atoms
electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich
H F H F
d+ d-
40
Electronegativities (EN)
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
Linus Pauling
1901 - 1994 41
Bond Character
• Non polar-Covalent bonds (H2)

– Electrons are equally shared
– Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
• Polar-Covalent bonds (HCl)
– Electrons are unequally shared
– Electronegativity difference between 0.3
and 1.7
• Ionic Bonds (NaCl)
– Electrons are transferred
– Electronegativity difference of more than
1.7
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Classification of Bonds
Difference in EN Bond Type
0- 0.3 Non Polar Covalent
1.7 and above Ionic
0.3 to 1.7 Polar Covalent
Increasing difference in electronegativity
Non Polar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic
share e- partial transfer of e- transfer e-
43
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.
Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3
H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4
N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0
44
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.
Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic
H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent
N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Non Polar

Covalent
45
The Octet Rule
Chemical compounds tend to form so that each
atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has
eight electrons in its highest occupied energy
level.
The same number of electrons as in the nearest

noble gas
The first exception to this is hydrogen, which
follows the duet rule.
The second exception is helium which does not
form bonds because it is already “full” with its
two electrons 46
The Covalent Bond
When non-metal atoms react together, they need to gain
electrons to fill their outer shell and become stable.
incomplete
H outer shells
H
They can only do this if they share electrons with each other.
both atoms have a

H H full outer shell
The atoms share electrons so there is a strong force that

joins the atoms together. This is called a covalent bond.
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Covalent Bonding and Elements
Many elements exist as molecules – two or more atoms
joined by a covalent bond. Each atom has a full outer
electron shell and is therefore stable.
H H O O Cl Cl
Only the outer shell of electrons is involved in covalent
bonding. This means that the inner shells do not always
have to be included in diagrams.
Two common ways to indicate a covalent bond are:
H–H dot and cross

solid line H H
H – H diagram
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Covalent bonding in chlorine
Chlorine needs 1 more electron to have a completely full
outer shell.
To achieve this, it can share an electron with another chlorine
atom. This creates a single bond.
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl2 or Cl–Cl
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Covalent Bonding in Oxygen
Oxygen needs 2 more electrons to have a completely full
outer shell.
To achieve this, it can share two electrons with another
oxygen atom. This creates a double bond.
O O O O
O2 or O=O
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Covalent bonding in Nitrogen
Nitrogen needs 3 more electrons to have a completely full
outer shell.
It can share three electrons with another nitrogen atom to do
this. This creates a triple bond.
NN N N
N2 or N≡N
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Covalent Bonding in Water
Oxygen needs 2 more electrons, but hydrogen only needs 1
more. How can these two elements be covalently bonded?
The oxygen atom shares 1 electron with 1 hydrogen atom,

and a second electron with another hydrogen atom.
O
H H
H2O or H O H
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Covalent Bonding in Compounds
Covalent bonding can take place between atoms of different
elements to create molecules of covalent compounds.
These covalent bonds can be single, double or triple.
Both hydrogen and chlorine need 1 more electron to fill their

outer shell. By sharing one electron each, they can fill their
outer shells and become stable.
H Cl
HCl or H Cl
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Covalent bonding in Ammonia
How are nitrogen and hydrogen bonded in ammonia?
H
H N
H
NH3 or H N H
H
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Exercises
Draw the Lewis structure of the following compounds:
1. CH4
2. NF3
3. CO2
55
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Covalent bonding in methane
How are carbon and hydrogen
bonded in methane? H
H
H C
H H
CH4 or H C H
H
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Lewis structure of Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms.
Step 4 – Arrange remaining 20 electrons to complete octets
F N F
57
Lewis Dot Structure of CO2 by Bonds Table
A. Calculate Octet electrons (Oe-) and B. Calculate the number of bonds in compound
Total Valence electrons to determine structure.
number of bonds # bonds = (Oe - TVe)
2
CO2 Oe TVe
1C 1•(8)= 8 1•(4) = 4 = (24- 16) = 8 = 4 bonds
2 2
2O 2•(8)=16 2•(6)=12
C. Calculate the remaining electrons to add to
Chg structure to complete Lewis dot structure.
24 16 Remaining e- = TVe - e- used in bonding.
= 16 - 8 = 8 e-Remaining
Writing Lewis Structure:
First determine atom connectivity keeping in mind that H and F can never be central
atoms. Generally when given the formula, ABn, A is the central atom in the structure
(but not always), and B atoms flank the central atom. Next use information from the
above calculations. Total of 16e- in CO2, of which 8 electrons are used to form 4 bonds
and 8 remaining electrons are used to complete Lewis structure.
O C O O C O O C O
1,2. Write atom 3,4,5. Draw the four 6. Place the remaining 8 electrons in the
connectivity for CO2. bonds in the structure. structure to complete the Lewis Structure
58 Lewis Structure Tutorial 10.7.00 6:16 PM

59 Lewis Structure Tutorial 10.7.00 6:16 PM
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Draw the Lewis Dot Structures
1. hydrogen sulfide H S H
2. carbon dioxide O C O
H H
3. ethane (C2H6) H C C H
H H
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• At the end of the session, I can be able
to:
- differentiate the properties of ionic,
covalent and metallic bonds;
- explain the formation of ionic and
covalent compounds and
-draw the Lewis Dot Structure (LED) of
diatomic elements;
1 ofof20
2004
1 ofof20
2004

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Chemistry

Ionic, Covalent &

• Mapping of the Periodic Table

Developed the idea in

1. Write down the symbol for each atom.

Ratio of ions 1:3

A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms with

Ratio of ions 1:2

Ratio of ions 2:1

Ratio of ions 1:3

Symbol NH4 SO4

Ratio of ions 2:1

Ratio of ions 2:3

These are crystals

All ionic compounds form lattices and crystals when

Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water because

When one nonmetal shares one or

• Covalent Bonds in which the sharing of

• Non polar-Covalent bonds (H2)

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Non Polar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic

share e- partial transfer of e- transfer e-

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Non Polar

The same number of electrons as in the nearest

both atoms have a

The atoms share electrons so there is a strong force that

H–H dot and cross

The oxygen atom shares 1 electron with 1 hydrogen atom,

Both hydrogen and chlorine need 1 more electron to fill their

Step 4 – Arrange remaining 20 electrons to complete octets

58 Lewis Structure Tutorial 10.7.00 6:16 PM

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