2,9 6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-20, NO.

2, MAY 1978

of these, the basic transmission equations (11) and (12) are
derived; they show how the common-mode (or antenna-mode)
current I, is coupled to the differential-mode (or transmission-
line-mode) current I (through the coupling parameter y). The
determination of I, is, however, independent of I and based
upon the solution of the scattering problem involving two con-
ductors excited by two symmetrical incident waves such that
no current flows in the terminating impedances.
The governing equations (11) and (12) are applied in
Section IV to treat two types of cases: 1) two parallel cyl-
inders of unequal size immersed in an incident plane wave of
arbitrary polarization, and 2) cylinders of thin wires. In the
first instance, the application includes a determination of the
coupling parameter y between the common mode and the
transmission mode (40).
In the second instance for thin wires, the application leads
to equations (41) which differ from the more conventional
equations (42). For various terminations, results from both
sets of equations are compared in Table I. The most striking
observation is, perhaps, that for 0 = 00 incidence, the conven-
tional results all reduce to zero, whereas the new results do
not. It is quite easy to convince oneself that the conventional
results have to be faulty. When 0 = 00, the incident electric
field Einc is, to be sure, no longer "driving" the wires, but the
incident magnetic intensity ninc is still linking the two wires
and, for very low frequencies, the new results do reduce to
those that can be deduced directly from the Faraday law of
induction.
RICHARD B. SCHULZ

Shielding Theory of Enclosures with Apertures

HORACIO A. MINDEZ

Abstract-This paper develops the theory of EM radiation from I. INTRODUCTION

metallic enclosures with apertures, excited by an internal source at
frequencies below the fundamental resonance of the enclosure. The IN MOST SITUATIONS, the leakage of electromagnetic
enclosure with an aperture is analyzed from two different points of (EM) energy from a metallic enclosure is dominated, not by
view: as a cavity with a small aperture in a wall, and as a waveguide the physical characteristics of the metal, but by the size,
section short-circuited at one end and open at the other. Rectangular shape, and location of the apertures that are needed for such
geometries are used throughout, since these are by far the most
commonly encountered in practical enclosures and cabinets. various reasons as input and output connections, control
Using the corresponding dyadic Green's functions, the fields panels, dials, ventilation panels, visual-access windows, etc.
generated inside the enclosure by some simple sources are determined. In the present work, the theory of EM radiation from
The fields radiated through small apertures in a cavity are determined metallic enclosures with apertures excited by an internal
using Bethe's theory of diffraction by small holes. The radiation from source is developed.
an open waveguide is calculated with the help of field-equivalence
theorems, with assumptions applicable to the case of evanescent waves. The author's treatment is confined to frequencies below the
The final step is to derive expressions for the "insertion loss" offundamental mode of the enclosure (i.e., below the cutoff
frequency of the cavity). For typical cabinets, the cutoff fre-
the shield, defined as the ratio of the field strength at a point external
to the shield, before and after the insertion of the enclosure. To do so,
quency is in the tens or hundreds of megahertz. Since the
the effect of the shield upon the input impedance of the antenna is radiation spectra of many noise sources seldom show a
analyzed, and expressions obtained for the applicable cases. significant contribution at these or higher frequencies, a very
The resulting insertion-loss expressions are numerically evaluated for
some representative cases, and graphically compared with a series of significant portion of the RFI spectrum is being covered.
measurements performed to obtain experimental confirmation. Very This work is limited to rectangular geometries, which are by
far the most typically encountered in cabinets and enclosures.
good agreement is obtained in all cases, establishing the validity of the
analysis. Thus this work provides accurate prediction capabilities for Nevertheless, the techniques here presented may easily be
the design of shielded enclosures with apertures, in the presence of
applied to other regular geometries.
internal or external noise sources (the latter is a consequence of apply-
ing the reciprocity theorem). The approach taken is to treat the enclosure as a resonant
Key Words: Shielded enclosures, apertures, insertion loss, below cavity below cutoff. This allows us to replace it with a per-
resonance. fectly conducting cavity, obviously assuming that the wall
losses will be small compared to the energy leaking through
Manuscript received July 26, 1974; revised January 3, 1978. This the aperture.
paper is based on a dissertation presented as part of the requirements After the fields generated in a rectangular cavity by typical
for the Ph.D. degree at the California Institute of Technology (C.I.T. radiation sources are found, Bethe's theory of diffraction by
Antenna Laboratory Report No. 68, 1974).
The author is with the General Products Division, IBM Corporation, small holes is applied to determine the fields radiated by the
San Jose, CA 95193. (408) 256-1474. aperture.

0018-9375/78/0500-0296$00.75 © 1978 IEEE

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MENDEZ: SHIELDING THEORY OF ENCLOSURES 297

concentrated at its center

sin [k(h- I z-d' I)]

1z x-aS(y-b)
sin (kh)
J= lzJ
=z-d'I<h (4)

O; Iz-d' >h
mra' prrd'
sin cos-
47710 a d
y ad sin (kh) (p) 2
\d/
p7rh
. cos -cos (kh) csc (Kmpb)
d
Fig. 1. Hertzian dipole in a rectangular cavity.
mpir2 mrrx prrz
To cover the case where a whole wall is missing in the *lX * * cos * sin-
enclosure (representing for instance, an open door or missing
Kmpad a d
cover), the theory is developed for typical antennas inside a sin (Km rpb') sin [Km p(b -y)];-
ify >b']
waveguide section, short-circuited at one end and open at the sin (Km py) sin [Km p (b -b')];
-
if y <b'
other end. Field-equivalence theorems are then invoked to find
the radiation from the waveguide's "mouth." p7r mrrx pIrz
The effect of the cavity (or waveguide section) upon the
+ ly * *sin *sin
d a d
antenna is treated next, so that expressions can be derived for
the quantity of interest in shielding theory: the "insertion -sin (Km rpb') * cos [Km p(b -y)]; ify >b'1
loss" of a shield, defined as the ratio of the field strength at a Lcos * sin [Kmp (b -b')];
(Kmpy) if y <bJ
point external to the shield, before and after the insertion of
that shield.
+ 1z *
ep [/P7T- \2 ±k221 *in. mrrx- S cos-
p7rz
Finally, equations are developed for some specific cases, 2Kmp Ld/ a d
and results are compared with experimentally measured values.
sin (Km pb') * sin [Kmp(b -y)]; ify >b'il
II. RADIATION FROM A CAVITY WITH -sin (Km py) sin [Km p (b -b')];
-
ify <b'
SMALL APERTURES
(5)
Consider a perfectly conducting rectangular cavity excited
by an internal source. By using the dyadic Green's function mrraI p7rd'
sin * cos
found in [1, equation (15)] 1 in the expression for the vector
potential 2 2ep* a d
ad sin (kh) m,p (p-) 2
k2
A(r) = f G(r ro) * IOJ(ro) dro (1)
Vol
p7rh p7rZ
a
CF --COS (kh) csc (Kmpb) * cos -

where J is the given current distribution and ro is an element Lcdcs Jd

of volume, the resulting electric and magnetic fields can be
m7rx
derived as x *sin
a
1
E =- V(V A) + jcoA (2) L -sin (Km pb ) cos [Km p(b -y)]; -
ify >b1
i4o eo
-cos (Km py) * sin [Km p (b -b')]; if y <b'J
H=- V XA. (3) Mir mmrx
/o -*
Kmpa
* cos
a
If the excitation source is a center-driven thin dipole an-
tenna of length 2h (Fig. 1), with the driving EM field (EMF) Lsin (Km pb')> sin (Kmp(b -y)]; ify >b 1
sin (Kmpy) * sin [Km p(b -b')]; if y <b'j
1 Equation (18) of [1] has a typesetting error; both trigonometric
functions should be sine functions. (6)

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298 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-20, NO. 2, MAY 1978

8Io mTra' prd' m7rD

H=
ad m ,p2;
cos
a
cos
d
* sin
a

sin-D csc (Kmpb)* 1,

aI d PIT
- 2 D 0--
mrrx prrz
4 .
sin * cos
a 0.) 2D a d
110 I
[-sin (Km pb') cos [Km p(b-y)]; if y >b'1
cOs (Km py) sin [Km p(b -b')]; ify <b'J
I
dI d z
. . _~ ~ ~ ~ n
± em md eppa 1 mrrx prrz
+ 1Y * _ * --- *cos *~
1cos -
Fig. 2. Square loop in a rectangular cavity (as seen in the plane y = b'). pa md) Kmp a d

where Lsin (Kmpb') *sin [Kmp(b-y)]; ify >b'

sin (Kmpy) sin [Kmp(b-b')]; ify < b'
Kmp2= k2- [(-) +() (7) ema *cos m7rx *~ sinpr7Z
-lz* -
m7r a d
27r
k = WN/Ao co X(8) L-sin (Kmpb') cos [Kmp(b-y)]; ify >b'
COS (Kmpy) sin [Kmp(b -b')];
-
if y <b'JJ
lx, ly, and 1, are unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions,
respectively, cp is the Neumann factor, (12)
Once the fields produced by a radiating source inside a
(1; = 0,
if p cavity have been calculated, the EMF's "leaked" through a
ep = <:(9) small aperture on the walls of the cavity can be found by
t2; otherwise adopting the concept of "polarizability" of an aperture.
Consider an aperture in a perfectly conducting plane, being
m and p are positive integers ranging from zero to infinity illuminated by an EMF existing in one of the half-spaces de-
fined by that plane.
r7 = (j/eo) = 120r ohms (10) If the size of the aperture and the wavelength of the field
are such that
and the time dependence of the fields is assumed to be e-JW t. l- X/2rr (13)
In these expressions, Io is the current at the input terminals
of the antenna. where 1 is any linear dimension of the aperture, Bethe [2] has
For a square loop of sides 2D (Fig. 2) with constant current shown that the field in the vicinity of the hole may be repre-
amplitude Io, i.e., an electrically small loop antenna, the sented approximately by the original internal field Eo, H0 at
results are the location of the aperture (i.e., the fields existing at the site
of the hole before it is cut in the wall), plus the fields of an
E=j
8kr?Io 1
Cos
mrra
*Cos
prrd' electric and magneitc dipole located at the center of the
ad m,p Kmp a cd aperture.
The field transmitted to the other side of the conducting
mirD pnrD wall may be considered a dipole field and can be calculated
* sin * sin csc (Kmpb)
a d from the electric- and magnetic-dipole moments induced by
the incident field on the complementary area of infinite
ema mTrx p7rz permeability [3].
lx m7r cos aa sin- d An electric dipole moment can be induced only by an elec-
tric field which is normal to the plane of the aperture, and a
sin (Km pb') sin [Km p(b -y)];
-
if y >b magnetic dipole moment can only be induced by a magnetic
Lsin (Kmpy) * sin [Kmp(b -b')]; ify <b'j field which lies in the plane of the aperture.
The resulting electric and magnetic moments are given by
+ lz
cpd mrrx
*
p7rz
* sin cos P = aeCOEo (14)
p1r a d
E sin (Kmpb') sin [Kmp(b -y)];
-
if y >b|
M = -amHo (15)
sin (Km py) sin [Km p(b -b')];
-
if y <bb' where
Cie electric polarizability scalar,
(1 1) am magnetic polarizability tensor.
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MENDEZ: SHIELDING THEORY OF ENCLOSURES 299

Obviously, for a perfectly conducting plane, Eo is normal TABLE I

to the surface and Ho is tangential. POLARIZABILITY OF APERTURES
The values of aperture polarizabilities for different shapes
and sizes have been determined by Montgomery [4] and Cohn
[5], [6] . Table I shows a selection of their results.
Bethe's treatment of the diffraction through holes, coupled
with the field equations (5)-(12), provide the means to evalu-
Arerture Slhape

Circle of diameter d

Long narrow ellipse,

I
d3
6
e
m1
IH parallel to If normal to

d3
i~
long dimension long dimension
l 3

ate the EMF's leaked through an aperture in a rectangular semi-ma jor axis = a 2
ab 2 2 7
a3 2
cavity.
se i-minor axis = b
a b
3 n (4a) -1
At frequencies below cutoff, typical cabinet apertures will Long Slot of width w
3w
automatically satisfy condition (13), making the method and leiigtll 't

applicable. Square of side Q 0.2274 0. 518 n 0.518 w

Rectangle of
length k and
III. RADIATION FROM AN OPEN CAVITY width w 0 . 75 0.1462 0.4192 £1
Rectangle of
Consider a perfectly conducting semi-infinite rectangular length Q anmd
width w 0.0740 0. 3 1 5 0
waveguide of dimensions a and b associated with the x and y Rectangle of
directions, short-circuited at the plane z = 0 and extending length and
width w
towards z = +±0. 0. 2 0.0140Q 0.1812 0 3

Its dyadic Green's function can be easily obtained, by using Rectangle of

lengtli '3 and
image theory, from a knowledge of the dyadic Green's func- width w T 14
0 . I 0 .0038 0.1290
tion for an infinite waveguide [7].
For a transverse dipole antenna whose current is defined by
(Fig. 3)

ixosin [k(h- I x -a' I)]

sin (kh)
xxJ
J=1xJx=
6(y -b')6(z -d'); Ix-a't>h ) aI
A

0; Ix-a' 1<h
a
the fields generated in the semi-infinite waveguide are found I

to be I
Source

mrrh I - f MP -20-
z
cos - cos (kh)
_ --
4',0I
b /
E=j a
ab sin (kh) m,n (_) - b )d r

mrra' n7rb' em Fig. 3. Source in a semi-infinite rectangular waveguide.

cos *sin lx
a b 2rmn
r/mr2
7 m7rrx nrry m7rh
[-( + k2 - cos - sin- cos - cos (kh)
2kIo a
L\a/icosa b
ab sin (kh) mn (rkir)2
exp (-Fm nZ) sinh ( dmnd'); if z >d'
Lexp (-mnd') sinh (rm nZ); if z <d'j ka/
mnir2 mirx n7Try mira' nTrb' mirx nrry
+*
+1 * sin * cos- * cos
a
sin
b
*cos
a
ly sin-
b
abrmn a b

[exp (-rmnz) sinh (rIm nd'); if z >d' E-exp (-lm nZ) sinh (rm nd'); if z >d'

-exp (-rFmnd') sinh (rIm az); if z <d'j -exp (-,m0d') cosh (I'm 0z); if z <d'J

mir m7rx nrry nrr nrry

1z-a * sin -Iz * * cos-
+ sin
a b blmn b
E-exp (-rmnZ) sinh (rm nd'); if z >d' Lexp (-rmnZ) sinh (rm nd'); if z >d'l (18)
-exp (-rm nd') cosh (rm nZ); if z <d' (17)
-exp (-rPmnd') sinh (I'm nZ); if z <d'jJ
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300 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-20, NO. 2, MAY 1978

where
a
k 2 =(m- )2 ±n (19)

mrrx n7ry
'Jmn =CCOS *COS- (20)
a b f
a noI0 2D
mrrx niry II f
Xmn = sin * sin (21)
a b
/m7r 2 /nr\ 2 d z
rmn2
m = -) +± kb)-k2. (22) Fig. 4. Longitudinal square loop in semi-infinite rectangular waveguide
(as seen in the plane y = b').

In the case of an electrically small longitudinal squar(e loop Now that expressions have been obtained for the EMF's
(Fig. 4), the generated fields are found to be generated inside a semi-infinite waveguide by some simple
antennas, next the effect on these fields of cutting the wave-
guide open at the plane z = d must be determined.
E=j
8ki?Io*- 1
cos
mira'
sin
nurb' To find how the antenna is affected by the aperture, some
ab m,n rmn a b measure must be obtained for the decay rate of the fields away
from the antenna, and then of the reflected fields from the
m7rD ntry
* sin - * sinh (rm nD) * sin - aperture back towards the source.
a b It can easily be shown that, for a rectangular waveguide of
square cross section, and for physically reasonable sources
cm a mirx (thin antennas), the reflected field is at least four orders of
l *1*cos-
*x
M7r a magnitude smaller than the incident field (both calculated at
the surface of the antenna) when the antenna-aperture dis-
r-exp (-rmnZ) cosh (rm nd'); if z >d'
tance is greater than 0.1a, where a is a typical dimension of the
[exp (-rmnd') sinh (rm nz); if z <d'_ enclosure. This fact allows the effect of the aperture upon the
antenna to be disregarded in all cases of interest.
2 mrrx
On the other hand, when the semi-infinite waveguide is cut
+ 1z * ^ sin
rmn a open at the plane z = d, the fields that existed at that plane
if z >d'1 will, in general, be modified by the presence of the aperture.
. exp (-rmnZ) cosh (rm nd');
(23) For sources that produce TM modes only, such as a longitudi-
-exp (-rm nd') cosh (rm nZ); if z <d'J nal (z-directed) dipole, it may be assumed that the aperture
m7rat produces a complete reflection of the transverse (x and y in
8Io 1 nuTb' murD
H=
ab x
* v ~~ *cos
m,nrmn a
* sin
b
* sin
a
Fig. 3) components of the fields, resulting in the doubling of
the transverse magnetic field and the cancellation of the TE
field.
2nrr mirx Similarly, in the case of a transverse loop (in the x-y
* sin (rm nD) -
1 m n bb a cos
7m n a
*

b plane), only TE modes are present. This fact leads to the

assumption that the TE field is doubled and the TM field can-
[exp(-rmnZ) cosh (rm nd'); if z >d' celled by reflection at the aperture.
exp (-mnd') cosh (rm nz); if z <d' For a transverse dipole and a longitudinal loop, we have
neither TE nor TM modes in the z direction. In these cases, the
m7ry safest course is to take the fields at the aperture as being iden-
ema [(n)2 2 m7rx sin
b tical to those that would exist at the same place in a semi-
infinite waveguide.
exp (-rmnz) cosh (Im nd'); if z >d' The fields at the open end of a rectangular waveguide
exp (-mnd ') cosh (rm nz); if z < d'j excited below cutoff are then given in terms of the fields that
would exist at the same place in a semi-infinite waveguide,
em an mirx niry modified according to the assumptions on aperture reflection
-lz cos cos
*
bm a
*
b pertaining to each specific case.
The next step is to find the fields radiated by such a struc-
[-exp (-rmnZ) cosh (rm nd'); if z >d' ture. The assumptions required to obtain an approximate
-exp (-rmnd') sinh (rm nz); if z <d'j solution can be better understood after a review of the induc-
tion and field-equivalence theorems, as stated by Schelkunoff
(24) [8] - [ 1], and which the readers are urged to consult.

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MENDEZ: SHIELDING THEORY OF ENCLOSURES 301
The standard procedure [12] is to neglect the currents on The electric field E has to be evaluated at a distance p (the
the outside walls of the waveguide, which amounts to assum- wire radius) from the axis of the antenna.
ing the existence of a perfectly conducting flange coplanar By assuming that the presence of an aperture will not dis-
with the aperture and solving, in essence, for the radiation turb the fields near the antenna, as long as the latter is located
from a rectangular aperture in a perfectly conducting plane. at some small but reasonable distance behind the aperture, it is
This approximation worsens at low frequencies, especially found that, for a cavity with small apertures, the input imped-
if the fields of interest are at large angles from the axis of the ance of an x-directed thin dipole antenna defined by (16) is
waveguide (i.e., the fields near the imaginary flange). But for obtained from (5), (16), and (27) (after the appropriate coor-
points on, or near, the axis, the approximation is acceptable, dinate transformations), resulting in
as borne out by experiments (see Section VI). a+h
In the design of EM shields, the quantity of interest is the I
1o'-h Ex (x)lx (x)
Zi =- 2 2{ dx
worst case insertion loss. Thus when the "leakage" from an
open waveguide is studied, the major concern is with fields
along the axis of the waveguide, and the "infinite-flange 4krq (mir/a)2 + k2
approximation" becomes acceptable. ab sin2 (kh) 2J m [ -(mi/a)2-k2] 2
With these considerations, it is reasonable to use the field-
equivalence theorem, as developed by Schelkunoff [9], which mira n7rb' mrrh 2
COS2 sin2 -* cos (kh) - cos
can be stated as follows. a b a
The transmitted field can be obtained by postulating a zero
field inside a closed surface S comprised of the surface of the sin (rm nd') sinh {rm n[d - (d' + p)]}
-

(28)
aperture, the outer surface of the waveguide, and fields Et and "min sinh (rm n)
Jf outside S. These fields are produced by electric- and
magnetic-current sheets over S given by For a transverse dipole (x directed) in an open waveguide,
use of (16), (17), and (27) results in
Jml =Eot X ln (25) 4k'q (mit/a)2 + k2
J= In X Hot
(26) 'ab sin2 (kh) Enm [(miT/a)2-k2]2
mrra' n7rb' miTh 2
where Eot and Hot are the fields at the surface S. In com- * COS2 * sin2 .cos (kh) - cos -
a b L a J
puting the radiated fields, the waveguide must be ignored and
1
the response is obtained by using the "free-space" retarded * - exp (-rm n (d' + p)) * sinh (Fm nd').
potentials. rmn (29)
In this case, the closed surface S is composed of the surface
of the aperture, the coplanar conducting flange and the hemi- V. INSERTION LOSS OF RECTANGULAR
sphere at infinity that does not contain the waveguide. The SHIELDING BOXES WITH APERTURES
radiation field will be that produced by the current sheets (25) As mentioned in Section I, we define the "insertion loss" of
and (26), where Eot and Hot are the assumed aperture fields, a shield as the ratio of the field strength at a point external to
whose tangential components are taken to be zero elsewhere the shield, before and after insertion of the shield, with the
on the aperture plane [8, p. 71 ff] . "noise-source" driving force maintained constant.2
In light of the present work, the "noise source" is a simple
IV. INPUT IMPEDANCE OF A DIPOLE ANTENNA antenna internal to the shield, excited at frequencies below the
INSIDE A CAVITY WITH APERTURES lowest resonance mode of the enclosure, and being driven
In most practical circumstances, an electrically short linear either by a voltage generator or a current generator.
antenna is fed by a high-impedance source, whereas a small Thus for the dipole antenna, two "insertion-loss" expres-
loop is fed by a low-impedance source. Since the radiated sions will be found, one for constant current and one for
fields from both types of antennas are proportional to their constant voltage at the antenna terminals.
current, it becomes necessary to know the input impedance of For the loop antenna, the constant-current insertion loss is
the linear antenna in order to describe the insertion loss of the the only meaningful quantity.
shielding box in terms of the quantity being kept constant,
i.e., the input voltage. A. Cavity with Small Apertures
The input impedance of the antenna is obtained using the 1) Dipole Antenna: To develop insertion-loss expressions
"induced-EMF" method [13], i.e., for the case of a dipole antenna inside a cavity with small
apertures, the following steps are necessary:
Zi=-- E*Idl (27)
Jo 2 a) knowledge of the fields inside the cavity, obtained from
(5) and (6),
where dl is a length element along a thin antenna of total 2 Editor's Note: The author's definition is for a field ratio, not the
length L, and Io is the current at the antenna input terminals. decibel equivalent commonly used in EMC work.

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 302 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-20, NO. 2, MAY 1978

b) use of (14) and (15), together with Table I, to find the d

Field point
equivalent-aperture source, and Dipole antenna
c) determination of the fields generated by the equivalent- ?) 7/ Aperture
aperture source, and comparison with the fields produced by _ r ,*
the dipole antenna in the absence of the cavity. 1- d' -t- p
Shield.
Consider a short thin dipole oriented in the x direction and
centered at the point (a', b', d'). This antenna is enclosed by a Fig. 5.
perfectly conducting rectangular cavity of sides a, b, and d (see
Fig. 1), having a small aperture on the wall defined by z = 0. The use of (14) and (15) results in
The electric- and magnetic-dipole moments induced on the
aperture are given by (17) and (18) Pz =Cie eoEz Iz = ((36)
M = c!m (lxHx Iz=o + lyHy Iz=o)
Pz = !eoEz Iz=O (30) (37)
My =-mHy Iz=O (31) where the fields at the plane z = 0 are obtained from (11)
and (12).
where the appropriate electric and magnetic polarizabilities are The corresponding constant-current insertion loss expres-
to be used, and the electric and magnetic fields at the plane sions follow immediately.
z = 0 are obtained with the methods shown in Section II.
If a' = x and b' = y, and the fields are computed with and B. Open Cavity
without the shield at a point directly in front of the aperture, 1) Dipole Antenna: This is the case of a cavity in which the
the following constant-current insertion-loss expressions for aperture is a missing wall. The steps to follow are similar to
the transverse components of the fields (Fig. 5) are obtained. those used in the first part of this section, with the main dif-
Electric field ference being that the fields needed to describe the aperture
are the tangential components of E and H, i.e., the compo-
1 I nents lying in the plane of the aperture.
Ih lr\
V-) i rI
r jkrl 2 With reference to Fig. 3, consider an x-directed dipole
(I.L.)Io = k I MI antenna of length 2h, centered at the point (a', b', d'), inside a
jk waveguide section short-circuited at the plane z = 0 and open
at z = d >d'.
At the plane of the aperture (z = d), the tangential fields
Magnetic field are found from (17) and (18).
1 There are transverse components of both E and H. In
(r
jk
r accordance with [12, p. 71 ff], it is convenient to calculate
(I.L.)Io kkIoI1Mh 0~1
&
the fields radiated by the aperture in terms of the assumed
jk - +
± transverse electric field. This approach results in a magnetic
r jkr2 current sheet Jm I with the aperture plane replaced by a perfect
electric conductor, with the consequence that the effective
where source has a value 2.Jm'. Since the aperture dimensions are
assumed small compared to the wavelength, the field expres-
rI=r +d' (34) sions may be integrated over x and y, and divided by the area
of the aperture to obtain their average values over the opening.
and M is given by (31). Only the absolute value of (I.L.) is According to (29), there exists a magnetic current sheet
of interest.
The constant-voltage insertion loss is calculated using 2(Jml)y = 2(Ex Iz=d)av (38)
which produces a magnetic dipole of moment
(I.L) v = ZI
0 I
(I.L)10 (35) 2ab
My = jk * (Ex 1z=d)av- (39)
jkr?
where
zi input impedance of the antenna inside the cavity, The resulting insertion-loss expressions are identical to (32),
zi' input impedance of the antenna in free space. (33), and (35), where now M is given by (39), r' = r + (d - d')
and Zi is now the input impedance of a dipole inside a semi-
2) Loop Antenna; Consider, as before, a cavity with a small infinite waveguide, given in Section IV.
aperture on the wall located at z = 0, and a small square loop 2) Loop Antenna: Let us consider a longitudinal loop, such
whose plane is parallel to the (x, z) plane, centered at the as the one depicted in Fig. 4, where the waveguide has been
point (a', b', d') internal to the cavity (see Fig. 2). cut open at the plane z = d > d' + D.

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MENDEZ: SHIELDING THEORY OF ENCLOSURES 303
(I L V
The tangential aperture fields are obtained from (23) and
(24) by setting z = d. As in the previous case, it is necessary to (dB)
work only with the tangential electric field and double the
resulting magnetic moment, leading to expressions identical to 80
(38) and (39). a 6
The constant-current insertion-loss expression for the elec-
tric field (E.) is
r > 4X
70
-,*N a
1
1
jk - - 60 F
(r\ r
(I.L.)o -=4D2. (40)
jk - - 50k
r
a 5
and for the magnetic field (HY)
401-

(.L.)o =-4IOD2 r' jkjk

r - /r' + 1/jkr'2
()
=My -
I r+ I Ijkr2
(41) 30 1% k
a
2
5
where
20~
! Dipole
r' = r + (d-d'). (42)
)
10
p
iQ a

VI. CORRELATION WITH EXPERIMENTS Calculated

fi Wd -

To verify the validity of the assumptions made throughout a -_

- -- Measured
-

this work, a series of measurements was performed on some I

0.75 0.50 0.25
simple physical configurations. The experiments were designed d'
a
to represent a cubical shielding box of sides a = b = d = 30 Fig. 6. Insertion loss versus antenna-aperture distance-dipole antenna.
cm, having a square aperture centered in one wall. The (I L. V
antennas were a dipole of length 2h = a/S and a square loop of (dB)
sides 2D = a/S. During the measurements, the antennas were
moved along a line perpendicular to the center of the aperture.
This high degree of symmetry resulted in a dramatic simplifica- 90 [-
tion of the equations.
Figs. 6-8 show plottings of the insertion-loss equations cal- \ = 12
culated using the methods presented in this work, together 80
with some experimentally obtained values. The results are
plotted in decibels, i.e., 20 log (I.L.).3
70 a 10
It is interesting to note that the results for a longitudinal
loop antenna are independent of X and r (except for the small
effect of the difference between r and r'). On the other hand,
the insertion loss of the shield for a transverse dipole antenna 60
follows a X-1 behavior in the radiation field ("far-field") and i£=1
an r-1 behavior in the induction field ("near-field"). 50
a 5
The curves corresponding to values of (I/a) = (1/10), (1/5),
and (2/5) were obtained using Bethe's method for small aper-
tures. Those labeled (I/a) = 1 were calculated using the wave- 40
guide methods. £ 2
It should be noted that the experimental values were
obtained using the upper half of the physical configurations 30
shown in the figures, resting on a conducting plane which pro-
vided the other half by image theory. In this way, "free-space"
results were simulated. 20 T a 1
Due to equipment limitations, the measurements were re- - - Measured
a _
stricted to insertion losses smaller than 50 dB. I I
0.75 0.50 0.25 d
3 Editor's Note. Commonly termed "shielding effectiveness" in a
EMC work (see IEEE Std 100). Fig. 7. Insertion loss versus antenna-aperture distance-dipole antenna.

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 304 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-20, NO. 2, MAY 1978

(I
L.)I Unshielded (half-space) measurements
(dB) Receiving
antenna

---I
"P-xQ\ Ground plane measuring
IEvertical
n(eJ)J r thRntna
Lt r ~~(measured from the antenna)I I
70 M

60

50 1-

Shielded Measurements
40
Shield box
Ground plane
Receiving
30 I- _ Aperture antenna
measuring
Evertical

20 (measured from the R

aperture plane)

_ ' Shield box Aperture

R ~~~~~~~a
5
lo0 Receiving
Calculatted Ground plane antenna
measuring
---eMeasuread 1
0 Hhorizontal
-

0.75 0.50 0.25 d

a

Fig. 8. Insertion loss versus antenna-aperture distance-loop antenna. Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 shows schematically how the unshielded and shielded
measurements were carried out.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
All the significant features of the analysis have been veri-
fied. A disagreement of a few decibels is normally considered
negligible in shielding theory, where discrepancies of 50-100
dB in predicted values are not uncommon [14]
Thus a method has been provided for predicting with con-
siderable accuracy the insertion loss of a rectangular shielded
enclosure with apertures, containing an internal radiating
element, at frequencies below the lowest resonance of the
enclosure.
Moreover, the results obtained for the chosen examples
(selected because of their "worst case" characteristics) consti-
tute a very reliable indicator of the leakages to be expected
from apertures in shields containing "high-impedance" or
"low-impedance" sources (i.e., electric-field sources such as
dipole antennas, or magnetic-field sources such as current
loops, where the electric or magnetic nature of the source is
given by the type of field that predominates in the induction
region).
Sources having geometries different from the straight
center-fed dipole and the square loop here analyzed may be
safely approximated by the equations of Section V, if their
dipole moments are known. Although the present work has
been developed in terms of sources internal to the shield, the
theorem of reciprocity [12, pp. 24-25] allows our results to
be used for external sources as well. The insertion-loss equa-
tions provide us with a measure of the effect of the shield
upon the "noise pick-up" by sensitive circuits (having high or
low impedance, as the case may be) located in its interior,
when there are apertures present in the enclosure.
The applicability of the theorem of reciprocity to the inser-
tion loss of shielded enclosures is theoretically and experimen-
tally well established [15] . However, it should be stressed that
. only the roles of receiving and transmitting equipment should
be interchanged for the successful application of the theorem.
A study of the insertion-loss equations here developed
should provide enough information to achieve optimum shield-
ing performance for a given piece of equipment and its metal-
lic enclosure. The location of "noisy" (or sensitive) circuits
with respect to the shield apertures, the physical layout of
those circuits, the choice of currents and impedances, the size,
shape, and location of the required apertures, etc., can all be
optimized by analyzing their influence on the insertion-loss
expressions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge his cherished advisor and
dear friend, Prof. C. H. Papas, for providing the encourage-
ment and understanding that made this work possible.
Many thanks also go to Prof. G. Franceschetti, of the Uni-
versity of Naples, Naples, Italy, and to Dr. N. L. Broome (U.S.
Navy) for their helpful critiques and enlightening comments.
Finally, the author is especially and doubly indebted to
the IBM Corporation. DUring the course of this research, the

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MENDEZ: SHIELDING THEORY OF ENCLOSURES
author was a participant in the Resident Study Program of
IBM's General Products Division (San Jose, CA). Moreover, the
measurements providing experimental confirmation of the
present work, were especially conducted for the author by the
Electromagnetic Compatibility Group of IBM's Laboratory,
Kingston, NY, under the management of R. Calcavecchio and
the technical supervision of A. A. Smith, Jr. Their support is
gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] H. A. Mendez, "On the theory of low-frequency excitation of
cavity resonators," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.
MTT-18, pp. 444-448, 1970.
[21 H. A. Bethe, "Theory of diffraction by small holes," Phys. Rev.,
2nd series, vol. 66, pp. 163-182, 1944.
[31 R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1961, pp. 365-371.
[4] C. G. Montgomery, R. H. Dicke, and E. M. Purcell, Eds., Principles
of Microwave Circuits, (M.I.T. Radiation Lab. Series, Vol. 8).
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948, p. 178.
[5] S. B. Cohn, "Determination of aperture parameters by elec-
trolytic-tank measurements,"Proc. IRE, vol. 39, pp. 1416-1421,
1951.
[6] -, "The electric polarization of apertures of arbitrary shape,"
Proc. IRE, vol. 40, pp. 1069-1071, 1952.
[7] P. M. Morse and H. Feshback, Methods of Theoretical Physics,
Vol. II. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953, p. 1824.
[8] S. A. Schelkunoff, "Some equivalence theorems of electro-
magnetics and their application to radiation problems," Bell
Syst. Tech. J., vol. 15, pp. 92-112, 1936.
[9] -, "On diffraction and radiation of electromagnetic waves,"
Phys. Rev., vol. 56, pp. 308-316, 1939.
[10] -, Electromagnetic Waves. New York: Van Nostrand, 1943,
pp. 158-159.
[11] S. A. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, Antennas: Theory and
Practice. New York: Wiley, 1952, pp. 5 16-519.
[12] R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker, Antenna Theory. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1969, part I, ch. 15.
[13] E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and
Radiating Systems, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1968, p. 535 ff.
[14] J. E. Bridges and D. A. Miller, "Comparison of shielding calcula-
tions," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-10, pp.
175-176, 1968.
[15] J. Miedzinski, "Electromagnetic screening: Theory and practice,"
The British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association,
Letherhead, Surrey, Tech. Report. M/T135, p. 31, 1959.
EDITORIAL SUMMARY
Technology involving the performance of EM shields with
apertures has been advancing well over the past several years.
The latest advance is represented by this paper which treats a
rectilinear enclosure from two points of view: as a cavity with
a small aperture in a wall, and as a waveguide section short-
circuited at one end and open at the other (large aperture),
both for frequencies below the lowest enclosure resonance. In
this work, perfectly conducting surfaces (except for the aper-
tures) are assumed with negligible error, since the cases of
interest are those where leakage through apertures overshad-
ows transmission through normal metallic surfaces. Predictions
from insertion-loss (shielding-effectiveness) equations agree
well with measurement results over the range of performance
(up to 50 dB) where measurements could be made.
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305
With perfectly conducting surfaces, the cavity with small
apertures is treated for two excitation sources: a center-driven
thin dipole (Fig. 1) and a square loop (Fig. 2). For these
sources, the fields inside a cavity are expressed by (5), (6) and
(11), (12), respectively. When these fields illuminate a small
aperture, the field in the vicinity of the hole may be repre-
sented approximately by the original fields at the wall without
an aperture, plus fields of electric and magnetic dipoles located
at the center of the aperture. The field transmitted to the far
side of the conducting wall may be considered dipole fields
and may be calculated from the electric- and magnetic-dipole
moments induced by the incident field on the complementary
area of infinite permeability [3]. These moments are given by
(14) and (15) which involve polarizability constants. For many
cases, polarizability may be determined from Table I [4] - [6].
For an open cavity, the same transverse-dipole (Fig. 3) and
longitudinal-square-loop (Fig. 4) sources are treated, with re-
sulting expressions (17), (18) and (23), (24), respectively, for
the generated fields. The effect of the aperture on each
antenna is negligible for antenna-aperture distances greater
than 0.1 times a typical dimension of the enclosure. On the
other hand, fields at the aperture plane will generally be
modified by the presence of the aperture. For a longitudinal
(z-directed) dipole that produces TM modes only, it is a-ssumed
that the aperture produces a complete reflection of the
transverse field components, resulting in a doubling of the
transverse magnetic fields and the cancellation of the trans-
verse electric field. With a transverse loop (in the X- Y plane),
only TE modes are present; it is assumed that the transverse
electric field is doubled, and the transverse magnetic field
cancelled by reflection at the aperture. Fields at the open end
are then given in terms of fields that would exist at the same
place in a semi-infinite waveguide, modified according to the
reflection assumptions made.
To find the fields radiated by this structure, field-equiva-
lence theorems stated by Schelkunoff [8] - [11] are used.
Flange effects at the opening may be neglected, since major
concern is with the worst case of fields along the axis. Fields
are produced by the electric- and magnetic-current sheets (25)
and (26).
The input impedance of a dipole antenna inside a cavity
with apertures is found by assuming that the presence of the
aperture will not disturb fields near the antenna, so long as its
spacing behind the aperture is some small, but reasonable, dis-
tance. The impedance for an x-directed thin dipole is givenby
(28)-for a transverse dipole, by (29).
Insertion-loss expressions are then obtained for a cavity
with small apertures and an open cavity, each for three cases:
1) a dipole antenna with constant current at the antenna
terminals, 2) a dipole antenna with constant voltage at the
antenna terminals, and 3) a loop antenna with constant cur-
rent at its terminals. These are given by (32) and (33), (35),
and (40) and (41), respectively. Analytical and experimental
results for a cubical box 30 cm on a side and having a square
aperture in one wall are compared in Figs. 6-8. Substantial
agreement is evident.
RICHARD B. SCHULZ