5 92

Meesurements and Instrumentation orage and Displa

digtal storage oscilloscn.
Q.58 State the three modes of operation of ope.
which is used to display fa.
1) Roll
mode fast
Ans.: The three modes are,
which is refresh mode used to display
stored
signal. 3) varyi
Hold
ng s
or
igna
2) Store mode
mode which is used to stop overwriting and previously
saved signal
signal ge
gets locked
rate for 5
kHz signal if the time base .

Q.59 Calulate the sampling ngs adjusted

on the screen.
to display 20 cycles
Ans.: For 5 kHz signal, to display 20 cycles,
Number of cycles 20 = 4 x 10 sec
Time period of sampling Signal frequency 5x103
1
Sampling rate
250 samples/sec
Sampling period 4x10

Q.60 List the important features of real time sampling.

Ans. Refer section 5.16.2.1.

.61 What is the principle of sampling oscilloscope

?
Dec-03, 0
frequency signal the 1s converted to
Ans.: Using sampling procedure, high the input signal continuously i
Thus, instead of monitoring
frequency signal. are presented on
the screen in the fo
forr
sampled regular intervals. These samples
at the
the input signal. The very hiol
of dots. Such samples are merged to reconstruct higr
can be achieved using sampling techniue
MHz performance
frequency more than 300
used in the sampling oscilloscope.

State the functions of time

base in sampling oscilloscope.
Q.62
the dots across the screen.
Ans. 1. To move
for the sampling circuit.
2. To generate the sampling command pulses

Q.63 Draw the block diagram of sampling oscilloscope.

Ans.
Input Diode To vertical
signa Vertical
sampling amplifier deflecting plates
gate

Gate control
Sampling pulse
Reset
Staircase To horizontal
Voltage
lcomparator generator deflecting plates

Ramp
Lgenerator Atenuator
UTime Magnitude
Oscletor Scale

Trigger
input

Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of sampling oscillscope

TECHINICAL PUBLICATIONS An up thtforknow

 nIn inorun
B r i e f i ydisCuss

and demerils
and
demerits
nstrumenta Comment
notrumentaton. m thri
2
elative
e l a
merils

May 10
Applications Digital Displays
Following table 5.27.1 gives the summary of the
digitaldisplays.
application areas for varikns
Applications
Digital displays
LED display, Cathode ray
I .M e d i c a l tubes
Pulse rate meter

D i g i t a l t h e r m o m e t e r

M a n o m e t e r

Patient monitoring.
m.
****v

**
ww

2 Industrial Electronics LED display, LCD displays, Nixie tube

Meters

Process
and instrumentation process
Gauges
Counters

Test equipment
doandt"******"*******"***************

3. Computes, Business LED displays, LCD displays, Niie tube, CRT

Peripherals
Calculators

4. Domestic LED dispalys, LCD displays, Nixie tube, CRT

Electronic appliances
Telephone dial indicator
TV indicators
Digital calenders
Video games
Digital clocks
Table 5.27.1
 ndom aurtace inh
natad»ility in the recocded nignal ape, lhwrnay
anytne acturing and dirt
rt on lhe lapo,
nome
ded
erttly exrd e portlon mmay mt hu
d only when maxi
only
bandwidth in needed
u a d

he
(van
a n n o t n o r d
d.e. algnals
prinip of FM recordil
the
the carrler
State

c o r dlistu.
in
freqieney c
inodulated In
carry the required by the input slunal
a17
the
PM

the
variatton of frequ
var quency to
n
thern precorded informatiors irntend
useN

ding The modulated signal IN

Is then
head 2
a m p l i t u d e

head reproduces the signal inusing the recording

A n

A the
way.
ne reproduclng FM
reproducing
normal
passecd through demodulator, normal
low pass filter way. 'Thin
inu c noonal
is
ed signal
nypmndr to get
oriyonal
Explain tuw itportant factor related to FM
recording method,
a18 e two factors related to FM recording

Ans.
Deviation i) Deviation Ratio.
Percentage

Percentage Deviation

aio of carrier deviation to center

frequency. It is
t isdefin
Af denoted by M
= M =. x100
deviation
Percentage fc
i) Deviation Ratio

carrier deviation from centre

a h o of
frequency to the signal
It is denoted by 8. frequency or
modulating frequency.
Af
where fm modulating frequency.
Q.19 List any three advantages and disadvantages of FM recording.
Ans.: Advantages of FM Recording
i) FM recording is useful mainly to record d.c. components.
i) FM recording has wide frequency range from 0 Hz to several kHz.
ii) In FM recording, drop out effects due to inhomogeneities are not poss1ble.
Disadvantages of FM Recording
The tape speed fluctuations affect the FM recording.
ne
circuitry used for FM recording is complicated as compared to thator a
recording ****** **** **

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"- An up thrust for knowledge

 t h e

A s
W a as image is required to be stored, the power must
l o s 4 s l m a g e

be
upplied to the
A s h s a s

btained
d from the
fr storage tube 1s
i
be
entional
17he tracee
illoscope tube. not fine as compared to the
conve tube is less than that of
he WTiting
iting rate of storageof conventional cathode
the speed the storage tube. ray
limits
This .
do ray
T h es t o r a g e c a t h o d tube is very much expensive than
T h e
conventional cathode
r a yt u b e

storage
cathode ray tube requires additional power supplies.
1 T h e

waveform can be stored in_storage tube. If two traces

one waro required to be superimp0sed on the same screen andtomust
) Onlyone are
be
are requird
, they
compared
be displayed together.

waveform
waveform cannot be
reproducedOn the external
The stored waveform

device like
computer.

RoviewQUestion

the
he
1. Statethe
disadoantages of analog storage oscilloscope.

tal Storage Oscilloscope

17
Dec.-03,04,08,10,12,13,15, May-06,08,12,14,15
oscilloscope eliminates the disadvantages of the
The digital
eforage
analog storage
replaces the unreliable storage method used in analog storage scopes
ciloscope.ITtt
e digital storage with the help of memory. The memory can store data as long as
withthe
. It also allows the
without degradation. complex processing of the signal the by
circuits.
high speed
digital signal processing
hthis digital storage oscilloscope, the waveform to be stored is digitised and then
ored in a digita memory. The conventional cathode ray tube is used in this
orope hence the eost is lesS. The power to be applied to memory is smll and can
supplied by small battery. Due to this the stored image can be displayed indefinitely
s long as power is supplied to memory. Once the waveform is digitised then it can be
further loaded into the computer and can be analysed in detail.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge

 Measurements and Instumentation
5-50
Storag and D
plspley Do
517.1 Block Diagram
is shown in
wn in the
the
The block diagram of digital storage
oscilloscope Fig
Ei.
5.171.
Vertical
amplifier Data
Sample Analog- to-
Data
Input
Input attenuato
and digital converter Memory Out
hold
Read-write
address

Trigger
circuit

Control Vertical deflection

logic amplifier

Cathode
ray tube
Horizontal
deflection
amplifier

Horizontal (digital)_

Fig. 5.17.1 Block diagram of digital storage osciiloscope

As done in all the oscilloscopes, the input signal is applied to the ampliier
and
attenuator section. The oscilloscope uses same type ot amplifier and attenuator circit
as used in the conventional oscilloscopes. The attenuated signal is then applied to tha

vertical amplifier.
The vertical input, after passing through the vertical amplifier, is digitised by an
analog to digital converter to create a data set that is stored in the memory. The data set
1S processed by the microprocessor and then sent to the display.
To digitise the analog signal, analog to digital (A/D) converter is used. The output d
the vertical amplifier is applied to the A/D converter section. The main requirement o
A/D converter in the digital storage oscilloscope /s its speed, while in digital voltmetes
accuracy and resolution were the main requirements. The digitised outputneeded ony
in the binary form and not in BCD. The successive approximation type ofA/D
converter is most oftenly used in the digital storage oscilloscopes.
The digitising the analog input signal means taking samples at periodic intervas
the input signal. The rate of sampling should be at least twice as fast as the hgnet
no
frequency present in the input signal, according to sampling theorem. This ensures
used.
loss of information. The sampling rates as high as 100,000 samples per second 1s U

This requires very fast conversion

r a t e of A7D conver+er.

Hence, generaly jilash analog to resoiu ution

Key Point digital converters are used, whose
decreases as the sampling rate increases.
 Devices
Measurements and Instrumentation 5- 51 Storage and Display

If 12bit converter is used, 0.025 % resolution is obtained while if 10-bit A/D

a

Similarly witn
converter 1s used then resolution of 0.1 % (1 part in 1024) is obtained.The total digital
10-bit A/D converter, the frequency response of 25 kHz is obtained. ana
memory storage capacity is 4096 for a sinele channel, 2048 for two channels each
1024 for four channels each.
duration anda
Lne
saping rate and memory size are selected depending upon the
the waveform to be recorded.
the digitises it. The signal is then
Once input signal is sampled, the A/D converter
are
captured in the memory. Once it is stored in the menmory, many manipulations
possible as memory can be read out without being erased.
 of Mesh and Phosphor Storage
5.15.3 Comparison
be compared as below
The two storage techniques
ww. iwwtaiAwwmvAY
can

Sr. Mesh storage Phosphor storage

No.
*

1. Based on the dielectric material deposited Based the principle of

on
bistable sto
on a storage mesh. nature of the tube.
storage
2. Storage and display target is same
Storage target and display target are
different ** ********

3. There is no possibility of reduction in the

light output with use.
susceptible
It is
with the use.
to light
output reducton
Variable persistence is Variable
possible. persistence is not possible.
5 Grey scales or half tones are possible. Half tones are not
possible.
6. Continuous persistence control is possible. Continuous persistence control is not
possible.
7. The material used for storage
target and The material mostly P1 phosphor is
same
display target is different. used for both storage as well as
display
wew
target
8.
Relatively long CRT life. Relatively short CRT life.
9.
Comparison of previous waveform and Comparison of previous waveform and
present waveform is not possible.
present waveform is possible due to split
sCreen teature.

wiew Questions
1. Describe the mesh storage
techtnique used in storage oscilloscope. May-05, Dec.-06, Marks 8
2. Describe the following storage
techniques used in storage oscilloscopes:
i) Mesh storage i) Phosphor storage
Compare the mesh and phosphor stonage
techniques.