Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session
:
nd
COMMUNICATION
THEORY
1
1. Symbolic
Interaction
Theory
–
by
George
Herbert
Mead
–
terjadi
di
dalam
percakapan/conversation.
2.
Cognitive
Dissonance
Theory
–
by
Leon
Festinger
–
Mid
1950
2
I.
Symbolic
Interac:on
Theory
HISTORY
Teori
ini
dikemukakan
oleh
George
Herbert
Mead
dalam
tulisan
yang
berjudul
Mind,
Self
,&
Society
(1934),
yang
ditulis
setelah
Mead
meninggal
oleh
muridnya.
Buku
ini
diterbitkan
oleh
muridnya,
sekaligus
orang
yang
pertama
menggunakan
istilah
Symbolic
Interaction
(SI),
yaitu
Herbert
Blumer.
3
What
is
all
about?
People act based on the symbols meanings that
arise in a given situation!
Theory centers on relationship between symbols
and interaction
Menjadi penghubung antara teori yang fokus pada
individu dan teori yang bicara tentang social forces.
Asumsi : Society is made real by interactions of
individuals!
4
SOCIETY
SELF
5
Theory
at
glance
People
are
motivated
to
act
based
on
the
meanings
they
assign
to
people,
things,
&
events.
These
meanings
are
created
in
the
language
that
people
use
both
in
communication
with
others
and
in
self-‐talk
or
their
own
private
thought.
6
Contoh
:
Wedding
rings
Children
in
the
family
Semua
itu
(rings
&
children)
menjadi
simbol
dari
sebuah
produk
hasil
interaksi
sosial
masyarakat
yang
memberikan
makna
khusus
terhadap
simbol-‐simbol
tersebut.
7
RING : Love and commitment !
8
Key
concepts
1. MIND
:
the
ability
to
use
symbols
that
have
common
social
meanings
and
mind
must
developed
through
interaction
with
others-‐language,
verbal,
non
verbal
symbols
–
dpl
:
the
way
people
internalize
society.
9
2.
SELF
:
ability
to
reflect
on
ourselves
from
the
perspective
of
others-‐
for
Mead,
self
imaging
not
coming
from
introspection.
Bagaimana
dirinya
menurut
teman,
family,
orang
lain,
pacar,
dll
–
the
importance
of
the
self
concept.
Dikenal
istilah
looking
glass
self,
istilah
tentang
kemampuan
seseorang
untuk
tahu
bagaimana
orang
lain
melihat
dan
menilai
dirinya.
10
Ada
3
hal
menurut
dia,
yang
akan
dilihat
orang
lain
pada
dirinya
:
1. We
imagine
how
we
appear
to
others.
2. We
imagine
their
judgment
of
our
appearance.
3. We
feel
hurt
or
pride
based
on
these
self-‐feelings.
11
Who
am
I
?
12
Selanjutnya….
Individuals
develop
self-‐concepts
through
interactions
with
others
Self-‐concept
provide
an
important
motive
for
behavior
!
–
self-‐fulfilling
prophecy
(a
prediction
about
yourself
causing
you
to
behave
in
such
a
way
that
it
comes
true!)
2nd
type
of
SFP
:
Pygmalion
Effect
(living
up
to
or
down
to
another’s
expectations
of
us.
13
Jelaskan
perbedaan
antara
Self
Fulfilling
Prophecy
dan
Pygmalion
Effect?
15
KEGUNAAN
1. Interpreting
social
interactions
2. Berlaku
tidak
hanya
dalam
hubungan
interpersonal,
tetapi
juga
melalui
media
dan
(di
dalam)
organisasi.
3. Dasar
dari
beberapa
teori
komunikasi
lain
seperti
Dramatism,
Organizational
Culture
Theory,
&
Standpoint
Theory.
16
II.
COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE
THEORY
17
Why
is
so
difficult?
Mind
berada
diantara
stimulus
&
respon
Ketika
individu
menerima
stimulus/
informasi,
mind
akan
mengklasifikasikan
dengan
mengikuti
pola
sebelumnya.
Ketika
ternyata
polanya
tidak
sama,
maka
terjadi
dissonance
bagi
individu.
Sehingga
individu
akan
berusaha
untuk
menguranginya.
Dissonance
terjadi
ketika
action
berbeda
dengan
attitude
19
Theory
at
glance
The
experience
of
dissonance-‐incompatible
beliefs
and
actions
or
two
incompatible
beliefs-‐is
unpleasant
and
people
are
highly
motivated
to
avoid
it.
In
their
efforts
to
avoid,
people
will
ignore
views
that
opposite
their
own,
change
their
beliefs
to
match
their
actions
(or
vice
versa),
and/or
seek
reassurance
after
making
the
difficult
decision.
20
Theory
assump:ons
Human
being
consistency
in
their
beliefs,
attitudes,
and
behaviors.
Dissonance
is
created
by
psychological
inconsistency
Dissonance
is
an
aversive
state
that
drives
people
to
actions
with
measurable
effects
Dissonance
motivates
efforts
to
achieve
consonance
and
efforts
toward
dissonance
reduction.
21
Scheme
of
COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE
THEORY
Slide
video:
iklan
an:
rokok!
“Want
to
stop
smoking??”
23
Penerapan
Smoker
yang
tahu
bahwa
merokok
itu
akan
merusak
tubuhnya,
akan
mengatakan
:
Lebih
banyak
orang
mati
karena
kecelakaan
daripada
karena
merokok-‐
fakta
yang
benar!
Rokoknya
berkadar
nikotin
rendah-‐it’s
ok
buat
kesehatan
Merokok
hanya
pada
saat-‐saat
tertentu
saja
Sudah
kecanduan,sulit
lepas.
Biar
mati
aja
deh,
paling
tidak
khan
sebelum
mati
masih
sempat
menikmati
nikmatnya
rokok.
24
Kelemahan
teori
Tidak
menjelaskan
how
and
when
people
will
attempt
to
reduce
dissonance.
Individu
mempunyai
batas
toleransi
reduce
dissonance
yang
berbeda-‐beda
sehingga
sulit
memprediksikan
perilaku
tertentu
yang
akan
diambil
individu
jika
terjadi
dissonance.
25
"Nearly
all
men
can
stand
adversity,
but
if
you
want
to
test
a
man's
character,
give
him
power.“
by
Abraham
Lincoln
26