6areva GBSQSSHVDCFACTS

The role of HVDC & FACTS
technologies to enhance the utilisation

of existing transmission networks
Roger Critchley
Head of Power Electronics
AREVA T&D Technology Centre
Monday 9th March 2009

T ECHNOLOGY Imperial College, London
C ENTRE
1 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 1

HVDC & FACTS
HVDC
High Voltage Direct Current
A system used for transmitting or exchanging electrical
power by means of direct current
FACTS
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems
Systems used for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance
and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines
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HVDC & FACTS
HVDC & FACTS are built using Power Electronics devices

Brings precision of control, dynamic performance, and many
other features, into transmission networks
Two technologies exist:
Line Commutated Converter
- Classical HVDC
- Thyristor based
Voltage Source Converter
- VSC HVDC
- Transistor based
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HVDC Configurations
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Basic HVDC Transmission
Back to Back
Sending Rectifier Inverter Receiving

End End
Transformer
Vdc
Idc
F F
Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)
i i Idc i
Iac Iac
t t t
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Point to Point – Overhead Line
Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
End DC Line End
Transformer
Vdc
Idc
F F
Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)
i i Idc i
Iac Iac
t t t
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Point to Point – Submarine Cable
Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
End End
Transformer
Vdc
Idc
F F
Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)
i i Idc i
Iac Iac
t t t
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Point to Point – Underground Cable
Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
End End
Transformer
Vdc
Idc
F F
Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)
i i Idc i
Iac Iac
t t t
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HVDC Converter Valve Hall
Thyristor based system
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HVDC Configuration Options
Monopole
Monopole example at 500 MW
500 MW Monopole
+ HV Cable +
F F F F F F F F
Pole 1 Pole 1
500 MW 500 MW
AC AC
LV Cable
1 x HVDC cable or OHL always needed (unless BtB)

1 x HVDC LV connection always needed, could be
LV cable or OHL
Full transmission lost if lose any main item
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HVDC Configuration Options
Bipole with bipole control
Bipole example at 1000MW built from two 500 MW poles
1000 MW Bipole
F F F F
+ HV Cable + F F F F
Pole 1 Pole 1
500 MW 500 MW
AC AC
LV Cable
F F F F F F F F
Pole 2 Pole 2
500 MW 500 MW
- HV Cable -
2 x HVDC cables or OHL always needed

1 x HVDC LV connection always needed, could be
LV cable or OHL
Only 50% transmission lost if lose any main item
Bipole control of each the two monopoles simultaneously
Minimises the DC current in the LV connection
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Advantages of HVDC
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Advantages of all HVDC Links - 1
The Power Flow on an HVDC link is Fully Controllable - Fast

and Accurate!
The operator or automatic controller determines how much
power flows via the link and in which direction
Irrespective of the interconnected AC system conditions
An HVDC Link is asynchronous

The ac voltage and frequency in the two ac networks can be
controlled independently of each other
No need for common frequency control
The HVDC link can be used to improve the dynamic
conditions in both of the interconnected ac networks (power
system damping)
Can be controlled independently of AC system variations or to
react to AC system conditions
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Advantages of all HVDC Links - 2
HVDC links do not increase the Short Circuit Level of the

connected systems
Faults and oscillations don’t transfer across HVDC
interconnected systems
Firewall against cascading outages
HVDC can transport energy economically and efficiently over
longer distances than ac lines or cables
Increased Transmission Capacity in a fixed corridor
Up to 3 times more power per tower, therefore narrower rights of
way
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Using an Existing Wayleave
480MVA 1440MW
300%
more
power
Unchanged tower
body and
foundations
220kV AC ±380kV DC
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15
T7931 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 15
More Power Per Tower
1850MW 1850MVA 5550MW
DC AC DC
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Up to 3 Times More Power
Why VSC HVDC?
Key Benefits Compared to Classical HVDC - 1
Can use ordinary transformers – no star/delta
Both active and reactive power control in one
equipment
Little or no filtering requirements & no reactive power
switching
Significantly reduces application engineering and land area
Operation down to zero short-circuit ratio

Connect into any network without complex studies and
system reinforcement
Multi-terminal configuration are simple to engineer

Ideal for offshore grids interconnecting wind farms
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Why VSC HVDC?
Key Benefits Compared to Classical HVDC - 2
Inherent Black Start capability
Always a requirement for offshore wind and island feeding
applications
Compact dimensions and lower weight

Ideal for inner cities, reduced visual impact, smaller and
lighter offshore platforms
Power reversal by adjusting the DC voltage at both

converter stations
Enables the use of low cost polymeric cables
Rapidly growing interest in VSC HVDC + underground

cables as an alternative/replacement to overhead AC lines,
particularly for inner city feeding
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Power Electronics in MV Networks
HV Network
P
P
MV Network 1 MV Network 2
Direct AC
connection not
possible because of
high fault level
The traditional model:

Network designed for power flow from HV to MV
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HV Network
P P
P P
Q Q
+V +V
STATCOM -V -V STATCOM
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HV Network
P
P
P
MVDC Link
P Q Q P
+V +V
P
STATCOM -V -V STATCOM with
MVDC Link energy storage
with energy
storage
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FACTS Solutions
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FACTS Types
Shunt connected
MSC Mechanically Switched Capacitor
MSCDN Mechanically Switched Capacitive Damping Network
SVC Static VAr Compensator
RSVC Relocatable Static VAr Compensator
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator (VSC based)
Series connected
FSC Fixed Series Capacitor compensator
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Compensator
SSSC Static Series Synchronous Compensator (VSC based)
UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller (VSC based)
IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller (VSC based)
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SVC has been the most popular FACTS device
C ENTRE

What are SVCs?
Shunt compensation devices dealing with reactive power

(MVAr)
Independent devices connected at appropriate points on the
transmission system
Location determined by network studies
Continuously adjustable impedance from capacitance

(+ve: generation) through to inductance (-ve: absorption)
It can quickly respond to network changes to precisely
counterbalance the reactive power variations caused by load
changes or a fault
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SVCs for compensating effects of load - 1
No Load 0MW
Ferranti Overvoltage Effect
400kV
Full Load: 800MW 800 km

System Collapse
800MW
800MW
800MW 800MW
800MW
800MW
Generati
Generation
Generati Variable
Variable Load
Variable
on
on Load
Load
Uncompensated lines are too “short”

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SVCs for compensating effects of load - 2
0MW
400kV
800MW
800 km
800MW
800MW
800MW SVC SVC 800MW
800MW
800MW
Generati
Generation
Generati Variable
Variable
Variable Load
on
on Load
Load
SVCs dynamically regulate the network

by providing or absorbing reactive power.
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- Transmission line capacity is increased
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SVC dynamic stability in action
Voltage
PU With SVC
(fast recovery and low
voltage dip
1.0
With SVC
(much faster recovery
with lower voltage dip)
0.75 Without SVC

(may just recover, but large
voltage dip experienced )
Without SVC
0.5 (heading for system
collapse)
Time
Seconds
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0
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SVC: Power Oscillation Damping
Transmitted
Power
With SVC
No SVC
Time
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Summary of Purposes of SVC
Steady State
Regulates voltage profile
Improves system power flow capacity (at least 30%)
Reduce or eliminate requirement for new lines
Dynamic
Assists in post-fault recovery
Power oscillation/swing damping
Improves system stability margins
Reduction of voltage fluctuations (flicker)
Balancing single phase loads onto 3 phase systems
Reduces the incidence of black/brown-outs
SVCs enable the maximisation of

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transmission line assets
-75/+150MVAr SVC
NGT, Lovedean, UK
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Relocatable SVCs
A relocatable SVC adds flexibility

Enables compensation to be
easily moved as transmission line
requirements change
Cabins for indoor equipment
Valves and controls, etc
Skids for outdoor equipment
Reactors, capacitors, etc
Factory assembled & tested units
Reduced civil works
Simple site work
Small footprint
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The Flexible Option
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Relocatable SVC
on its way to Iron Acton
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Power on the Move
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RSVCs at Iron Acton, UK
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VSC based
FACTS Applications
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Types of VSC FACTS
STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator
Connected in shunt to the network
Acts like a Synchronous Condenser without inertia and moving
parts, but with much faster response to disturbances
Transistor
Converter Bridge
RFI Reactor
Reactor
DC Link Capacitor – can
be supported by
Supercapacitors
Coupling
Transformer F F
Non-switched Transistor bridge can be built

High Frequency using same PEBB modules as
Filters used in VSC HVDC
Many
transistors
connected
in series
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3-phase bridge, PWM 1- 2kHz
STATCOM Characteristics
Compared to Classical SVC
System Voltage
Classical SVC (p.u.)
STATCOM
1.0 p.u.
0.4 p.u.
1.0 p.u. Capacitive Current Inductive Current 1.0 p.u.

(Leading) (Lagging)
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Why VSC FACTS
Grid sees the device as a synchronous machine without

inertia
Offers sub-cycle response
Phases are independently controlled, gives optimum voltage
support especially during system disturbances
Do not require large reactive components (capacitors and

shunt reactors) to provide inductive and capacitive reactive
power
Compact leading to minimum footprint
Operating range is wider than a classical SVC

Higher reactive output at lower system voltages
Robust recovery support under severe system disturbances
Significantly improved voltage control, particularly under
contingencies
Higher dynamic response characteristics than classical SVC

STATCOMs enable the maximisation of
T ECHNOLOGY
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The role of HVDC & FACTS

technologies to enhance the utilisation

Monday 9th March 2009

1 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 1

2 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 2

HVDC & FACTS are built using Power Electronics devices

3 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 3

4 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 4

Sending Rectifier Inverter Receiving

5 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 5

6 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 6

7 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 7

8 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 8

9 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 9

1 x HVDC cable or OHL always needed (unless BtB)

10 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 10

2 x HVDC cables or OHL always needed

11 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 11

12 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 12

The Power Flow on an HVDC link is Fully Controllable - Fast

An HVDC Link is asynchronous

13 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 13

HVDC links do not increase the Short Circuit Level of the

14 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 14

1850MW 1850MVA 5550MW

Operation down to zero short-circuit ratio

Multi-terminal configuration are simple to engineer

17 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 17

Compact dimensions and lower weight

Power reversal by adjusting the DC voltage at both

Rapidly growing interest in VSC HVDC + underground

18 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 18

The traditional model:

19 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 19

20 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 20

22 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 22

23 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 23

Shunt compensation devices dealing with reactive power

Continuously adjustable impedance from capacitance

24 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 24

Full Load: 800MW 800 km

Uncompensated lines are too “short”

25 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 25

SVCs dynamically regulate the network

26 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 26

0.75 Without SVC

27 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 27

28 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 28

SVCs enable the maximisation of

30 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 30

A relocatable SVC adds flexibility

31 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 31

32 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 32

33 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 33

34 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 34

Non-switched Transistor bridge can be built

1.0 p.u. Capacitive Current Inductive Current 1.0 p.u.

36 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 36

Grid sees the device as a synchronous machine without

Do not require large reactive components (capacitors and

Operating range is wider than a classical SVC

Higher dynamic response characteristics than classical SVC

38 GB SQSS - HVDC & FACTS 38