O Lect. 02

Introduction to Human Geography (2021)
Lecture: 02
By: Engr. Luqman Khan
Ex-CSP 47th CTP
Assistant Commissioner (UT) Peshawar
Date: 26th May, 2021

Sequence of the Presentation
1. Population Geography
2. Settlement
3. Urbanization
By: Engr. Luqman Khan, Ex-CSP 47TH CTP, Assistant Commissioner (UT) Peshawar 2
Concept of Under Population
• When the population is too small and is unable to utilize all the
available resource endowments
• It is a situation where the available resources are capable of supporting
larger population than it is supporting now, with no reduction in the
living standards
• Found in Equatorial Congo and Amazon River Basin
Causes of Under Population
• Increase in Death Rate
• Fall in Birth rate
• High level of Emigration
Merits of Under Population
• No Congestion
• Employment Opportunities
• High per capita income will bring improvement in social and
infrastructural facilities
• Availability of rich resources
Demerits of Under Population
• Lack of adequate manpower
• Underutilization of Resources
• Lack of people to defend the country at the time of war
Addressing the Under Population
• Improving Communication network and Transport facilities
• Urban Planning and development of Capital cities
• Regional Development Programs
Over-population
• When the population growth exceeds the available resources
• It creates highly unemployment, low income, low living standard,
malnutrition and famine etc.
• Overpopulation is also believed a cause of pollution
• It consequences strikes hard the lower strata of developing states
Causes of Over-population
• Declination in Death rate
• Increase in Birth Rate
• Technological development that can now help an infertile couple to
have babies
• Lack of awareness, lack of family planning and lack of contraception
culture
• Immigration
Implications caused by Over-population
• Depletion of natural resources (Natural Food, Water, Animals and
Plants etc.)
• Environmental Degradation (land, water, soil and air pollution)
• Resources dilemma that leads to wars and conflicts
• Rising Unemployment
• Costly Living and Inflation
Population Control Measures
• Pragmatic and solid attitude towards controlling population
China’s One Child Policy
• Better education (Parents to children) and (Opinion leaders in the
region)
• Contraception's culture
Settlement
• An area where a group of families live together
• It may be as small as a single house in the remote area and may be as
large as a mega city
• It may be permanent (Town/Village) and may be temporary (Refuge
Camp)
Determinants of a Settlement
• Area; How large or small is the area
• Site; Describes the actual land upon which the settlement is built
• Population; The number and type of people living in the settlement
• Shape; Shows the patterns/designs of the settlement
• Function; It relates to the socio-economic activities done i.e.
residential/commercial
• Situation; Describes the general position of the surrounding of
settlement
Settlement Hierarchy
Types of Settlement
• Rural Settlement
• Urban Settlement
• Sub-Urban Settlement
• There isn’t any universally acceptable criteria to differentiate among
these settlements but these are relative
• Every country has different criteria for defining them
• Example; Peshawar (Urban), Badhbeer (sub-urban), Mashukhel
(Rural)
Vibrant variables of Urban Settlement
1. Population Size; PD equal or more than 400 persons in India
2. Occupational Structure; In Italy, if more than 50% population is
engaged in non- Agricultural economic pursuits
3. Administration; In Brazil, an area having administrative center is
considered as urban
Urbanization
• UN; Movement of people from rural to urban areas
• It is also called modernization or even industrialization sometimes
• Reasons for Urbanization are;
• Employment Opportunities
• Better health and Education facilities
Global History of Urbanization
Pakistan History of Urbanization
Urban problems/Urban Sprawl
1. Traffic and Congestion
2. Insufficient Housing
3. Noise
4. Air Pollution
5. Poor sewerage and water pollution
6. Unemployment
7. Crimes
8. Hunger
Models of Internal Structure of Cities
Sectoral
Model
Multiple
Concentric Nuclei
Zone Model Model
Concentric Zone Model
Introduction
• Concentric Zone Model (also known as Burgess Model), 1923
• It is an attempt to understand spatial arrangement and
settlement patterns.
• This Model plans a city into various zones based on the
nature of their functions
• The center is city center which is called Central Bussiness
District (CBD)
1. Zone I (Central Business District) –
• This is the center (innermost zone) where the central business
district is located and has the highest land value.
• The zone has tertiary activities and earns maximum economic
returns.
• This part has tall buildings and low quality housing.
• Commercial activity taking place in the area results in
negligible residential activity in this zone.
2. Zone II (Transition Zone) –
• The mixed residential and commercial use characterizes this
zone.
• This is located adjacent and around the CBD
• This zone had a high population density where manufacturing
and industrial activities were at their peak.
• Those residing in this zone were of the poorest segment and had
the lowest housing condition.
3. Zone III (Inner City/ Working Class zone) –
• This area is occupied for residential purpose and also known as
“inner city” or “inner suburbs.”
• It consisted of houses built to accommodate factory workers but
had better condition than the transition zone.
• People living in this zone are second generation immigrants as
many moves out of the transition zone to this zone whenever
affordable.
• Another interesting feature includes the large rental housing
occupied by single workers.
4. Zone IV (Outer Suburbs/ White Collar Homes) –
• This zone had bigger and better housing and new development
occupied by the middle class.
• Better facilities are available to the residents like parks, open
spaces, markets and large gardens.
5. Zone V (Commuter Zone) –
• This is the peripheral area and farthest from the CBD
• Better residences and facilities in this zone and it is considered
as an urban extension when compared with existing cities.
Sectoral Model/Hoyt Model
Multiple Nuclei Model/Harris & Ullman Model
Central Place Theory of Settlement
Introduction
• It was presented by Christaller in 1933
• Settlements act as central places to surrounding areas and
populations, and serve local and external population with goods
and services
• It is designed on the basis of Wider/High order and Lower order
places so that to design the respective markets as per the
population being served by them
Central Places Theory of Settlement
Assumptions
• Land surface is flat
• Evenly distributed population and resources
• Uniform purchasing power and consumers will prefer nearest
markets
• Uniform transportation cost in all directions
• No excess profit i.e. perfect competition
Explanation of the Theory
• The central place is a settlement that serve the population around
with goods and services
• Simple basic services and goods are said to be lower order while,
specialized services and goods are said to be high order
• Every High order area must have lower order services but not vice
versa
• Settlements with lower order services are Lower Order Settlements
• Settlements with High order services are High Order Settlements
Order of Services
Principles of Central Place Theory
• Marketing Principle; Every order service has a center that serve the
same order services
• Transportation Principle; Important places to be lie on the main
traffic route b/w the two towns, with straight route and cheap in cost
• Administrative Principle; For better administration, lower order to
be placed and the corner of hexagon while the high order to be placed
at the center
Criticism
• The land surface isn’t flat
• Govt’s intervention can dictate the locations of Industries and other
important buildings
• There is no perfect competition, some will earn more than others in
reality
• People don’t always prefer the nearest markets
• Resources are never evenly distributed
Questions/Answers

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Introduction to Human Geography (2021)

Date: 26th May, 2021

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