Dry Port Planning Analysis and Design at Pling Bhutan

PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF
DRY PORT IN PHUNTSHOLING
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in
Civil Engineering
By:
Suk Kumar Gurung (EDC20520) Yangchen Wangmo(EDC20525)

Lachu Man Dhungyel (EDC20509) Passang Wangmo (EDC20512)
Under the Guidance of:

Dr. P.V. Surya Prakash
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHUENTSHOLING, BHUTAN
June 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Melody Beattie said “Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into
enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can
turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend”. We would like to
express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Dr. P.V. Surya Prakash for his continuous
and timely support. We are highly indebt for his inspirations and hard works for making this
project a successful one, besides his busy teaching schedule in the college.
We express our gratitude to the College of Science and Technology for providing such a
forum where we could utilize our learned knowledge and acquired new knowledge over the
period of project completion.
In addition, we are thankful to our lecturers Dr. Cheki Dorji (HoD, Civil Department),
Mr.Ugyen Tenzey (Head of IIR), Miss. Chimmi Wangmo (Project Coordinator), Mr. Ugyen
Dorji (Construction Manager), and other faculty members who have helped directly or
indirectly in providing the timely feedbacks. Many of these people provided valuable
information that has being incorporated in this project.
We are highly indebt to Mr. Karma Dorji (Architecture, Phuntsholing City cooperation),
Wangchuk Thaye (Joint Commissioner, Custom and Excise), and Bhishal Rai (Revenue and
Accounts section officer) for their supports in providing the necessary information required
for this project.
We are also thankful to Mr. Suzay Giri (Structural Engineer, Tashi Dawa Associates), and to
all those whose names are missing and those who has landed their help by providing the
valuable information, timely criticism and their support in making this project a success.
Suk Kumar Gurung
Lachu Man Dhungyel
Yangchen Wangmo
Passang Wangmo
i
ABSTRACT
Phuentsholing is commonly known as the main business hub for Bhutan and it is also the
main entry point to the Kingdom of Bhutan for the transshipment of goods. Year by year, the
number of industries are rising significantly and the business interests for private sectors are
rapidly expanding to meet the Vision Bhutan 2020. As swift development has been taking
place and it was seen as major concern by PCC, RRCO and MTI in managing and handling
the flow of goods as well as other economic activities. As per the master plan of PCC, the
government has proposed a dry port and earmarked the site for the same from the feasibility
studies carried out earlier. The proposed site for dry port has an area of 7.78 acres which
comprises of central workshop, STCBL, Sal forest and some other private lands. Hence, the
same site is selected to carry out present project titled “Planning, Analysis and Design of Dry
Port in Phuentsholing”.
All components required for a dry port studied from the literature review are incorporated in
the present proposed dry port. Based on the data and information collected from PCC, RRCO
& MTI, the spatial requirements were calculated. Incorporating all the requirements of a dry
port and space estimated as above, the planning analysis is carried out and a systematic plan
for the proposed dry port was arrived.
Major components of dry port viz. office building, warehouse and hazardous storage house
with all the facilities necessary for its proper functioning, are only selected for the analysis
and design purpose. The analysis was carried out using STAAD Pro software. A program
using Microsoft Excel was developed for the design of all the building components.
However, sample calculations were made manually for the design for all components of the
building to verify the developed program. The design of pavement and drainage are also
done.
The total built up area for buildings is 2.78 acres and roads and pavement area is 5 acres. The
estimated cost based on plinth area method for this dry port is approximately Nu. 99.16
millions excluding land cost.
ii
Contents
Page no
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE 2
2.1 Scope 2
2.2 Objectives 2
3. FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR DRY PORT 3
3.1 Need 3
3.2 Background Information 3
3.3 Site Location 4
4. PLANNING ASPECTS 6
4.1 Dry functions, components and requirements 6
4.1.1 Functions 6
4.1.2 Components 7
4.1.3 Requirements 8
4.2 Spatial Planning 9
4.3 System Plan 14
5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING COMPONENTS 17
5.1 Design Loads Considerations 17
5.2 Analysis of Roof Trusses 21
6. DESIGN OF BUILDING COMPONENTS 22
6.1 Design of Main Roof Truss of Office Building 22
6.1.1 Design of Member Sections 22
6.1.2 Design of Purlins 26
6.2 Design of Two Way Slabs of Office Building 27
6.3 Design of Beam of Office Building 30
6.4 Design of Column of Office Building 36
6.5 Design of Stair Case of Office Building 43
6.6 Design of Isolated Footing of Office Building 50
6.7 Design of Combined Footing of Office Building 53
6.8 Design of Slab Beam Type Strip Footing of Office Building 58
6.9 Pavement 63
6.9.1 Design of Flexible Pavement 63
6.9.2 Design of Drainage 65
7. COST ESTIMATION 68
7.1 Specification of Building 68
7.1.1 Two storied RCC framed structure 68
7.1.2 Ware house and Storage (one storey) 69
7.2 Calculations 69
8. CONCLUSION 72
9. REFERENCES 74
BIBLIOGRAPHY 76
APPENDICES 77
List of figures
Page
Figure 4.1 Functional Structure of Dry Port 6
Figure 4.2 Flow of Cargo in Dry Port 7
Figure 4.3 Ariel Photograph of Dry Port 10
Figure 4.4 Spatial Planning 14
Figure 4.5 System Plan of Dry Port 15
Figure 4.6 Flow of Vehicles within the Dry Port entering from India 16
Figure 4.7 Flow of Vehicles within the Dry Port entering from in Country 17
Figure 6.1 Slab Plan of 1st Floor 28
Figure 6.2 Shear force diagram 35
Figure 6.3 Stair case plan 45
Figure 6.4 Loading diagram on stair case 47
Figure 6.5 Loading diagram on landing of stair case 49
Figure 6.6 Footing & column plan of office building 53
Figure 6.7 Diagram of Loading, Shear Force & Bending Moment of
57
Combined Footing
Figure 6.8 Loading Diagram of Footing 61
Figure 6.9 Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram of Strip Footing 62
Figure 7.0 Drainage outline of dry port 68
iii
List of abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank

BBR Bhutan Building Rules
BSR Bhutan Schedule of Rates
DoR Department of Road
GREF Garrison Reserved Engineering Force
IIR Industrial Institute Relations
IRC Indian Road Congress
IS Indian Standards
MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry
msa Millions of Standard Axles
PC Premix Carpet
PCC Phuentsholing City Coorporation
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RGoB Royal Government of Bhutan
RRCO Regional Revenue and Custom Office
RRM Random Rubble Masonry
STCBL State Trading Corporation Bhutan Limited
iv
The width of the passage provided for the trolley movement is 2m. The clearance between
the external wall and the nearest stack for the people movement is 1m. From the available
data which we got from the custom office the yearly increment is about 8.7%. Taking into the
variation in economic activities, the yearly increment as 10% is adopted for planning
purpose. The dry port is planned to meet the next fifteen years. Refer table 3 in the appendix
for the yearly increment detail. With all the consideration the size of the warehouse is coming
to be 66m in length by 40 m in width. For two symmetrical warehouses the total area
required is 5280 m2. For the vehicle movement we require minimum of 20m space available
in front of warehouse for vehicle movement. Considering all these factors we have placed
warehouse in zone 1 with a parking facility.
Zones 2 of having an area of 1.5 acres proposed to have the following components as
mentioned below. The component includes office building, workshop, canteen and car
parking area. Other smaller components like public toilet and waste disposal pit are also
located in this zone2.
The reasons for having the above mentioned components placed in this zone are as follows:
1. To provide smooth vehicle flow without any intervention in the transitions.

2. The activities on each zone is different and therefore we wanted to separate the
different activities at different locations
3. The area being located in centre from zone 1 and zone3, it is easily accessible from
both zone1 and zone 3 in shorter time duration. In other word the office staff will be
able to reach the other two zones in lesser time.
The dimension of the office building was calculated considering the no of staffs that will be
employed and that are likely to increase in future with growth of dry port. The no of staff
required is calculated from the existing staffing pattern of custom office. The oregano gram
is given below for detail.
The dry port will be handling the huge volume of cargo and the vehicular flow and there is
every chance that damages on containers or vehicle break downs might happen. To carry out
11
the repair work the workshop is needed. To avoid the delays in remaining break down
vehicles from dry port, a workshop for emergency repair works is proposed in the dry port
itself. To make the work easier and to save time we have proposed the workshop to be
located within the dry port. Considering the number of vehicle, height and equipment
required the dimension of workshop is coming out to be 20.5m in length by 14.5m in width.
The car parking spaces for office staffs and the daily visitors requires 190 m2. The total
spaces we require for all the components in this zone is about 1010m2 and for detail refer the
table4.2 below. Considering the space required for vehicular movement, setbacks, etc the
available area is enough just to fit all the structures.
Table 4.2 Dry port components in Zone 2
Components Size (m) Area (m2 )

1 Canteen 14.5X14.7 213.15
2 Workshop 20.5X14.5 297.25
3 Office Building 24.35X11.1 270.285
4 Car Parking 10X20 200
5 Public Toilet 5X3 15
Zone 3 as mentioned earlier it consists heavy vehicle parking, goods transition area from
vehicle to vehicle and hazardous storage. At present whatever the hazardous materials are
imported, they directly transported to its destination. For the future use with the available
information we have provided a chemical storage space of 20 m by 15m is provided. As per
the guidelines provided by the Building code of Bhutan, BTS 002-2003, the hazardous
storage should be located in an isolated area. With this view the hazardous storage is placed
in this zone 3 where there are no residents in the nearby area. Also, this area is located, even
if any chemical leakages or fire accidents takes place, there will not be major destruction to
other structures located in this area. The hazardous storage structure will be filled with all
necessary fire safety systems and equipments.
The leakages of chemicals in the storage from the containers have to be taken great
precaution and containers have to be constantly checked for the presence of any
leakages/damage. Apart from the above measures, the chemicals should be stored in cool
12
and dark condition. In order to incorporate the safety, we have considered following points in
our planning, design and analysis part.
The brick wall of thickness 300 mm
The storage is provided with roof slab
Chemical storage must be located in isolated place
The smoke detectors must be incorporated inside
Provide suitable fire fighting system like sprinkle system and fire hydrants.
Proper ventilation is provided.
The common practice that is practiced followed at present in Bhutan is the direct transition of
goods from vehicle to vehicle. To have such provision in future we have provided the
separate area for such activity along with the vehicle parking facilities. We have separate
parking area for the other trucks which will park only to get the custom clearance or for
necessary documentation. The details of the site and structure locations are all given in figure
2 below.
13
DRYPORT
Figure 4.4 Spatial planning (source: PCC)
4.3 System Plan
The system plan is related to the vehicle movement within the dry port. It is of utmost
importance to have a good traffic flow within the port without any intervention on the other
activities those takes place. In dry port available space, we have fitted all the necessary
structures those are required in the dry port. One of the major components is parking facility.
We have provided three separate parking areas for heavy vehicles and one for light vehicle.
We have two entry and exit points, both located at separate plates. The details are shown in
figure number 6.
14
Figure
4.5 System plan of dry port (source: PCC)
The entry point will lead the vehicle to warehouse where we have provided one separate
parking area only for those vehicles which have to wait for its turn to get unloaded. This
parking will not be used for holding the trucks for carrying out the custom clearance. The
separate parking is provided for these purposes. However those vehicles which will go
directly to the warehouse can hold here. The flows of the vehicles are given below in the
form of flow diagram in figure4.6.
15
Figure 4.6 Flow of vehicles within the dry port entering from India
As mentioned earlier, the dry port is divided into three zones. In zone 3, there are two
parking areas, one for the trucks to hold and other for direct transition of goods from vehicle
to vehicle which is shown in the above diagram. Those trucks waiting for the custom
clearance will park their trucks in parking number three as shown above. The trucks or the
container containing the chemicals will directly go to zone three where the storage house is
provided.
The same pattern can be followed for the vehicles that enter into the dry port from within
country. For those trucks which will get unloaded and loaded back with the export goods
from within country will flow the following path as shown below in figure4.7.
16
Figure 4.7 Flow of vehicles within the dry port entering from in country
The zone two consisting of office and workshop will be responsible for carrying out the
custom clearance, documentation and repair works within the dry port. The basic idea of
having such type of vehicle flow is to avoid the interruption of different activities that takes
place in dry port. To be clearer it is to have different segregated activity at different location.
The advantages that we will gain from the above system of vehicles flow are as mentioned
below.
1. Smooth vehicle flow without intervention on other activities.

2. Different activities are located at different location within the dry port.
3. The congestion is avoided which will block the traffic flow.
4. The overall management of the dry port will be easier as different activities are
located separately.
5. Vehicle congestion will be avoided.
17
5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
5.1 Design Loads
As mentioned in the scope of our project that we have mainly focused ourselves in the
planning of the dry port and to gain some experience regarding the design, analysis and
design of the important components within the dry port are included in the project.
The number of components that is actually required is already mentioned. Among those
components, the following components are selected for analysis and design purpose.
1. Office building
2. Hazardous storage building
3. Warehouse
The first step in the design of any structure is the loads to be considered for design includes-
the loads from roof trusses, dead loads from various components, live loads due to various
activities, wind loads and seismic loads. The dead loads and the live loads are considered as
per IS; 875-1987, wind loads are considered as per IS 875-1987 and the seismic loads are
considered as per IS 13920:1993 since Bhutan falls under zone v.
To save our time, we have done the analysis using STAAD Pro, 2006 software. All the
designs are done manually for which the details are give in next chapter. As a check we have
done manual analysis for the storage building and the final answers were compared with the
STAAD Pro analysis. After having found out that the STAAD Pro analyzed value and
manually analyzed value is negligible, we have directly gone for the STAAD Pro analysis for
all the remaining structures.
For the analysis using STAAD Pro, the loads were all taken according to the code IS: 875-
1987. The basic wind speed is taken as 44 m/s as per the Bhutan code.
18
The details of load consideration and analysis of roof trusses are given below:
1. Wind load calculations for roof truss analysis
Slope provided for roof = 15o (as per Bhutan building rule 2002 the angle varies between 12o-
15o) for office and storage building and
Slope = 14o for warehouse roofs
Live load on roof where excess not provided is = 0.75 kN/m2
Live load of 0.02kN/m2 is reduced for every degree rise.
As per IS Code, the design wind pressure, Pd is given by
Pd = 0.6xVz2
Vz = VbxK1xK2xK3
Where,
K1 = risk coefficient
K2 = terrain, height, and structure size factor
K3 = topography factor
Vb = basic wind pressure in m/s at 10 m height
Note: For Bhutan the basic wind speed is taken as 44 m/s
Therefore the wind pressure up to the height of 10 m is = ‘Pd’ = 0.6x442 =1.1616 kN/m2
For the building with height between 10 to 15m the wind pressure,
Pd=1.1X Pd
=1.1X1.1616
=1.2778 kN/m2
The wind force F acting in a direction normal to the individual structure element is
F = (Cpe-Cpi). A.Pz
Where,
Cpe = external wind pressure
19
Cpi = internal wind pressure
For the building with less than 5% opening its value is taken as = 0.2
For building with opening between 5% to 20% its value is taken as =0.5
A = surface area of the structural element
Load calculation
Dead load from purlin = 90
Live load =0.65kN/m2
Load of truss = (L/3+5) X 10
Where the L is the span of truss
Load from CGI sheet of 0.63 mm =0.056kN/m2
2. Load consideration for office building

Floor to floor height = 3m
Density for the brick wall = 19 kN/m3
Density for the concrete = 25 kN/m3
Clear floor height (ceiling height) = 2.6 m (assumption for analysis as depth of beam is not
known)
Live load are taken as per IS 875:1987
1. Live load = 3 kN/m2

2. Live on stair case = 4 kN/m2
3. Live load file store room = 5kN/m2
4. Live load for strong room = 5 kN/m2
5. Load from water tank (sintex) with capacity of 1500 liters = 1.5 m3=1.5x10000
= 15000N
=15kN
Note: this load of 15kN is given to building slab where it is place as plate pressure (area load)
6. Dead load from brick wall on periphery beams = 0.25x2.6x19

= 12.35 kN/m
20
7. Dead load from brick wall on internal partition wall = 0.15x2.6x19
= 7.41 kN/m

8. Dead load from cornices = 0.7250.52525

= 4.46 kN/m
3. Load calculation for warehouse
Height of the warehouse = 6.5 m at side and 9 m at the center.
1. Live load on passage subjected to machine/vehicle load= 5 kN/m2

2. Live load due to storage =2.4kN/m2 per each m of storage with minimum of 7.5
kN/m2
3. Live for strong room = 5 kN/m2
= 25.65 kN/m
5. Dead load from brick wall on periphery beams above 3.5 m = 0.2 x2x19
= 7.6 kN/m
4. Load consideration for Hazardous material storage building
Building height = 3m
Height of the external wall = 2.6 m (assumption for analysis as depth of beam is not known)
21
1. Live load = Live load due to storage =2.4kN/m2 per each m of storage with minimum
of 7.5 kN/m2
= 14.82 kN/m
3. Dead load from brick wall on internal partition wall = 0.15x2.6x19
= 7.41 kN/m
Note: Inside the storage house we are not allowing the trolley movement. We have taken into
our consideration all the works (both loading and unloading) will be done manually.
5.2 Analysis of roof trusses
A roof truss is basically a framed structure formed by connecting various members at their
ends to form a system of triangles, arranged in pre-decided pattern depending upon the span,
type of loading and functional requirements. The members are connected by riveting,
welding or using gusset plate if required. External loads are applied at joints only to take care
of the direct forces (either compression or tension). The roof trusses are divided as T1, T2,
T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and analysis was done manually.
There are three methods to analyze the truss (i.e. graphical method, method of joints and
method of sections). Method of joints is used to analyze the trusses of all the components of
Dry Port. In this method, the forces at the joint and reactions are worked out for dead load,
wind load and live load. Then a free body diagram of each joints are applied with equilibrium
conditions ΣV=0 and ΣH=0 to determine the member forces. The truss is assumed to be
simply supported. The grouping was done and the most critical conditions from the groups
are taken for the design. The analysis for the trusses of other components was done in the
similar manner. For grouping of trusses, refer Table no.1 for office building and Table no.9
for warehouse in Appendices.
22
6. DESIGN OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
6.1 Design of Main Roof Truss for Office Building
6.1.1 Design of member sections
1. Tie member:
Maximum tensile force = 24.37 kN
Maximum compressive force = 49.95 kN
Length of member = 1.38m
Effective length = 0.8 x 1.38 = 1.104m
Check for tension
From IS: 1161-1979, Permissible stress=147.1 N/mm2
24 .37 × 10 3
= 165 .676 mm
2
Areanet=
147 .1
Adopt 40mm NB (L) and OD=48.3mm
Area=4.14cm2
Load capacity=414x147.1x10-3=60.89kN > 24.37kN. Hence safe
Check for compression
l 1.104 × 10 3
λ= = = 68 .57
r 16 .1
Taking Steel grade of Yst = 240 ,
Interpolation for fc=114.03 N/mm2

When wind loads are considered, the permissible stress (fc) can be increased by %

Therefore fc=1.33x114.03=151.66N/mm2
23
Load capacity=151.66x10-3 x 414 =62.79 kN > 49.953kN. Hence safe
2. Rafter
Maximum compressive force = 36.176k
Check for tension
42.377 × 10 3
= 288 .08 mm
2
Areanet=
147 .1
Adopt 40mm NB (L) and OD=48.3mm
Area=4.14cm2
Load capacity=414x147.1x10-3=60.89kN >k42.38 kN. Hence safe
l 1.128 × 10 3
λ= = = 70 .06
r 16 .1
Interpolation for fc=112.904 N/mm2
Load capacity=112.904x10-3 x 414 =46.74 kN > 36.18 kN. Hence safe
24
3. Vertical members
For members 21 and 29
Maximum tensile force = 20.631 KN
Maximum compressive force = 24.019 KN
Check for tension
20 .631 × 10 3
= 140 .25 mm
2
Areanet=
147 .1
Adopt 20mm NB (M) and OD=26.9mm
Area=2.02cm2
Load capacity=202x147.1x10-3=29.71KN>20.63 KN. Hence safe
l 0.276 × 10 3
λ= = = 32 .09
r 8 .6
Interpolation for fc=131.597N/mm2
Load capacity=131.597x10-3 x 202 =26.58 kN >24.02 kN. Hence safe
4. Inclined members
For members 30 and 37
25
Maximum compressive force = 37.501 kN
Check for tension
20 .631 × 10 3
= 140 .25 mm
2
Areanet=
147 .1
Adopt 32mm NB (M) and OD=33.7mm
Area=4.00cm2
Load capacity=400x147.1x10-3=58.84kN > 41.92 kN. Hence safe
l 1.14 × 10 3
λ= = = 82 .01
r 13 .9
Interpolation for fc=105.032N/mm2
Load capacity=105.032x10-3 x 400 =42kN > 37.5kN. Hence safe
Design Results are tabulated in Table no.13 for all the Trusses of office building, Table no.18
for hazardous storage building and Table no.23 for warehouse in Appendices.
26
6.1.2 Design of Purlins
Spacing of the roof=2250 mm c/c
Spacing of the Purlins =1500 mm c/c
Load on Purlins:
112.7 × 1.5
Dead load due to roof covering material= = 0..169 kN/m
1000
Dead load due to Purlins is assumed to be= 0.08 kN/m
Live load on Purlins and CGI sheet=0.71x1.5=1.065 kN/m
Wind load= -1.22x1.161x1.5= - 2.125 kN/m
Total DL=0.169+0.08=0.249
DL+LL=0.249+1.065=1.314 kN/m
DL+WL=0.249-2.125=-1.879 kN/m
Design load= 1.879 kN/m
Permissible bending stress in extreme fibers in tension and compression
(IS: 1161 Grade)
Yst 240,
fb =165N/mm2
wl 2 1.876 × 2.25 2
Maximum B.M= = = 0.949 kNm
10 10
M 0 .949 × 10 6
= 5751 .7 mm 3 ≈ 5 .75 cm
3
Section modulus= =
fb 165
l 2250
Permissible deflection= = = 6.92 mm
325 325
27
Concentrated load on Purlins=1.876x2.25 = 4.221kN
Select 65mm NB (L), whose I=49.44x104 cm4
5× w× l 3 5 × ( 4.221 × 10 3 ) × ( 2250 ) 3
Deflection at the centre = = = 6.029 mm < 6.92. Hence safe
384 × E × I 384 × 2.1 × 10 5 × 49 .44 X 10 4
Therefore adopt Purlins of tubular section NB (L) =65 mm.
6.2 Design of two way slabs of office building
1. Two way slab (P1, P2, P3, P4, P17, P18, 19, P20 and P14)
Figure 6.1 Slab plan of 1st floor
Self weight of slab =0.12025=3
Load due to floor finish =1 kN/m2
Live load of the floor=3 kN/m2
Total load=7 kN/m2
Factored load= 1.5x7 = 10.5 kN
.
= 1.3<2Hence it is a two way slab.
.
Assuming the clear cover = 15 mm
28
Effective length (Le ) = 3.28+0.10=3.38 m
Moment coefficient:
Short span:
Negative moment coefficient = 0.051
Positive moment coefficient =0.039
Long span:
Negative moment coefficient = 0.037
Positive moment coefficient = 0.028
Moments:
Short span moment (M ux )
At support = (-0.051x11.625x3.41 2 ) = -6.12 kNm
Mid span = (0.039x11.625x3.412) = 4.69 kNm
Long span moment (M u y )
At support = (-0.037x11.625x3.412) = -4.44KNm
Mid span = (0.028x11.625x3.412) = 3.36KNm
Check for depth:
√.
Depth required d= = 47 < 150 therefore safe.
.
=1.2- 1.2
..

= 0.087 < 0.48
29
Z =100(1-0.420.087) =96.346
Area of steel in X-direction:

.!"#$
Ast(s) =
.
.!%&.
Ast(s) = = 175.92mm2
!%.&
'
n= = 2.24~3(Ast=235.62mm 2 )

Spacing = = 300 mm c/c
∴ Provide 3nos. 10 mm ∅ @ 300 mm c/c in both ways (alternate bars bent).
Torsion reinforcement:
Ast (Torsion) = 0.75 × Ast = 0.75 × 150.78 = 113.085mm2
Provide 8mm ∅
.%
'
n= = 2.25~3
Spacing = 300 mm c/c
*+
%
= 656~600mm
∴Provide 3nos. 8mm ∅ @ 300mm c/c for a distance of 600 mm from face of the column.
Minimum distribution reinforcement:
Adopt 12% of the gross area for distribution reinforcement
∴ Provide 3nos.8mm ∅ @300 mm c/c.
Check for deflection:
- .max should be greater than or equal to- .provided.

* *

30
- .max=- .basic Kt, where Kt is the modification factor which depends on % of steel and
* *

the fy values.
%.

Pt= =0.24, Kt=1.44
- .max = - .basic Kt=38.94

* *

- .provided =
*

= 33.8
- .max / - .provided .Hence OK.

* *

Check for shear force
Vu=Wu (0.5lxd)
= 10.5(0.53.28.100) =16.17KN
0v =
.!1

=0.162
τc=0.289 from the IS code 456:2000 (Table 19)
τc / τv , Hence it is safe
The summary of the slab design for office building is tabulated in Table no.16 and Table
no.20 for hazardous storage building in the Appendices.
6.3 Design of beam (group 1) for 1st floor of office building
The maximum positive moment = 94.914 kN-m
The maximum negative moment = -39.789 kN-m
Effective length of the span = 4.175 m.

31
fck = 20N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
Design for positive moment:-
Providing 16 mm3 bars and clear cover = 30mm
Assume the width of beam=300mm
Mu
d=
0.138×f ck × b
6
95.914x10
d= 40.138x300x20 = 340.35mm
Provide d=370mm
The limited bending moment is as below:
Mu Lim = 0.138. f ck bd 2
Mu, lim= 0.138x20x300x370 2 = 133.35 kN-m
Mu Lim ≥ Mu ⇒ Hence provide Single reinforcement (section is under reinforced)
0.5 f ckbd  4.6 Mu 

∴ Ast Re q. = 1 − 1 − 
fy  f ck bd 2 
.%999! 4.6x95.914x10
6
x :1 41 2 ; = 854.95 mm
% 20x300x370
2
Ast, reqd =
%.&%
= 3.35 < 4 nos.
%.!
No. of bars required =
∴Ast provided = 4x254.47= 1017.88 mm

2
32
=9=

Spacing = = 55.5mm
Provide 4-20mm3 bars @55mmc/c
Design for negative moment:-
Mu Lim = 0.138. f ck bd 2
Mu, lim= 0.138x20x300x370 2 = 133.35 kN-m
Mu Lim ≥ Mu ⇒ Hence provide Single reinforcement (Section is under reinforced).
.%999! 6
4.6x39.789x10
x :1 41 2 ; = 316.752 mm
% 20x300x370
2
Ast, reqd =
Providing 12mm3 bar
.!%
= 2.8 < 3nos.
.
No. of bars required =
∴Ast provided = 3x113.1= 339.3 mm

2
=9=

Spacing = = 76mm
Provide 3-12mm3 bars @75mmc/c
Check-
.!"> ?@A
."BC D
Xu =
.!9%9&.
.99
Xu = = 56.515 mm
Xu, lim =0.48d= 0.48x 370=177.6 mm
Q Xu ≤ Xu , LIM ……..Hence under reinforced.
33
Shear reinforcement:-
From ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure subjected to seismic forces IS

13920:1993…clause 6.3.3, the shear force to be resisted by the vertical hoops shall be the
minimum of:
a) Calculated factored shear force as per analysis, and
b) Shear force due to formation of plastic hinges at both ends of the beam plus the factored
gravity load on the span. This is given by:
 fy. Ast 
AS
Mu Lim = Mu Lim
BS
= 0.87. fy. Ast d −
 fck .b 
D+ L D+ L 1.2(D + L )
Va = Vb =
2
D+ L
 Mu, AS lim + Mu Lim Bh 
Vu, a = V a + 1.4  
 L AB 
 Mu , AS lim + Mu Lim Bh 
Vu , b = VbD + L − 1.4  
 L AB 
Mu?J
GHI = MuGHI = 0.87x415x804.24-370 . = 91.28kNm
KJ %9.
9
GHI = MuGHI = 0.87x415x314.16-370 . = 39.50kNm

%9.
Mu?L KL
9
Factored load = 27 kN
Vu,a= 27+1.4- . = 69.83 kN

&.=&.%
.!%
Vu,b= 27-1.4- . = -15.83 kN

&.=&.%
.!%
34
Figure 6.2 Shear force diagram
By interpolating:-
Shear at the column face which falls at 400mm = 65.16 kN
Nominal shear stress from IS 456 clause 40 is as below:
Vu %.9
9!
Normal Shear; τ v = = = 0.587N/mm2
bd
Percentage of tension steel: (IS 456; clause 40.2.1, Table 19).
9A st 9 &.

D9N 9!
Pt = = = 0.31
(Design shear strength of concrete)
Referring to the Table no: 19, we get the value of τ c = 0.39 N/mm 2 .
Hence τ c < τ v , shear reinforcement required
Vus = Vu - τ c bd =65.16x1000-0.39x300x370=21870N
.!9"> 9?@O N
PQ@
Sv = = 467mm
R
.!9%9!99 S 9
!
Sv = = 614mm
35
As per IS 13920:1993 for ductile reinforcement; clause 6.3.5
The spacing of hoops over a length of 2d at either end of the beam shall not exceed
(a) d/4 and (b) 8 times the dia of the smallest longitudinal bar ; however, it need not be less
than 100mm. the first hoop shall at a distance not exceeding 50mm from the joint face.
Vertical hoops at same spacing as the above shall also be provided at a length equal to 2d on
either side of the section where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
(b) The earthquake forces. Elsewhere, the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spacing not
exceeding d/2.
Hence provide 2-legged, 10mm dia. Stirrup @ 100mm c/c at either side portion (i.e. 2d).
1) d/4 = (370/4) =92.5mm

2) 8 φ = 8x8 = 64mm.
3) d/2 = (370/2) = 185 mm c/c.
Hence provide 2-legged, 8mm dia. Stirrup @ 185mm c/c at middle portion (i.e.L-4d) and
@100mm for the l/d from the face of column on both side.
Check for deflection:-
l
≤ 26 × MF T ×MFC
d
As per IS 456 fig.4
AstRe quired
fs = 0.58 × fy ×
AstPr ovided
%.&%
!.
fs = 0.58x 415x = 202
9A st 9 !.

D9N 9!
Pt = = = 0.92
From Figure 4of IS 456:2000
MFT =1.17
36
From Figure 5 of IS 456:2000
MFC =1.02
- .basic =26x1.17x1.02=31.03
T
N
- .=
T .!%
N .!
= 11.55 <31.03, hence safe
For design of other beams, refer Table no.14 for office building, Table no.19 for hazardous
storage building and Table no.24 for warehouse in the Appendix II.
6.4 Design of column (1st floor) of office building
For group F2
Effective length = 1.2 x unsupported length (for Unbraced column)
=1.2 x 3
= 3.6 m
Size of column=400 x 400
Effective cover provided= 40 mm
l e ff .
.
= = 9 <12 ⇒ Short column
Dy
l eff .
.
= = 9 <12 ⇒ Short column
Dx
e m in x =19.33
e m in y =19.33
Hence the column is designed as an axially loaded short column with the help of Design Aids
charts of SP-16, IS 456:1978
37
Mx=43.658 kNm
My=71.085 kNm
Pu = 24.882 kN
Since moments due to minimum eccentricity is very small then the applied moment, so it can
be neglected as per IS: 456.
Assume d’= 40mm
NU
V
= = 0.10
d'
Refer chart 44 from SP (16) for =0.1 and fy =415Mpa
D
Wu .9
f ck VD 99
= = 0.0077
Designing for Uniaxial load / eccentricity
Mu = 1.15xXMux Muy = 1.15x√71.085 43.658 = 95.93 kN-m
Q &%.&9
f ck DV 99
= = 0.075
From SP (16), chart 44
W
= 0.041
f ck
P=0.041x20= 0.82 %
.99

Ast = = 1312mm2
Therefore, provide 4-20mm3 bar & 4-10mm3 bar
Therefore, Ast, provided = 1570.796mm2
38
%!.!&9

P= = 0.982
W
= 0.05
f ck
From chart 44 of SP(16)
QZ[
f ck DV
= 0.08
Mux1 =0.08xfck xbD2 = 0.08x20x400x4002 = 102.4 kN-m
Condition of biaxial moment
\]
QZ \] Q>
- . +^ _ 1.12 ` 1, which is not safe, hence revise the design
QZ[ Q>[
Increase the reinforcement percentage i.e. adopt P= 1.5 %
W
= 0.075
f ck
.%99

Ast = = 2400 mm2
Therefore, provide 4-25mm3 bar & 4-12mm3 bar
Therefore, Ast, provided = 2415.885mm2
%.%9

P= = 1.51
W
Therefore, = 0.08
f ck
From SP (16), chart 45
QZ[
f ck DV
= 0.11
39
Therefore Mu = 140.80 kN
Puz = 0.45xfck xAc + (0.75xfy -0.45 Ac ) Ast
= 0.45x20x4002 + (0.75x415-0.45x 400 2) 2415.885= 2170.20 kN
WQ .
WQa !.
= = 0.0115 < 0.02
Therefore αn as per code = 1 (clause 3.3, SP (16))
.% !.%
- . +- . = 0.82 ` 1, which is saf
. .
Shear design
Calculation of design shear as per IS: 13920: 1993, clause 7.3.4;
Factored shear force given by
eb eZ
Vu = 1.4 ^ Qbcd fQbcd
_
L@A
9Q 9Q
N N
Mubl lim = 0.36x x (1-0.42x ) bd2 xfck
= 0.36x0.48x (1-0.42x0.48) x400x360 x20 = 143.04kNm
Mubl lim =143.04kNm
.9.9

Therefore, Vu = = 133.504kN
Calculated design shear force as per STAAD analysis= 48.367kN
Therefore, adopt 133.504kN
P= 1.5%
x2x25 + x2x12 = 1094.845mm2

g g

Asc on one face =
40
9&.%
9
P= = 0.684
From IS 456:2000
Calculating τ C , from IS-456:2000, Table 19,
τc = 0.54Mpa
As per IS-456:2000, clause 40.2.2, the member subjected to axial compression Pu, the design
strength of concrete, given in table 19, shall be multiplied by following factor.
3Pu
δ = 1+ , but not exceeding 1.5.
Ag f ck
9.
9
δ = 1+ = 1.02<1.5
τ c x δ = 0.54x1.02 = 0.5508
Design shear strength of column = τ c x δ x b x D = 0.54x4002 =86.4kN
.%91

τv = = 0.83
τv > τc
Design for shear reinforcement
Vus =Vu - τ c δ bD = 133.504 – 86.4 = 47.104 kN
Design for ties
As per clause 26.5.3.2
1. Lateral ties = 3 /4 = 25/4 = 6.25mm
Therefore, provide 2 legged 8mm3 ties
41
Asv = x2x8 = 100.53 mm2
g

.!9%9.%9
!.9
Sv = = 277.4mm
Sv = 200mm (As per IS 456)
Pitch (for non-confining reinforcement)
i. Least dimension=400mm
ii. 163h = 16x 32 =512mm
iii. 483i = 48x8=384mm
iv. Sv = 250mm
v. 300mm
vi. As per clause 7.3.3 of IS 13920
V

Spacing of hoops < half the lateral dimension = = 200 mm
Therefore, provide 8mm 3 @ 200mm c/c for unconfined reinforcement
As per IS: 13920, clause 7.2.1 for splice spacing of hoops < 150mm c/c
∴ Provide splicing over the entire splice length @ 150mmc/c
Special confining reinforcement
Pitch reinforcement for confining reinforcement (As per IS: 13920, Clause 7.4.8)
fck  Ag 
Ash = 0.18Sh  − 1 ,
fy  Ak 
Assume Clear Cover = 40mm
A g = Gross Area of the column Crossection,
Ash = Area of Bar Cross section
42
A k = Area of concrete core
h= Longer dimension of the rectangular confining hook measured to its outer face and shall
not exceed 300mm
Ag = 4002 = 160x103 mm2
Ak = xDk , Dk = 400- (2x40+2x8) = 304mm

g

Ak = 72583.36 mm2
=l9m

= 160 < 300mm
h=
Ash = x8 = 50.27 mm2

g

%.!9%
[nnnn
.999- =.
Sv = = 30.07 mm
op1.1
As per IS 13920:1993, clause 7.4.6, spacing of the hoops used as spherical confining
reinforcement shall not exceed ¼ of minimum member dimension, but need not be less than
75mm nor more than 100mm.
HqHI I IrIDrs NHIrqtHuq

a. = = 100mm
b.100mm
Adopt 8mmФ stirrup for confining reinforcement @ 100mm c/c.
As per IS: 13920:1993, clause 7.4.1
Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face,
towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur under
the effect of earthquake forces.
43
The length ‘lo’ shall not be less than
(a) Larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding occurs,
(b) 1/6 of clear span of the member, and
(c) 450 mm
Also extend the special confinement at least up to 300mm into footing as per clause 7.4.2
The design summary of columns, refer Table no.15 for office building, Table no.21 for
hazardous storage building and Table no.25 for warehouse in the Appendices.
6.5 Design of stair case of office building
Figure 6.3 Stair case plan
Data:
Riser (R) =150mm
Tread (T) =300mm
Service Load=4kN/m2
f ck =20 N/mm2
f y =415N/mm2
44
Effective Span
The flight AB=CD
Assume overall waist slab thickness= 150mm
Assume 30mm clear cover (moderate condition) and 12mm3 bar
Effective depth of a waist slab=d=150-30-6=114mm
The slab thickness in the landing region may be taken as 150mm as the bending moment are
relatively low here.
Dead Load of slab on slope; ( w s ) =0.15x25x1=3.75kN/m
Dead Load of slab on horizontal
 w R 2 + T2 
W=  s 
 T 
 
.!%v√ =%

W= = 3.25 kN/m
Dead Load of one step
1
= × (0.15 × 0.3 × 25)
2
= 0.563 kN
Loads of steps per metre length
.%v

= = 1.875 kN/m
Finishes load, etc. = 0.6 kN/m (Assumed)
Total Dead Load on going = 3.25+1.875+0.6 = 5.73 kN/m
Live Load = 4 kN/m (As per IS 875 (Part 2) -1987
Total factored load= (5.73+4) × 1.5 = 14.60 kN/m

45
Load on Landing Slab
Self Weight of Slab = 0.15 × 25 = 3.75 kN/m
Finishes = 0.6 kN/m
Total Dead Load = 3.75+0.6 = 4.35 kN/m
Live Load = 4 kN/m (As per IS 875 (Part 2) -1987
Factored Load on landing
= (4.35+4) × 1.5= 12.525 kN/m
For only one step, taking only 50%
= = 6.26 kN/m
Calculation of Reaction
A B
RA RB
Figure 6.4 Loading diagram on stair case
R A + R B =14.6 × 2.825+6.26 × 1.375
=49.85kN
R A × 4.2 = 14.60x2.825x2.7875+0.5x6.26x1.3752
∴ R A = 28.78kN
∴ R B = 21.07kN
46
Calculation of maximum factored moment
Now the maximum moment on the span occurs at the minimum shear force i.e. at a distance
of x from the support A (shown in figure above)
.!
.
x= = 1.97m from support A
Maximum moment M u = 28.78 × 1.97-14.60 × 1.97 2 x 0.5= 28.37kN-m/m
Design of flight AB & CD
u
Depth; d = 4
.9D9 f ck
=
.!9
.99
= 101.40 mm <114mm, hence safe
Calculation of reinforcement
D= 150 mm

t=150-30- =114 mm
0.5× f ck × b× d  4.6× M u 
Ast = 1- 1- 
fy  f ck × b× d 2 
x 1 1
.%999 .9.!9
% 99
Ast = = 808.63 mm2
Assume 12mm3 bars,
R
9 9
S
.
Spacing of the bars = = 139.86mm ≈ 135 mm c/c
47
Provide 12mm3 bar @ 135mm c/c as main reinforcement
Distribution bars
For distribution bars provide 0.12% of steel.
.99

A st = = 252 mm2
Providing 8mm3 bars
R
9 9
S
%
Spacing of the bars = = 199.46 mm ≈ 190 mm c/c
Provide 8mm3 bar @ 190mm c/c as distribution reinforcement
Check for shear
Vu =28.78 kN
Vu .!9
bd 9
Normal Shear; τ v = =
τ v =0.25N/mm 2
Percentage of steel as 0.12%
9? st 9 .

D9N 9
= = 0.71% from the IS 456-2000
Referring to the table no: 19, we get the value of τ c = 0.55 N/mm 2 .
Hence τ v < τ c hence ok
48
Design for landing slab BC
Figure 6.5 Loading diagram on landing
.9.%

RB = RC = =10.173kN
wl 2 .9.%

Bending moment at centre Mu = = = 8.27 kN-m
8
D= 150 mm

d = 150-30- = 115mm
Mu
Depth, d =
0.138×f ck × b
=
.!9
.99
= 54.72mm< 115mm
Calculation of reinforcement
0.5× f ck × b× d  4.6× M u 
Ast = 1- 1- 
fy  f ck × b× d 2 
x 1 1 = 207.01 mm2
.%999% .9.!9
% 99%
Ast =
Assume 10mm3 bars,
R
9 9
S
!.
Spacing of the bars = = 379.4 mm
49
Therefore, provide 10mm3 bar @ 300mm c/c as main reinforcement
Distribution bars
For distribution bars provide 0.12% of steel.
.9%9

A st = = 180 mm2
Providing 8mm3 bars,
R
9 9
S

Spacing of the bars= = 279 mm ≈ 250 mm c/c
Check for the shear
Vu =36.23 kN
Vu .9
9%
Normal Shear; τ v = =
bd
τ v =0.32N/mm 2
Percentage of steel as 0.12%
9? st 9 .&!

D9N 9
= = 0.183% from the IS 456-2000
Referring to the table no: 19, we get the value of τ c = 0.34 N/mm 2 .
Summary of stair case:
For waist slab:
Thickness-150mm
Assumed clear cover=30mm

50
For landing:
Assumed clear cover=30mm
Thickness=150mm
Provide 8mm3 bar @ 250mm c/c distribution reinforcement
6.6 Design of isolated footing of office building
For group F2 (corner column)
Data-
Factor load on column, Pu= 612.361 kN
Maximum moment, Mx= 69.477 kN-m
The safe bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 150 kN/m 2 , when the earthquake load is
considered the bearing capacity of the soil is increased by 50%. The safe bearing capacity of
the soil becomes 150x1.5=225kN/m2
Dimensions of the footing
Let the self weight of the footing and the earth fill be 10% of the factored load on column
Total axial load on column= 0.1x612.361=61.24kN
Therefore, the total axial load on column=612.361+61.24=673.601kN
!.
%9.%
Footing area = = 2.994m2
Area of footing= L=B=√2.994 =1.73 m
51
Adopting a square footing of 1.73mx1.73m
Net soil pressure at ultimate loads with a load factor of 1.5 is given by
W .
= 204.6 N/m2 < 0.205 N/mm2
?srw u" "uuxHqy .!9.!
qu = =
One way shear
Figure 6.6 Footing & column plan
The critical section is at a distance ‘d’ from the column face (shown in figure)
Factored shear force= Vu1 = (0.205x1730) x (665-d) = (235842.25-354.65d) N
Assuming the percentage of reinforcement in the footing pt =0.25 % for M20 grade concrete
Therefore, permissible shear stress τ c =0.36 Mpa (from Table-19, IS 456)
One way shear resistance = Vc1 = (0.36x1730xd) = (622.8d) N
Vu1 ` Vc1
235842.25-354.65d`622.8d
dz241.28mm
52
Two way shear
Assuming the effective depth of slab=d= 241.28 mm and computing the two way shear
resistance at a critical section (d/2) from the face of the column, we have the relation,
Vu2 = 0.205x [17302 – (400+d)2] = 529240.2921 N
Two way shear resistance, Vc2 = ks x τ c [4x (400+d) d]
τ c = 0.25 ( )
f ck × ks
ks =1
Vc2 = 1 x 0.25x√20 [4x (400+d) d] =1788.854d +4.472d2
Vu2 ` Vc2
529240.2921` 1788.854d +4.472d2
dz197.92mm
Hence, one-way shear is more critical.
Therefore, adopt effective depth, d= 241.28mm
Take a clear cover of 60mm and 16mm3
D=224.28+60+8=292.28mm
Take D=310mm
Therefore, d=310-60-8=242mm
Design of flexural reinforcement
Ultimate moment at column face is computed as
%

Mu =0.205x1730x 10-6 x = 78.418 kN-m
53
!.9
KN = !9
R= =0.774Mpa
Interpolate the percentage reinforcement as, pt =0.23 which is less than 0.25% assumed for
one-way shear. (From SP (16), Table 2, page 48)
Ast =- .
{x9D9N .%99

= = 605mm2
Using 16mm3 bars
9 9
S
π
%
Spacing of the bars, S= = 332.3< 300mmc/c
Adopt 16mm3 @ 300mm c/c in both directions.
Check for load transfer at the base of the column
Ultimate compressive force at column base
Pu= 612.361 kN
Limiting bearing stress at column footing interface is expressed as,
f br,max = 0.45x f ck x
?
?
i. For column face, f ck =20 Mpa, A1=A2=17302 mm2

f br,max (column)= 0.45x20x1=9Mpa
ii. For column face, f ck =20 Mpa, A1=17302 mm2 , A2=4002 mm2
|
? !
?
= 4.325 limited to 2.0
f br,max (footing)= 0.45x20x2=18Mpa>9Mpa
Hence the column face governs the design and f br,max = 9Mpa
Therefore, limiting bearing resistance is computed as,
&9

Fbr = = 1440kN>Pu =612.361kN
54
For the design summary of footings, refer Table no.17 for office building, Table no.22 for
hazardous storage building and Table no.26 for warehouse.
6.7 Design of combined footing for office building
For group F3
Pu1 =693.816 kN
Pu2=693.808kN
Mu1=6.04 kN-m
Mu2=6.055 kN-m
Safe bearing capacity of soil=150 N/mm2
For the earthquake load consideration increase the safe bearing capacity by 50%.
Factored safe bearing capacity (sbc) =1.5x150=225 kN/m
Dimension of the footing
∑ P + ∆P + ∑ M × 6 = sbc
LB L2 B
∑
.9!.
GK
6.907L+0.323=LB2 ……………………….(i)
Let X be the CG of the column load from the centre of the column B
&.9.%f.%%f.
&.f&.
= 1.134m
Let A be the distance from the centre of the column to the edge of the footing
L
A+X=
2
55
Assume A=1.0
L
1.0+01.134=
2
L=4.27m………………………………… (ii)
Substituting this L in equation (i) above
B=2.64 m
∑W !.
GK .!9.
Net upward pressure= = = 123.1 kN/m2
Net upward pressure per meter length=123.1 x2.64=324.984 kN/m2
Analysis of the actions in longitudinal direction
Figure 6.7 Diagram of loading, shear force & bending moment of combined footing
56
Analysis for actions in transverse direction
The clear cantilever of the footing in transverse direction
9 l.=.m

= = 1.12m
.9.

Mu = = 77.21kN-m
Longitudinal reinforcement
Mmax=163.43 kN-m
=
.9
.99
Mu
d= = 149.76mm
0.138×f ck × b
Provide D=310 mm
Dx=310-60-8=242 mm
Dy=310-60-8=242 mm
Bottom steel
0.5× f ck × b× d  4.6× M u 
Ast = 1- 1- 
fy  f ck × b× d 2 
x 1 1
.%999 .9.9
% 99
Ast = = 2001.51 mm2
Provide 16mm3 bars,
R
9 9
S
.%
Spacing of the bars = = 265 mm ≈ 250 mm c/c
.%
= 9.95< 10 nos.
.
No of bars =
57
Provide 10-16mmØ bar @250mmc/c as bottom reinforcement
Top reinforcement
.%99
%
Minimum steel= = 1308.55mm2
Provide 10-16mmØ bar @ 250mm c/c as top reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement
Mu=77.21kN
x 1 1
.%999 .9!!.9
% 99
Ast = = 963.754 mm2
R
9 9
S
&.!%
Spacing of the bars = = 208mm ≈ 170 mm c/c
Provide 16mmØ bar @ 170mmc/c
.%99
%
Ast(min) = = 495.66mm2
Provide 16mmØ bar @ 170mm c/c
One way shear
Maximum shear=303.94 kN
Shear at d=242mm
Vu=303.94-0.242x324.984=225.294 kN
Vu %.&9
9
Normal Shear; τ v = = = 0.353 Mpa
bd
Percentage of steel as
58
9? st 9 .
D9N 9
= = 0.315
Referring to the Table no: 19 of IS 456:2000, we get the value of τ c = 0.39 N/mm 2 .
Two way shear
d=242mm
At d/2 from the face of the column, the length of the square
9

=400+ = 642mm
Vu=693.816-0.642x0.642x123.1=644.5 kN
Vu .%9
!9
τv = = = 0.624 Mpa
bd
For square column
kcτ c = 1x0.25 √20 = 1.118N/mm2
τ v < kcτ c Hence OK
For combined footing details of office building, refer drawing no.7.
59
6.8 Design of footing (slab beam type strip footing)
For group F4 and F5
Figure 6.8 Loading Diagram of footing
Total load on column=631.327+611.269+629.177+600.831
= 2472.604 kN.
Self weight of footing@10 % = 0.1 × 2472.604
= 247.2604 kN
Total loading = 2472.604 +247.2604=2718.8644 kN
Bearing Pressure of the Soil = 150 kN/m2.
For the Earthquake consideration the bearing capacity of the soil is increased by 50%
Therefore bearing pressure of soil = 1.5 × 150=225kN/m2.
!.
%
Area required = = 12.08m2
Let the width of the footing be 1.3m
.
.
Therefore the length of footing is = 9.3m
60
C.G of the load from the centre of CF2
~ =
.&9.!f.!!9%.f.9.f.&
!.
= 4m from CF2
Extend the footing beyond center of CJ2 = 0.61m.
Projected beyond center of CF2 = 0.61 m
Providing 400 mm width beam. The net upward pressure is
uxwT uT Iq TuwN !.

?srw u" "uuxHqy .9&.
Pu,up = = = 204.52 kN/m2 on slab
Wu,up= 204.52 × 1.3 = 265.876 kN/m on the beam.
Figure 6.9 Shear force & bending moment Diagram
Consider 1 m length of slab
l = projection of footing beyond the strip beam = 0.45m
WQ,Q 9T .%9.%

Moment due to cantilever projection = = = 20.71kNm
Total moments = 6.664+20.71 = 27.372 kN-m
61
Mu
Depth required =
0.138×f ck b
=
!.!9
.99
= 99.585 mm
Providing larger depth for shear consideration
D= 250mm
Effective depth, d= 250-60-6 = 184 mm
!.!9
DN 9
= = 0.808
From Table 2, SP (16), IS 456:1978
Pt = 0.2354%
WA 9DN .%99

Ast = = = 433.136mm2
9.&!
.
Spacing = = 261 mm
Provide 12mm3 @ 250 mm c/c as main reinforcement
For distribution bars
Ast = 0.12% of gross area
Minimum reinforcement:
.

A st = x 1000x250 = 300mm2
9%.!

Spacing of the bar = = 167.56mm
Provide 8mm3 @ 160 mm c/c as distribution bar
62
Shear Check
The critical section for shear occurs at a distance‘d’ from the column face, i.e. d= 184mm
Vu = (0.45 – 0.184) × 204.52= 54.402 kN
Vu %.9
9
τv = = = 0.296 Mpa
bd
Now to calculate the τ c
9? st 9.
D9N 9
Pt = = = 0.24%
From Table 19 of IS 456:2000
τ c = 0.352Mpa
τ c > τ v Hence ok
Development length (ld) = 47 × ∅
= 47 × 12 = 564mm
Anchorage Available = 800 – 50 = 750mm>564mm, Hence ok.
Design of Footing Beam
Maximum Bending Moment (BM) = 483 kN-M
Mu
Depth required (d req.) =
0.138×f ck b
=
9
.99
= 661.43 mm
Provide D= 665 mm
63
d = 665 – 60 – 8 = 597 mm
.%DN .%99%&!
"> %
Ast(min) = = = 489.11 mm2
&.
R
9
Number of bars = = 2.43< 3nos.
S
Provide 3-16 mm 3 bars
Design for Shear
Maximum Shear = 417 kN
!9
9%&!
Vu
τv = = = 1.75 Mpa
bd
Now to calculate the τ c
9? st 9&.
D9N 9%&!
Pt = = = 0.205 %
From Table 19 of IS 456:2000
τ c = 0.324Mpa
τ v > τ c , shear reinforcement shall be provided in the form of vertical stirrups
Vus = Vu - τ c bd = 417x1000-0.324x400x597 = 339.63x103 N

.!+ + .!+%++ + + %&!
| S
&.+
Sv = = 105.9 mm
Provide 2 legged stirrups of 10 mm3 @ 100 mm c/c
64
6.9 Pavement
The pavement is one of the important components of dry port. The design of pavement
involves lots of considerations like climatic conditions, axle loads, topography of the site,
traffic and subgrade conditions. Flexible pavement and rigid pavement are the two type of
pavement. The selection of the pavement depends on the materials available and on above
mentioned conditions.
The site location of the parking was done according to the need and the space available. The
parking area should have minimum slope of ¼ inch per feet to have good drainage. The
accumulation of the water should be avoided as it will weaken the sub-base course of the
pavement and lead to failure of pavement.
Comparison between rigid pavement and flexible pavement
sl.no. Flexible pavement sl.no. Rigid pavement

1 Low initial cost 1 High initial cost
2 No curing time required 2 Require initial curing time
3 Gives good durability depending on 3 High durability compared to
design aspect flexible pavement
4 Low cost and ease of maintenance 4 High cost of maintenance
5 High speed of construction 5 Speed of construction is slow
6 Additional thickness can be added easily 6 Difficult of add additional thickness
7 Has better non-skid property 7 Skid in presence of water
Though with the above mentioned advantages flexible pavement is not desired at the location
where water is expected. It also requires resurfacing sooner than the rigid pavement. Looking
into the advantages and disadvantages the flexible pavement is found more suitable.
6.9.1 Design of flexible pavement
The location being located above the river bed the soil condition was assumed to be sand
and sandy-gravel with moderate amount of sand and clay. Due to limitation on time
availability, the soil tests could not carried out. The CBR value and the design of the
pavement are based on the IRC 37:1984.
65
CBR value of sandy gravel soil= 5%
Drainage of the rain water = one day
365xl1 rm 1
N| xAxDxF

Where,
D= Lane distribution factor
= 2.5
F= Vehicle damage factor
=2.5
n= Design life in years
=15 years
r= Annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
= 4.4% (determined from no. of vehicles and the yearly increment in cargo volume)
A= No. of vehicle per day at the time of completion of the construction
= 150 vehicles per day
N= The cumulative number of standard axles to be catered for in the design in terms of msa.
365xl1 0.044m 1
N| x150x2.5x0.5 | 1.5510
0.044
= 1.55 msa
From the figure 1 given in IRC 37: 1984, for the above calculated value of N
Thickness of pavement = 430 mm
Wearing course = 20mm PC
Base = 225mm
66
Sub-base = 205mm
The subgrade of the pavement should have minimum of 150 mm stone soling and should be
well compacted.
6.9 Drainage design
The poor drainage is the major problem which not only leads to the over flooding of the area
but also the pavement failures. The main idea of providing the drainage is to drain out all the
water so that no infiltration and no accumulation of water take place.
The general drainage system layout is shown below. The figure7.0 which is given below
shows the general outline of the main drainage line. The main drainage line was fixed
according to the slope available. During the site visit, it was found that there exists only one
main drainage line and the area remains flooded during the rainy seasons. To have good
drainage the main drainage line is bifurcated into different branches to avoid flooding as
shown in the figure 7.0.
Figure 7.0 Drainage outline for dry port.
67
Design of drain
Intensity, I=1035mm/month (data collected from rain water harvesting project group)
I=1.4375mm/hr
Area of the dry port=7.78acres =3.14859ha
Runoff coefficient, k=0.7-0.95(bituminous/concrete pavement)
Provide k=0.825
Runoff, |

Therefore, Q=0.01037 m3/s
Dividing the above calculated runoff into three zones depending on the area, we get
Zone 1=0.00559 m3/s
Zone 2=0.002015 m3/s
Zone 3=0.002763 m3/s
For concrete lined channel-
Minimum velocity required to avoid sedimentation, V=0.6096m/s
Minimum Slope, S=0.0007
Manning's coefficient, N =0.0146
Taking Velocity, V=0.6096m/s
68
By Manning's Formula, we get
1
V| xS

|

Where, A= wetted area
P= wetted perimeter
From the above relations we get the dimensions of the drain as follows
d= 500mm
b= 400mm
The rectangular drainage size= 400mmx500mm
69
7. COST ESTIMATION
It is very much necessary to have the cost estimate for every project. Therefore to have the
approximate cost estimate for the construction, the plinth area method was adopted. The
estimate is based on the BSR 2005 and to incorporate the rise in the price hick the market
survey was done and the percentage increment is done to total estimate to get final
approximate cost estimate for construction.
Plinth area=All the floor area + walls at all floors
Average Room size=

1 W?

PA=plinth area
H=floor to ceiling height
R=number of the rooms
Knowing the room size room, size factor rsf can be found from the given table.
Cost of the building=rsf PA rate H
7.1 Specification of the building
7.1.1 Two storied RCC framed structure
1. Foundation-RRM wall footing and RC column and footing
2. External and internal wall-Brick wall with 300mm external and 200mm internal
3. Flooring-Concrete flooring
4. Windows and door-Frames and shutter in steel or timber
5. Architectural-RC cornice traditional type complete
6. Plumbing and electrical work-Standard plumbing, electrical and finishing

70
7.1.2 Ware house and Storage (one storey)
1. Foundation-RRM wall footing and RC column and footing
2. External and internal wall- Brick wall with 300mm
3. Flooring-Concrete
4. Window and Door-Collapsible door
7.2 Calculations
7.2.1 Office building
Plinth area= (24.35x11.1)=270.285m2
Room height=3.32m
Number of rooms=26
Average room size=

1 !.%.

=3.26
Room size factor=1.025 (from the Quick cost Guide) BSR 2005
Adjustable rate=2544
Cost of the building=1.025x271.285x2544x3.32=Nu.23, 48,577 (Ngultrum twenty three

lakhs forty eight thousand five hundred seventy seven)
7.2.2 Warehouse
Plinth area= (57.6x40.8) + (61.6x44.8) =5109.76mm2
Room height=7m
Number of room=12
Average room size=

1 %&.!!

=14.39
71
room size factor=0.8161 (from the Quick cost Guide) BSR 2005
Cost of the building=0.8161x5109.76x2151.80x7=Nu.62, 812,174 (Ngultrum six crores

twenty eight lakhs twelve thousand one hundred seventy four)
7.2.3 Hazardous Storage
Plinth area= (20x15) =300m2
Room height=3
Number of room=5
Average room size=

1
%
=5.65
room size factor=0.91325(from the Quick cost Guide) BSR 2005
Cost of the building=0.91325x300x2151.80x3=Nu.17, 68,618 (Ngultrum seventeen lakhs

sixty eight thousand six hundred eighteen)
Total cost of the structures =Nu.66, 929,369/-(Ngultrum six crores sixty nine lakhs fifty four
thousand one hundred ten)
Comparing the major increase in the rate of materials and the built up rate for some major
items as per the BSR 2005 and 2007, it is found that rate increases by about 15% annually
Thus by the end of 2009, rate will be increased by 30%
Therefore, Cost of the structure will be;

Increment cost= x66, 929,369=Nu.20, 078,812/- (twenty crores seventy eight lakhs eight
hundred and twelve)
Therefore by adding all the amount the total cost of construction of the structures by the end
of year 2009 will be Nu.87, 008,181 (Ngultrum eight crores seventy lakhs eight thousand one
hundred eight one) approximately
72
7.2.4 Approximate estimation of the road and pavement
The pavement being the flexible pavement the 80/100 grade bitumen is used. The cost of the
laying and compacting using the rollers provided as per the material gradation and aggregate
quality specified is as follows;
Total area to be paved = 20234.13 sq.m
Cost for one square meter = Nu.435 (source: DoR, Thimphu)
Total Cost=20234.13x435=Nu.8, 801,847 (Ngultrum eighty eight lakhs one thousand eight
hundred forty seven)
73
8. CONCLUSION
This project was undertaken mainly after realizing the growth in commercial and industrial
activities in our country that demands the establishment of dry port. Hence the planning,
design and analysis of dry port was carried out to learn the various principles involved in the
planning, analysis and design of its components. It is seen that only few godowns and
warehousing is not sufficient to cater the smooth flow of goods due to the expansion in the
commercial activities and increase in the number of private entrepreneurs. To meet the
growing demand of economic activities, a dry port was proposed by RGoB in Phuentsholing
master plan 2004.
As per the functions and requirements of the dry port the information required was collected
from the various organizations like PCC, RCCO and MTI. Further the additional information
required was collected through the literature review and interactions. The general
specification and the recommendation for the establishment of dry port were all followed
according to the materials collected and as per the Indian standards Codes. In order to
preserve the traditional Bhutanese architecture recommended in BBR 2002, few traditional
features of buildings were also incorporated wherever it is feasible.
The load calculations were made as per the IS: 875-1987 and the analysis of frames were
carried out using the STAAD Pro 2006 software. A typical frame was selected for its
verification of the software results with the manual calculation using the Kani’s Method of
the frame analysis. The results obtained by manual calculations and results obtained by using
STAAD Pro have good agreement. Hence all other analysis of the components was carried
out using the above software.
Then the design was carried out by a programme which was developed using Microsoft excel
by incorporating all the design aspects as per the IS codes for beams, slabs, columns and
footings. Further the design of the flexible bituminous pavement was carried out as per IRC
37: 1984. The approximate cost of the inbuilt structures like office building, warehouse and
hazardous storage were estimated using the plinth area method given in BSR 2005. However
the cost of roads and pavements were estimated based on the thumb rule provided by DoR of
Bhutan.
74
The total dry port area consist of 7.78 acres (built up area is 2.78 acres and for roads and
pavements is 5 acres). The estimated cost based on plinth area method for this dry port is
approximately Nu. 99.16 millions excluding land cost.
After the successful completion of the project we came to understand the various planning
and design aspects that are needed for the civil engineer in the field. We also learned the
approaches to be taken while collecting the data and the interpretation of the collected data
for the execution of any project in future.
If the project could be implemented by the government it would bring the much changes and
improvement to the commercial and industrial activities, thus raising the economy of the
country and improving the living standard of the people.
75
REFERENCES
1. Asian Development Bank, 2002. “Technical Assistance to Kingdom of Bhutan for Preparing
the Industrial Estate and Dry Port Development Project”. Availability:
http://www.adb.org/Documents/CSPs/BHU/2003/BHU_Appendix2.pdf .
2. Bhavikatti SS, 2005, second edition; “Structural Analysis vol.1 and vol. 2”; Vikas Publishing
House PVT. Limited.
3. Building Code; Structural Design; BST-002-2003(Part I, Section1); Basis of Design; Safety
and Loads.
4. Chhetri, Kushal et al, 2006; “Project Report on Planning, Analysis and Design of
Multipurpose Stadium in Phuntsholing Area”; College of Science and Technology.
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Construction”; 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria Va.22332-5000
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10. IS: 13920-1993, fifth revision; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
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Structures”; General provisions for buildings, fifth revision; Bureau of Indian Standard, New
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76
15. Krishna, N Raju 2005; “Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures”; Satish Kumar Jain for
CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
16. Memos, Constantine D; “Port Planning and Designing”; National Technical University of
Athens; Zografos; Greece.
17. Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2003, “TA 4019-BHU: Industrial Estate and Dry Port
Development”.
18. Negi, L.S., Third Edition; “Design of Steel Structures”; Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
19. Officer Association, Essex Planning, 2001; “Vehicle Parking Standards”.
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Publishing Company (P) Ltd.
21. Reddy, C.S. (Second Edition), 1996. “Basic Structural Analysis”; Tata McGraw Hill
Company Limited.
22. SP-16, “ Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-2000”; Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
23. Thapa, Gautam et al, 2006; “ Project Report on Planning, Analysis and Design of Library
com Administrative Building”; College of Science and Technology.
24. Varghese, P.C., 2003 Second Edition; “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”; Prentice-
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25. Vazirani, V.N. & Ratwani, 2002; “Analysis and design of steel Structures”; Khanna
Publishers, New Delhi.
77
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78
Summary of analysis
Table No.1: Truss grouping of office building
Truss 1
Load
combination Design Load Type of
members
Dead Live Wind
Member load load load DL+LL DL+WL Compression Tension
1 -2.62 -10.3 8.049 -12.92 5.429 -12.92 5.429
2 -2.62 -10.3 8.049 -12.92 5.429 -12.92 5.429
3 -5.51 22.24 -36.37 16.73 -41.878 -41.878 16.73
4 -3.897 28.268 -46.06 24.371 -49.953 -49.953 24.371
5 -3.694 27.306 -45.92 23.612 -49.615 -49.615 23.612 Tie
6 -3.694 27.306 -45.92 23.612 -49.615 -49.615 23.612 member
7 -3.897 28.268 -46.06 24.371 -49.953 -49.953 24.371
8 -5.51 22.24 -36.37 16.73 -41.878 -41.878 16.73
9 -2.62 -10.3 8.049 -12.92 5.429 -12.92 5.429
10 -2.62 -10.3 8.049 -12.92 5.429 -12.92 5.429
11 2.679 10.533 -7.66 13.212 -4.981 -4.981 13.212
12 -5.63 -22.73 38.899 -28.364 33.269 -28.364 33.269
13 -7.279 -28.9 49.656 -36.176 42.377 -36.176 42.377
14 -7.07 -27.91 50.47 -34.98 43.4 -34.98 43.4
15 -6.058 -23.82 46.029 -29.877 39.971 -29.877 39.971
Rafter
16 -6.058 -23.82 46.029 -29.877 39.971 -29.877 39.971
17 -7.07 -27.91 50.47 -34.98 43.4 -34.98 43.4
18 -7.279 -28.9 49.656 -36.176 42.377 -36.176 42.377
19 -5.63 -22.73 38.899 -28.364 33.269 -28.364 33.269
20 2.679 10.533 -7.66 13.212 -4.981 -4.981 13.212
21 -4.969 -19.05 25.6 -24.019 20.631 -24.019 20.631
22 -2.027 -8.113 11.099 -10.14 9.072 -10.14 9.072
23 -0.752 -2.811 4.471 -3.563 3.719 -3.563 3.719
24 0.137 0.649 -0.091 0.786 0.046 0 0.786
Vertical
25 4.742 1.275 -5.159 6.017 -0.417 -0.417 6.017
member
26 0.137 0.649 -0.091 0.786 0.046 0 0.786
27 -0.752 -2.811 4.471 -3.563 3.719 -3.563 3.719
28 -2.027 -8.113 11.099 -10.14 9.072 -10.14 9.072
29 -4.969 -19.05 25.6 -24.019 20.631 -24.019 20.631
30 8.379 33.537 -45.88 41.916 -37.501 -37.501 41.916
31 1.78 6.651 -10.58 8.431 -8.799 -8.799 8.431
32 -0.245 -1.16 0.163 -1.405 -0.082 -1.405 0
33 -1.312 -5.289 5.442 -6.601 4.13 -6.601 4.13 Inclined
34 -1.312 -5.289 5.442 -6.601 4.13 -6.601 4.13 member
35 -0.245 -1.16 0.163 -1.405 -0.082 -1.405 0
36 1.78 6.651 -10.58 8.431 -8.799 -8.799 8.431
37 8.379 33.537 -45.88 41.916 -37.501 -37.501 41.916
79
Truss 2
Load
Dead Live Wind members
Tie
1 -1.524 -6.963 8.7 -8.487 7.176 -8.487 7.176 member
2 1.558 7.118 -8.51 8.676 -6.952 -6.952 8.676 Rafter
Vertical
3 -0.648 -2.96 3.62 -3.608 2.972 -3.608 2.972 member
Truss 3
Load
1 -1.41 -6.318 7.936 -7.728 6.526 -7.728 6.526 Tie
2 -1.41 -6.318 7.936 -7.728 6.526 -7.728 6.526 member
3 1.438 6.459 -7.265 7.897 -5.827 -5.827 7.897
Rafter
4 1.438 6.459 -7.763 7.897 -6.325 -6.325 7.897
5 -0.55 -2.467 3.027 -3.017 2.477 -3.017 2.477 Vertical
6 -0.55 -2.467 2.99 -3.017 2.44 -3.017 2.44 member
Inclined
7 0 0 0.15 0 0.15 0 0.15 member
Truss 4
Load
1 -1.43 -6.304 7.921 -7.734 6.491 -7.734 6.49
2 -1.43 -6.304 7.921 -7.734 6.491 -7.734 6.49 Tie member
3 -0.879 -5.085 5.112 -5.964 4.233 -5.964 4.23
4 1.457 6.432 -6.774 7.889 -5.317 -5.317 7.89
5 0.899 5.199 -4.171 6.098 -3.272 -3.272 6.1 Rafter
6 1.462 6.445 -7.746 7.907 -6.284 -6.284 7.91
7 -0.812 -3.03 4.403 -3.842 3.591 -3.842 3.59
Vertical
8 -0.137 -0.304 0.7 -0.441 0.563 -0.441 0.56
member
9 -0.557 -2.469 2.948 -3.026 2.391 -3.026 2.39
10 0.567 1.256 -2.895 1.823 -2.328 -2.328 1.82 Inclined
11 -0.603 -1.33 3.442 -1.933 2.839 -1.933 2.84 member
80
Truss 5
Load
Membe Live Wind DL+L DL+W Compressio Tensio members
r Dead load load load L L n n
1 -1.458 -6.318 7.921 -7.78 6.463 -7.776 6.463
2 -1.458 -6.318 7.921 -7.78 6.463 -7.776 6.463 Tie
3 -0.336 -1.453 2.022 -1.79 1.686 -1.789 1.686 member
4 -0.689 -2.976 4.01 -3.67 3.321 -3.665 3.321
5 1.489 6.452 -6.244 7.941 -4.755 -4.755 7.941
6 0.704 3.044 -2.516 3.748 -1.812 -1.812 3.748
Rafter
7 0.344 1.486 -1.074 1.83 -0.73 -0.73 1.83
8 1.491 6.459 -7.748 7.95 -6.257 -6.257 7.95
9 -1.087 -4.714 5.781 -5.8 4.694 -5.801 4.694
10 -0.279 -1.213 1.471 -1.49 1.192 -1.492 1.192 Vertical
11 0.164 0.71 -0.925 0.874 -0.761 -0.761 0.874 member
12 -0.569 -2.466 2.935 -3.04 2.366 -3.035 2.366
13 1.156 5.014 -6.08 6.17 -4.924 -4.924 6.17
Inclined
14 -0.389 -1.68 2.188 -2.07 1.799 -2.069 1.799
member
15 -0.927 -4.02 5.089 -4.95 4.162 -4.947 4.162
Truss 6
Load
Membe Dead Live Wind Compressio members
r load load load DL+LL DL+WL n Tension
1 -1.487 -6.332 7.936 -7.819 6.449 -7.819 6.449
2 -1.487 -6.332 7.936 -7.819 6.449 -7.819 6.449
Tie
3 0.232 0.982 -0.295 1.214 -0.063 -0.063 1.214
member
4 -0.084 -5.85 0.839 -5.934 0.755 -5.934 0.755
5 -0.759 -11.981 4.282 -12.74 3.523 -12.74 3.523
6 1.534 11.925 -6.55 13.459 -5.016 -5.016 13.459
7 0.604 5.891 -2.274 6.495 -1.67 -1.67 6.495
8 -0.086 -0.377 0.777 -0.463 0.691 -0.463 0.691 Rafter
9 -0.237 -1.003 1.35 -1.24 1.113 -1.24 1.113
10 1.52 6.474 -7.763 7.994 -6.243 -6.243 7.994
11 -1.374 -5.85 7.175 -7.224 5.801 -7.224 5.801
12 -0.429 -1.836 2.052 -2.265 1.623 -2.265 1.623
Vertical
13 0.07 3.186 -0.529 3.256 -0.459 -0.459 3.256
member
14 0.455 4.135 -2.32 4.59 -1.865 -1.865 4.59
15 -0.583 -0.698 3.04 -1.281 2.457 -1.281 2.457
81
16 1.772 7.538 -8.483 9.31 -6.711 -6.711 9.31
17 -0.163 -0.675 1.251 -0.838 1.088 -0.838 1.088 Inclined
18 -0.814 -7.395 4.153 -8.209 3.339 -8.209 3.339 member
19 -1.205 -7.823 6.305 -9.028 5.1 -9.028 5.1
Truss 7
Load
1 -11.212 -36.89 2.494 -48.102 -8.718 -48.102 0
2 -11.212 -36.89 2.494 -48.102 -8.718 -48.102 0
Tie
3 -1.219 -3.34 -6.99 -4.559 -8.209 -8.209 0
member
4 1.345 6.047 -7.323 7.392 -5.978 -5.978 7.392
5 1.384 6.081 -7.726 7.465 -6.342 -6.342 7.465
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 -1.399 -6.147 7.81 -7.546 6.411 -7.546 6.411
8 -1.359 -6.112 7.402 -7.471 6.043 -7.471 6.043 Rafter
9 1.233 -3.377 -7.07 -2.144 -5.837 -5.837 0
10 11.334 37.294 -2.521 48.628 8.813 0 48.628
11 -6.642 -9.65 12.003 -16.292 5.361 -16.292 5.361
12 -1.762 -5.917 1.672 -7.679 -0.09 -7.679 0
Vertical
13 -0.833 -3.05 4.65 -3.883 3.817 -3.883 3.817
member
14 -0.018 -0.016 0.188 -0.034 0.17 -0.034 0.17
15 -1.375 -5.85 7.175 -7.225 5.8 -7.225 5.8
16 10.147 34.072 -9.63 44.219 0.517 0 44.219
17 2.696 9.87 -15.05 12.566 -12.354 -12.354 12.566 Inclined
18 0.043 0.038 -0.445 0.081 -0.402 -0.402 0.081 member
19 -1.632 -7.171 9.111 -8.803 7.479 -8.803 7.479
Table No.2: Beam grouping of office building
Max
Group Roof Beam (+ve) Min (-ve)
A1-A2,A3-A4,B1-B2,B3-B4,C1-C2,C3-C4,D1-D2,D3-D4,E1-
1 E2,E3-E4,F3-F4,F1-F2,G1-G2,G3-G4,J1-J2,J3-J4,H3-H4 39.934 36.062
2 A2-A3,J2-J3,G2-G3 32.987 30.233
3 B2-B3,C2-C3,D2-D3,E2-E3,F2-F3 26.494 23.234
4 1A-1B,1I-1J,2A-2B,2I-2J,3A-3B,3G-3H,4A-4B,4I-4J 35.13 29.825
1B-1C,1C-1D,1D-1E,1E-1F,1F-1G,1G-1I, 2B-2C,2C-2D, 2D-
2E,2E-2F,2F-2G,2G-2I, 3B-3C,3C-3D,3D-3E,3E-3F, 3F-3G,3I-
5 3H, 4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-4E,4E-4F,4F-4G,4G-4I 27.791 26.381
82
Max(-
Group First Floor Beam Max(+ve) ve)
1 A1-A2, A3-A4, A2-A3, J1-J2, J3-J4, J2,J3 95.914 39.789
2 B2-B3, C2-C3, D2-D3, E-E3, F2-F3, G2-G3, I2-I3 66.722 49.917

B1-B2,B3-B4,C1-C2,C3-C4,D1-D2,D3-D4,E1-E2,E3-E4,F1-
3 F2,F3-F4, G1-G2,G3-G4,I1-I2 76.843 38.23
2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,2E-2F,2F-2G,2G-2I,3B-3C,3C-3D,3D-
4 3E,3E-3F,3F-3G 56.634 38.118
1A-1B,1B-1C,1C-1D,1D-1E,1I-1J,4A-4B,4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-
5 4E,4H-4J,3I-3H 79.324 55.504
1E-1F,1F-1G,1G-1I,2A-2B,2I-2J,3G-3H,3I-3J,4E-4F, 4F-4G,4G-
6 4H 69.857 61.651
Group Plinth Beams Max(+ve) Max(-ve)

1 A1-A2, A3-A4, A2-A3, J1-J2, J3-J4, J2,J3 95.914 39.789
2 B2-B3, C2-C3, D2-D3, E-E3, F2-F3, G2-G3, I2-I3 66.722 49.917
B1-B2,B3-B4,C1-C2,C3-C4,D1-D2,D3-D4,E1-E2,E3-E4,F1-
3 F2,F3-F4,G1-G2,G3-G4,I1-I2 76.843 38.23
2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,2E-2F,2F-2G,2G-2I,3B-3C,3C-3D,3D-
4 3E,3E-3F,3F-3G 56.634 38.118
1A-1B,1B-1C,1C-1D,1D-1E,1I-1J,4A-4B,4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-
5 4E,4H-4J,3I-3H 79.324 55.504
1E-1F,1F-1G,1G-1I,2A-2B,2I-2J,3G-3H,3I-3J,4E-4F,4F-4G,4G-
6 4H 69.857 61.651
Plinth beam
Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
1 2A-2B,2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,5A-5B,5C-5D,5D-5E 30.944 26.58
2 5B-5C,1C-1D,3C-3D,4C-4D,6C-6D 58.451 23.37
3 1A-1B,1B-1C,1D-1E,3A-3B,3B-3C,3D-3E,4A-4B, 75.592 33.438
4B-4C,4D-4E,6A-6B,6B-6C,6D-6E
Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
B1-B2,B2-B3,B3-B4,B4-B5,B5-B6,D1-D2,D2-D3, D3-
1 D4,D4-D5,D5-D6 32.455 26.524
2 A3-A4,C3-C4,C4-C5,E3-E4 56.708 21.239
3 A1-A2,A4-A5,C1-C2,E1-E2,E4-E5 69.59 29.009
4 A2-A3,A5-A6,E2-E3,E5-E6 79.467 56.708
83
Roof beam
Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
1C-1D,2A-2B,2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,3C-3D,4C-4D,5A-
1 25.981 20.629
5B,5B-5C,5C-5D,5D-5E,6C-6D
1A-1D,1B-1C,1D-1E,3A-3B,3B-3C,3D-3E,4A-4B,4B-4C,4D-
2 38.012 29.217
4E,6A-6B,6B-6C,6D-6E
Grouping of Beams in X-X Direction
Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
A3-A4,A4-A5,B1-B2,B2-B3,B4-B5,B5-B6,C3-C4,C4-C5,D1-
1 25.981 20.629
D2,D2-D3,D4-D5,D5-D6,E3-E4,E4-E5
A1-A2,A2-A3,A5-A6,B3-B4,C1-C2,C2-C3,C5-C6,D3-
2 38.012 29.217
D4,E1-E2,E2-E3,E5-E6
First Floor
Column Member Fy (KN) My(KNm) Mx(kNm)

C1 A1,A4,J1,J4,A2,A3,J2,J3 178 71.085 43.658
C2 B1,C1,D1,E1,F1,G1,I1,B4,C4,D4,E4,F4,B2,C2,D2,E2, 246 79.808 49.38

F2,G2,I2,B3,C3,D3,E3,F3
C3 H3,H4 210 62.274 61.844

Ground Floor
C4 A1,A4,J1,J4,A2,A3,J2,J3 371 64.357 53.046
C5 B1,C1,D1,E1,F1,G1,I1,B4,C4,D4,E4,F4,B2,C2,D2,E2, 509 81.007 63.202

F2,G2,I2,B3,C3,D3,E3,F3
C6 H3,H4 398 65.481 69.117
Table No.4: Footing grouping of office building
Groups Footings Max Mx

Pu (kN) (kN-m)
PAD1 A1,J1,A4,J4 502.173 9.071
PAD2
B1,C1,D1,E1,F1,G1,I1,B4,C4,D4,E4,F4,H4 612.361 -69.477
PAD3
A2,A3,B2,B3,C2,C3,D2,D3,E2,E3,F2,F3,G2,H3,I2,J2,J3 693.816 -6.04
PAD4 F2,G2,I2,J2
PAD5 F3,H3,J3
84
Table No.5: Beam grouping of hazardous storage house
Grouping of Beams in Y-Y Direction

Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Plinth Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
1 2A-2B,2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,5A-5B,5C-5D,5D-5E 30.944 26.58
2 5B-5C,1C-1D,3C-3D,4C-4D,6C-6D 58.451 23.37
3 1A-1B,1B-1C,1D-1E,3A-3B,3B-3C,3D-3E,4A-4B, 75.592 33.438
4B-4C,4D-4E,6A-6B,6B-6C,6D-6E

Moment Range (KN-
Group Plinth Beams m)
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
B1-B2,B2-B3,B3-B4,B4-B5,B5-B6,D1-D2,D2-D3,
1 D3-D4,D4-D5,D5-D6 32.455 26.524
2 A3-A4,C3-C4,C4-C5,E3-E4 56.708 21.239
3 A1-A2,A4-A5,C1-C2,E1-E2,E4-E5 69.59 29.009
4 A2-A3,A5-A6,E2-E3,E5-E6 79.467 56.708
Grouping of Beams in Y-Y Direction

Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Roof Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
1C-1D,2A-2B,2B-2C,2C-2D,2D-2E,3C-3D,4C-
1 25.981 20.629
4D,5A-5B,5B-5C,5C-5D,5D-5E,6C-6D
1A-1D,1B-1C,1D-1E,3A-3B,3B-3C,3D-3E,4A-
2 38.012 29.217
4B,4B-4C,4D-4E,6A-6B,6B-6C,6D-6E

Moment Range (KN-m)
Group Roof Beams
Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
A3-A4,A4-A5,B1-B2,B2-B3,B4-B5,B5-B6,C3-C4,C4-
1 25.981 20.629
C5,D1-D2,D2-D3,D4-D5,D5-D6,E3-E4,E4-E5
A1-A2,A2-A3,A5-A6,B3-B4,C1-C2,C2-C3,C5-C6,D3-
2 38.012 29.217
D4,E1-E2,E2-E3,E5-E6
85
Table No.7: Footing grouping of hazardous storage house
Max Mx
Groups Footings Pu (kN) (kN-m)
PAD1 1,4,9,12,74,77,81,82,83 9.071
PAD2 75,78,86,90,73,84,79,85,76,89,87,80 612.361 -69.477
PAD3 75,78,86,90,73,84,79,85,76,89,87,80 693.816 -6.04
PAD4 2,10,3,11,5,8
PAD5 6,7
Table No.8: Truss grouping of ware house
Load
Truss T1 combination Design Load Member
Member DL LL WL DL+LL DL+WL Compression Tension
AO -41.34 -59.56 101.4 -100.9 60.1
OP -37.6 -51.43 81.1 -89.03 43.5
PQ -33.97 -44.83 71.2 -78.8 37.23
-100.9 60.1 RAFTER
QR -30.3 -39.12 60.11 -69.42 29.81
RS -26.51 -33.52 50.99 -60.03 24.48
ST -22.74 -27.99 46.89 -50.73 24.15
AB 40.11 57.79 -98.43 97.9 -58.32
BC 40.11 57.79 -98.43 97.9 -58.32
CD 36.47 55.17 -78.79 91.64 -42.32
-58.32 97.9 TIE
DE 32.94 49.27 -51.81 82.21 -18.87
EF 30.26 43.72 -41.04 73.98 -10.78
FG 26.59 24.84 -32.22 51.43 -5.63
BO 0 0 0 0 0
CP 0.91 0.65 -4.9 1.56 -3.99 -11.95 11.14
DQ 1.8 3.01 -13.75 4.81 -11.95 VERTICAL
ER 2.68 4.18 -8.11 6.86 -5.43 STRUTS
FS 3.67 5.42 -8.82 9.09 -5.15
TG 4.52 6.62 -4.62 11.14 -0.1
OC -3.75 -2.7 20.24 -6.45 16.49
PD -3.96 -6.62 30.28 -10.58 26.32 -26.32 14.34
INCLINED
QE -4.46 -6.95 13.48 -11.41 9.02 STRUTS
RF -5.19 -7.67 12.48 -12.86 7.29
SG -5.82 -8.52 6.35 -14.34 0.53
86
Table No.9: Column grouping of hazardous storage house
COLUM MAXIMUM VALUES

N
GROUP Members
Pu(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm)
NOS.
I 20.65 38.521 39.422

C7,C8,C11,C12,C19,C20,C23,C24
II C1,C2,C5,C6,C9,C10,C14,C17,C21,C22,C25,C26, 41.691 69.809 69.809

C29,C30
III 67.311 104.027 102.455
C3,C4,C15,C16,C18,C27,C28
Load
Truss T2 combination Design Load Member
Member DL LL WL DL+LL DL+WL Compression Tension
1 -1.716 -5.25 20.71 -6.966 18.994
2 -1.716 -5.25 20.71 -6.966 18.994
Tie
3 -0.756 -2.67 -7.564 -3.426 -8.32 6.966 20.384
member
4 -1.579 -1.818 21.96 -3.397 20.384
5 -2.857 1.23 11.12 -1.627 8.261
6 1.769 5.415 -20.13 7.184 -18.361
7 0.78 -2.75 11.44 -1.97 12.22
8 1.627 -1.876 27.49 -0.249 29.117 18.361 29.117 Rafter
9 2.95 1.276 -18.73 4.226 -15.78
10 4.45 3.29 -18.11 7.74 -13.66
11 -2.675 -6.55 24.35 -9.225 21.675
13 -0.239 -1.976 7.05 -2.215 6.811
Vertical
15 0.419 0.434 6.74 0.853 7.159 9.225 21.675
strut
17 0.963 2.29 8.17 3.253 9.133
19 -5.17 3.416 5.36 -1.754 0.19
12 0.989 8.167 -29.14 9.156 -28.151
14 -0.923 -0.956 -14.84 -1.879 -15.763 Inclined
28.151 9.156
16 -1.6 -3.82 -13.58 -5.42 -15.18 strut
18 -2.06 -6.24 2.47 -8.3 0.41
87
Table No.10: Beam grouping of ware house
Group Plinth Beams Max(+ve) Max(-ve)

1A-1B,1B-1C,1C-1D,1D-1E,1E-1F,1F-1G,1G-1H,1H-
I 1I,1I-1J,1J-1K,1K-1L,6A-6B,6B-6C,6C-6D,6E-6F,6F- 211 78.6
6G,6G-6H,6I-6J,6J-6K,6K-6L,6D-6E,6H-6I
2A-2B,2K-2L,3B-3C,3C-3D,3D-3E,3E-3F,3F-3G,3G-
3H,3H-3I,3I-3J,4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-4E,4E-4F,4F-4G,4G-
III 167 138
4H,4H-4I,4I-4K,5A-5B,5K-5L,3A-3B,3K-3L,4A-4B,4K-
4L
II 2B to 2K & 4B to 4K 149 112
A1-A2,A2-A3,A4-A5,A5-A6,L1-L2,L2-L3,L4-L5,L5-
IV 320 131
L6,A3-A4,L3-L4
B1-B2,B5-B6,C1-C2,C5-C6,D1-D2,D5-D6,E1-E2,E5-
E6,F1-F2,F5-F6,G1-G2,G5-G6,H1-H2,H5-H6,I1-I2,I5-
I6,J1-J2,J5-J6,K1-K2,K5-K6,B2-B3,B3-B4,B4-B5,C2-
V C3,C3-C4,C4-C5,D2-D3,D3-D4,D4-D5,E2-E3,E3-E4,E4- 214 112
E5,F2-F3,F3-F4,F4-F5,G2-G3,G3-G4,G4-G5,H2-H3,H3-
H4,H4-H5,I2-I3,I3-I4,I4-I5,J2-J3,J3-J4,J4-J5,K2-K3,K3-
K4,K4-K5
Group Middle Beams Max(+ve) Max(-ve)

1A-1B,1K-1L,6A-6B,6K-6L,1B-1C,1C-1D,1D-1E,1E-
I 1F,1F-1G,1G-1H,1H-1I,1I-1J,1J-1K,6B-6C,6C-6D,6D- 185 88
6E,6E-6F,6F-6G,6G-6H,6H-6I,6I-6J,6J-6K
II 2F,2F-2G,2G-2H,2H-2I,2I-2J,2J-2K,5B-5C,5C-5D,5D- 232 215
5E,5E-5F,5F-5G,5G-5H,5H-5I,5I-5J,5J-5K
3B-3C,3C-3D,3D-3E,3E-3F,3F-3G,3G-3H,3H-3I,3I-
III 3K,4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-4E,4E-4F,4F-4G,4G-4H,4H-4I,4I- 268 249
4K,3A-3B,3K-3L,4A-4B,4K-4L
IV A1-A2,A5-A6,L1-L2,L5-L6,A2-A3,A4-A5,L2-L3,L4-L5 310 145
B1-B2,B5-B6,C1-C2,C5-C6,D1-D2,D5-D6,E1-E2,E5-
E6,F1-F2,F5-F6,G1-G2,G5-G6,H1-H2,H5-H6,I1-I2,I5-
V I6,J1-J2,J5-J6,K1-K2,K5-K6,B2-B3,B4-B5,C2-C3,C4- 231 197
C5,D2-D3,D4-D5,E2-E3,E4-E5,F2-F3,F4-F5,G2-G3,G4-
G5,H2-H3,H4-H5,I2-I3,I4-I5,J2-J3,J4-J5,K2-K3,K4-K5
88
Group Side roof and central Beams Max(+ve) Max(-ve)
I 1F,1F-1G,1G-1H,1H-1I,1I-1J,1J-1K,6B-6C,6C-6D,6D- 74.8 55.8
6E,6E-6F,6F-6G,6G-6H,6H-6I,6I-6J,6J-6K
A1-A2,A5-A6,L1-L2,L5-L6,B1-B2,B5-B6,C1-C2,C5-
II C6,D1-D2,D5-D6,E1-E2,E5-E6,F1-F2,F5-F6,G1-G2,G5- 182 142
G6,H1-H2,H5-H6,I1-I2,I5-I6,J1-J2,J5-J6,K1-K2,K5-K6
Group Roof Beams Max(+ve) Max(-ve)

2A-2B,2K-2L,5A-5B,5K-5L,3B-3C,3C-3D,3D3E,3E-
3F,3F-3G,3G-3H,3H-3I,3I-3J,3J-3K, 4B-4C,4C-4D,4D-
I 4E,4E-4F,4F-4G,4G-4H, 4H-4I,4I-4J,4J-4K,2B-2C,2C- 137 114
2D,2D,2E,2E-2F,2F-2G,2G-2H,2H-2I,2I-2J,2J-2K,5B-
5C,5C,5D,5D-5E,5E-5F,5F-5G,5G-5H,5H-5I,5I-5J,5J-5K
II 3A-3B,3K-3L,4A-4B,4K-4L 160 96.3
A2-A3,A4-A5,B2-B3,B4-B5,C2-C3,C4-C5,D2-D3,D4-
III D5,E2-E3,E4-E5,F2-F3,F4-F5,G2-G3,G4-G5,H2-H3,H4- 144 113
H5,I2-I3,I4-I5,J2-J3,J4-J5K2-K3,K4-K5,L2-L3,L4-L5
A3-A4,B3-B4,C3-C4,D3-D4,E3-E4,F3-F4,G3-G4,H3-
IV 88.3 46.8
H4,I3-I4,J3-J4,K3-K4,L3-L4
Table No.11: Beam grouping of ware house
Maximum value
Group Member
I 351.977 231.164 97.045
C7,C8,C11,C12,C19,C20,C23,C24
C1,C2,C5,C6,C9,C10,C14,C17,C21,C22,C25,C2
II 371.935 260.417 255.957
6,C29,C30
III 270.557 343.496 304.717
C3,C4,C15,C16,C18,C27,C28
IV 463.771 365.601 325.38
89
Table No.12: Column grouping of ware house
Maximum value
Group Member
I 351.977 231.164 97.045

A1,F1
II 371.935 260.417 255.957
A12,F12
III F2,F3,F4,F5,F6,F7,F8,F9,F10,F11,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5, 270.557 343.496 304.717
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,A11
IV 1B,1C,1D,1E,12B,12C,12E 463.771 365.601 325.38
Table No.13: Footing grouping of ware house
Footing Column no. Pu(kN)

Pad#1 1,12,61,72 1271.843
Pad#2 13,25,37,49,24,36,48,60 1787.539
Pad#3 14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59 1765.857
Pad#4 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,,47 1756.793
Pad#5 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71 1515.564
90
Summary of design
Table No. 14: Design summary of trusses of office building
Truss T1 (14.35m span)
Nominal
Outer
Length bore(inner Weight
Sl.no Members diameter Class Thickness(mm)
(m) dia)(mm) (kg/m)
(OD)
NB
1 1 to 10 1.38 40 48.3 Light 2.90 3.27
2 11 to 20 1.41 40 48.3 Light 2.90 3.27
3 21, 29 0.345 20 26.9 Medium 2.65 1.58
4 22,28 0.6334 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
5 23 to 27 0.922 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
6 30,37 1.423 32 42.4 Medium 3.25 3.15
7 31,33,34,36 1.52 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
8 32,35 1.66 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
Nominal
bore Outer
Length Weight
Sl.no Members (inner diameter Class Thickness(mm)
(m) (kg/m)
dia)(mm) (OD)
NB
1 1 1.65 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
2 2 1.69 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
3 3 0.35 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
91
Nominal
bore Outer
Length Weight
(m) (kg/m)
dia)(mm) (OD)
NB
1 1,2 1.65 20 26.9 Medium 2.65 1.58
2 3,4 1.41 20 26.9 Medium 2.65 1.58
3 5,6 0.35 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
4 7 1.44 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
Nominal
bore Outer
Length Weight
(m) (kg/m)
dia)(mm) (OD)
NB
1 1,2,3 1.65 25 33.7 Light 2.65 2.04
2 4,5,6 1.69 25 33.7 Light 2.65 2.04
3 7 0.35 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
4 8,9 0.94 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
5 10,11 1.42 15 21.3 Medium 2.65 1.22
92
Nominal
bore Outer
Length Weight
(m) (kg/m)
dia)(mm) (OD)
NB
1 1 to 4 1.65 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
2 5 to 8 1.69 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
3 9,12 0.35 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
4 10,11 0.64 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
5 13,15 1.67 15 21.3 Medium 2.65 1.22
6 14 1.52 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
Nominal
bore Outer
Length Weight
(m) (kg/m)
dia)(mm) (OD)
NB
1 1 to 5 1.39 20 26.9 Medium 2.65 1.42
2 6 to 10 1.69 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
3 11 0.34 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
4 12,13,14,15 0.63 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
5 16,18,19 1.84 20 26.9 Light 2.35 1.42
6 17 1.52 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
93
Nominal
Outer
Length bore (inner Weight
Sl.no Members diameter Class Thickness(mm)
(m) dia)(mm) (kg/m)
(OD)
NB
1 1 to 5 2.33 50 60.3 Light 2.90 4.14
2 6 to 10 2.36 32 42.4 Light 2.65 2.61
3 11 0.34 15 21.3 Medium 2.65 1.22
4 12,15 0.63 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
5 13,14 0.92 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
6 16 1.98 32 42.4 Medium 3.25 3.15
7 17,19 2.05 25 33.7 Light 2.65 2.04
8 18 2.16 15 21.3 Light 2.00 0.962
Table No. 15: Design summary of beams of office building

Office building roof beam
Group Top Bottom Beam
no. Reinforcement Reinforcement Dimension(mm2) Shear Reinforcement
8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c
1 4nos, 12mmФ 3nos, 16mmФ 300 x 300 at either side & 8mmФ@135mmc/c at
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
94
Office building first floor beam
Top Bottom Beam
Group Reinforcement Reinforcement Dimension(mm2) Shear Reinforcement
8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
1 3nos, 12mmФ 4nos, 20mmФ 300 x 400 either side & 8mmФ@135mmc/c at
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
Office plinth beam

Top Bottom Beam
Group Reinforcement Reinforcement Dimension(mm2) Shear Reinforcement
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
middle portion
5 4nos, 12mmФ 3nos,16mmФ@ 300 x 400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c

at either side & 8mmФ@185mmc/c at
middle portion
95
Table No.16: Design summary of column for office
building
Group No. Maximum value Size of Reinforcement Shear Reinforcement
Pu(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Column
(mm2)
CI(1st floor) 178 43.658 71.085 400X400 4-25 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm

4-12mmФ for the distance 500
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
C2(1st floor) 246 49.38 79.808 400X400 4-25 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
C3(1st floor) 210 61.844 62.274 400X400 4-25 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
C4(Ground 371 53.046 64.357 400X400 4-25 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm
floor) 4-12mmФ for the distance 500
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
C5(Ground 509 63.202 81.007 400X400 4-28 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
C6VI(Ground 398 69.117 65.481 400X400 4-25 mmФ 8mmФ @ 100mm
from face of beam
&200mm c/c in
centre
96
Table No. 17: Two Way Slab Design Details for the Roof of Office building
Moments Reinforcement
Panel Span (+ve) Support Span (Bottom)- Support (Top)-

(alternate bars (alternate bars Torsion
KNm (-ve)KNm cranked) cranked)
1,2,3,4, 8mm dia @ 8mm dia @

Mx = 4.69 6.12
17,18 300mm c/c 250mm c/c
8mm dia @
19,20,23, 300mm c/c for
5,6,21,9, the length of
10,11,12, 8mm dia @ 8mm dia @ 600mm from
13,14,15, My =3.36 4.44 the face of
300mm c/c 300mm c/c
16 column
12mm dia@ 10mm dia @

Mx=11.64 15 200mm c/c for
10mm dia @
200mm c/c the length of
7,8 200mm c/c
500mm from
8mm dia @ 10mm dia @ the face of
My=7.24 9.57 column
200mm c/c 250mm c/c
8mm dia @ 10mm dia @ 8mm dia @

Mx = 7.06 9.93
200mm c/c 250mm c/c 250mm c/c for
the length of
22
8mm dia @ 10mm dia @ 900mm from
My = 7.06 9.93 the face of
200mm c/c 250mm c/c
column
97
First floor slab details
Panel Span (+ve) Support Span (Bottom)- Support (Top)-

(alternate bars (alternate bars Torsion
KNm (-ve)KNm cranked) cranked)
1,2,3, 8mm dia @ 8mm dia @

Mx = 4.69 6.12
17,18 300mm c/c 250mm c/c
8mm dia @
19,20
300mm c/c for
,23,5,
the length of
6,21,
9, My =3.36 4.44
300mm c/c 300mm c/c the face of
10,11
column
,12
8mm dia @ 8mm dia@ 8mm dia @

Mx=3.7 4.77 300mm c/c for
7,8,1 300mm c/c 300mm c/c the length of
3,14,
500mm from
15,16 8mm dia @ 8mm dia @
My=2.31 3.05 the face of
300mm c/c 300mm c/c column
10mm dia @ 12mm dia @ 10mm dia @

Mx = 7.06 9.93
300mm c/c 300mm c/c 300mm c/c for
the length of
22
My = 7.06 9.93 the face of
300mm c/c 300mm c/c
column
98
Table No.18: Footing design summary of offg blg
Footing Footing type Dimensions(mm2) Depth, D Reinforcements
groups (mm)
PAD1 Isolated 1570x1570 300 12mmФ @ 180mm c/c in both
footing directions
PAD2 Isolated 1730x1730 300 12mmФ @ 180mm c/c in both
footing directions
PAD3 Combined 4270x2640 310 10-16mmФ @ 250mm c/c in
footing longitudinal direction 16mmФ @
170 c/c in transverse direction
PAD4 Slab beam type 9300x1300 250 12mmФ @ 250mm c/c as main
strip footing reinforcement & 8mmФ @ 160 c/c
as distribution reinforcement
For footing width=400 665 3-16mmФ bar as both top and
beam with bottom reinforcement with 2
clear legged stirrups of 10mmФ @ 95
cover=60mm c/c
PAD5 Slab beam type 9000x1000 250 16mmФ @ 160mm c/c as main
strip footing reinforcement & 8mmФ @ 160 c/c
as distribution reinforcement
For footing width=400 400 3-12mmФ bar as both top and
beam with bottom reinforcement with 2
clear legged stirrups of 10mmФ @
cover=60mm 80mm c/c
Table No.19: Truss design summary of hazardous storage house
Sl.no Design summary of roof truss

1 Member Nominal bore of tubular section
2 Tie member 65mm(M)
3 Rafter 65mm(L)
4 Vertical strut
25,45 32mm(L)
33,35,37 25mm(L)
27,29,31,43,41,39 15mm(L)
5 Inclined strut
26,44 50mm(L)
28,32,42,38 32mm(L)
30,40 20mm(M)
34,36 50mm(L)
6 Purlin 90mm(L)
99
Table No.20: Storage beam design summary
Storage plinth beam
Group Top Bottom Beam Shear reinforcement
2
reinforcement reinforcement Dimension(mm )
I 6nos, 8mmФ 5nos, 10mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
either side & 8mmФ@135mmc/c at
middle portion
II 3nos, 10mmФ 4nos, 16mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
middle portion
III 4nos, 10mmФ 4nos, 16mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100 mm c/c
middle portion
IV 4nos, 10mmФ 3nos, 20mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
either side & 8mmФ@160 mm c/c at
middle portion
V 6nos, 8mmФ 5nos, 10mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
middle portion
VI 4nos, 10mmФ 4nos, 16mmФ 300 x 350 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100 mm c/c
middle portion
Storage roof beam

Group Top Bottom Beam Shear reinforcement
reinforcement reinforcement Dimension
1 4nos, 10mmФ 5nos, 10mmФ 250 x 300 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
either side & 8mmФ@110mmc/c at middle
portion (Both Direction)
2 7nos, 8mmФ 6nos, 10mmФ 250 x 300 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
either side & 8mmФ@135mmc/c at middle
portion (Both Direction)
100
Table No. 21: Two Way Slab Design Details for the Roof of hazardous storage house
Span Support (Top)-

Panel Support Span (Bottom)-
(+ve) (alternate bars Torsion
(-ve)KNm (alternate bars cranked)
KNm cranked)
1,2,3,4, Mx 8mm dia @

7.7 8mm dia @ 250mm c/c
5,6,7,8, =5.73 200mm c/c 8mm dia @ 250mm
9,10,11, c/c for the length of
12,13,1 800mm from the
4,15,16 My =5 8mm dia @
6.63 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c face of column
250mm c/c
Mx 8mm dia @
5.69 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c
=4.23 250mm c/c
A,B,C, 8mm dia @ 300mm
D c/c for the length of
8mm dia @
My = 3.7 4.89 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c 600mm from the
300mm c/c
face of column
Table No.22: Design summary of column for storage

Grouping Maximum value Size of Reinforcement Shear Reinforcement
Column
(mm2)
I 20.65 38.521 39.422 400X400 4-10 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm for the

4-20mmФ distance 500 from face of
beam &200mm c/c in
centre
II 41.691 69.809 69.809 400X400 4-28 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm for the
distance 500 from face of
beam &150mm c/c in
centre
III 67.311 104.027 102.455 400X400 8-16 mm Ф 8mmФ @ 100mm for the
4-32mmФ distance 500 from face of
beam &150mm c/c in
centre
101
Table No.23: Footing design summary for Storage
Footing Footing type Dimensions(mm) Depth, D Reinforcements
groups (mm)
PAD1 Isolated footing 1350X1350 250 10mmФ @ 150mm c/c in both
directions
directions
PAD3 Isolated footing 1600X1600 300 16mmФ @170mm c/c in both
direction
PAD4 Isolated footing 1750X1750 300 16mmФ @180mm c/cin both
direction
direction
Table No.24: Ware house truss design summary
Load Member
Truss T1 combination Design Load Properties
Member
Membe DL+L DL+W Compressio Tensio
r DL LL WL L L n n
101.4
AO -41.34 -59.56 4 -100.9 60.1
OP -37.6 -51.43 81.1 -89.03 43.5 NB=80,
PQ -33.97 -44.83 71.2 -78.8 37.23 -100.9 60.1 RAFTER OD=88.9
QR -30.3 -39.12 60.11 -69.42 29.81 (L)
RS -26.51 -33.52 50.99 -60.03 24.48
ST -22.74 -27.99 46.89 -50.73 24.15
AB 40.11 57.79 -98.43 97.9 -58.32
BC 40.11 57.79 -98.43 97.9 -58.32
NB=65,
CD 36.47 55.17 -78.79 91.64 -42.32
-58.32 97.9 TIE OD=76.1
DE 32.94 49.27 -51.81 82.21 -18.87 (L)
EF 30.26 43.72 -41.04 73.98 -10.78
FG 26.59 24.84 -32.22 51.43 -5.63
BO 0 0 0 0 0
CP 0.91 0.65 -4.9 1.56 -3.99 -11.95 11.14
VERTICA NB=32,
DQ 1.8 3.01 -13.75 4.81 -11.95
L OD=42.4
ER 2.68 4.18 -8.11 6.86 -5.43 STRUTS (L)
FS 3.67 5.42 -8.82 9.09 -5.15
TG 4.52 6.62 -4.62 11.14 -0.1
OC -3.75 -2.7 20.24 -6.45 16.49
PD -3.96 -6.62 30.28 -10.58 26.32 -26.32 14.34 NB=40,
INCLINED
QE -4.46 -6.95 13.48 -11.41 9.02 OD=40.3
STRUTS
RF -5.19 -7.67 12.48 -12.86 7.29 (L)
SG -5.82 -8.52 6.35 -14.34 0.53
102
Load Member
Truss T2 combination Design Load Membe Properties
Membe DL+L DL+W Compressi Tensio r
r DL LL WL L L on n
1 -1.716 -5.25 20.71 -6.966 18.994
2 -1.716 -5.25 20.71 -6.966 18.994
-
3 -0.756 -2.67 7.564 -3.426 -8.32 Tie NB=25,
- 6.966 20.384 membe OD=33.7(L
1.81 21.96 r )
4 -1.579 8 3 -3.397 20.384
11.11
5 -2.857 1.23 8 -1.627 8.261
5.41 -
6 1.769 5 20.13 7.184 -18.36
7 0.78 -2.75 11.44 -1.97 12.22
- NB=32,
1.87 18.361 29.117 Rafter OD=42.4(
8 1.627 6 27.49 -0.249 29.117 M)
1.27 -
9 2.95 6 18.73 4.226 -15.78
-
10 4.45 3.29 18.11 7.74 -13.66
11 -2.675 -6.55 24.35 -9.225 21.675
-
1.97
13 -0.239 6 7.05 -2.215 6.811 NB=25,
Vertica
0.43 9.225 21.675 OD=33.7(L
l strut
15 0.419 4 6.74 0.853 7.159 )
17 0.963 2.29 8.17 3.253 9.133
3.41
19 -5.17 6 5.36 -1.754 0.19
8.16 -
12 0.989 7 29.14 9.156 -28.15
-
0.95 - NB=32,
Incline
14 -0.923 6 14.84 -1.879 -15.76 28.151 9.156 OD=42.4(
d strut
- M)
16 -1.6 -3.82 13.58 -5.42 -15.18
18 -2.06 -6.24 2.47 -8.3 0.41
103
Table No.25: Ware house beams design summary
Plinth beam
Group Top Bottom Dimension Shear Reinforcement
Reinforcement Reinforcement (mm2)
I 3nos, 16mmФ 4nos, 25mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
side & 8mmФ@210mmc/c at middle portion
II 5nos, 16mmФ 4nos, 20mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either

III 4nos, 16mmФ 4nos, 20mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
IV 3nos, 20mmФ 3nos, 32mmФ 450X500 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either

V 3nos, 20mmФ 3nos, 25mmФ 450X500 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either

Middle Beam
Group Top Bottom Reinforcement Dimension Shear Reinforcement
Reinforcement (mm2)
I 4nos, 16mmФ 3nos, 25mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at

middle portion
II 6nos, 20mmФ 4nos, 25mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at

middle portion
III 7nos, 20mmФ 5nos, 25mmФ 450X450 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at

middle portion
104
IV 3nos, 20mmФ 3nos, 32mmФ 450x500 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
middle portion
V 5nos, 20mmФ 4nos, 25mmФ 450x500 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at

middle portion
Side roof Beam and central Beam

Group Top Reinforcement Bottom Dimension Shear Reinforcement
Reinforcement (mm2)
I 3nos, 16mmФ 2nos, 20mmФ 400X400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at
middle portion
II 4nos, 20mmФ 4nos, 25mmФ 400X400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at

middle portion
Roof Beam
Group Top Bottom Dimensions Shear Reinforcement
Reinforcement Reinforcement (mm2)
I 5nos, 16mmФ 4nos, 20mmФ 400 x 400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
II 4nos, 16mmФ 3nos, 25mmФ 400 x 400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
I 5nos, 16mmФ 4nos, 20mmФ 400 x 400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
II 2nos, 16mmФ 3nos, 20mmФ 400 x 400 8mmФ,2 legged stirrups@100mmc/c at either
105
Table No.26: Design summary of column for warehouse
Column Maximum Provided Reinforcement Shear reinforcement

values bxD provided
(mm2)
Pu(kN) My(KNm) Mx(kNm)
1 351.977 317.287 231.164 500x500 4-40mmØ& Provide 2 legged 8mmФ
8-25mmØ as ties & 8mmФ @200c/c
for unconfined
reinforcement & 8mmФ
stirrup for confining
reinforcement @ 100mm
c/c
for unconfined
c/c
for unconfined
c/c
for unconfined
c/c
Table No.27: Footing design summary for Warehouse
Footing Footing type Dimensions(mm) Depth, D Reinforcements

groups (mm)
PAD#1 Isolated 2500x2500 430 12mmФ @ 125mm c/c in both
footing directions
PAD#2 Isolated 3000x3000 520 16mm @170mm c/c in both
footing directions
footing directions
footing directions
footing directions
106
107

Dry Port Planning Analysis and Design at Pling Bhutan

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Dry Port Planning Analysis and Design at Pling Bhutan

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PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Suk Kumar Gurung (EDC20520) Yangchen Wangmo(EDC20525)

Under the Guidance of:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Suk Kumar Gurung

Lachu Man Dhungyel

ADB Asian Development Bank

1. To provide smooth vehicle flow without any intervention in the transitions.

Table 4.2 Dry port components in Zone 2

Components Size (m) Area (m2 )

The brick wall of thickness 300 mm

The storage is provided with roof slab

Chemical storage must be located in isolated place

The smoke detectors must be incorporated inside

Proper ventilation is provided.

Figure 4.4 Spatial planning (source: PCC)

4.3 System Plan

1. Smooth vehicle flow without intervention on other activities.

5.1 Design Loads

1. Wind load calculations for roof truss analysis

Slope = 14o for warehouse roofs

Live load on roof where excess not provided is = 0.75 kN/m2

Live load of 0.02kN/m2 is reduced for every degree rise.

As per IS Code, the design wind pressure, Pd is given by

Note: For Bhutan the basic wind speed is taken as 44 m/s

2. Load consideration for office building

Density for the brick wall = 19 kN/m3

Density for the concrete = 25 kN/m3

Live load are taken as per IS 875:1987

1. Live load = 3 kN/m2

6. Dead load from brick wall on periphery beams = 0.25x2.6x19

3. Load calculation for warehouse

Height of the warehouse = 6.5 m at side and 9 m at the center.

Density for the brick wall = 19 kN/m3

Density for the concrete = 25 kN/m3

Live load are taken as per IS 875:1987

1. Live load on passage subjected to machine/vehicle load= 5 kN/m2

4. Load consideration for Hazardous material storage building

Density for the brick wall = 19 kN/m3

Density for the concrete = 25 kN/m3

5.2 Analysis of roof trusses

6.1 Design of Main Roof Truss for Office Building

6.1.1 Design of member sections

Maximum tensile force = 24.37 kN

Maximum compressive force = 49.95 kN

Length of member = 1.38m

Effective length = 0.8 x 1.38 = 1.104m

Check for tension

From IS: 1161-1979, Permissible stress=147.1 N/mm2

Adopt 40mm NB (L) and OD=48.3mm

Load capacity=414x147.1x10-3=60.89kN > 24.37kN. Hence safe

Check for compression

Taking Steel grade of Yst = 240 ,

Interpolation for fc=114.03 N/mm2

Maximum tensile force = 42.377 kN

Maximum compressive force = 36.176k

Length of member = 1.41m

Effective length = 0.8 x 1.41 = 1.128m

Check for tension

From IS: 1161-1979, Permissible stress=147.1 N/mm2

Adopt 40mm NB (L) and OD=48.3mm

Load capacity=414x147.1x10-3=60.89kN >k42.38 kN. Hence safe

Check for compression

Self weight of slab =0.12025=3

- .max = - .basic Kt=38.94