DPV 20292

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
CHAPTER 4
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT
AND RISK CONTROL

BY
Asleeda binti Ahmad
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing the topic, students should be able to:

• Define the Job Safety Analysis.
• Lists of hazard that should be considered when performing JSA.
• State the way of conducting JSA.
• Define the risk assessment.
• Lists and applied the method of risk assessment.
• Lists another method of performing hazard identification
• Define the term 'Emergency'.
• Explain the causes and effects for the main forms of Emergencies.
• Explain the contents of an Emergency Planning.
• Demonstrate the correct usage of Fire Extinguishers
• Explain the meaning and importance of Electrical Safety.
• Understand how electrical accidents and injuries can occur.
• Discuss the methods of preventing electrical accidents.
• Demonstrate safe working methods with electrical equipment.
• Understand t e important of MSDS.
 CHAPTER 4:
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND
RISK CONTROL

4.1 Job Safety Analysis

4.2 Risk Assessment
4.3 Risk Control
4.4 Other Hazard Identification
Methods
4.5 Fire Safety And Emergencies
4.6 Electrical Safety
4.7 Hazardous Material
 INTRODUCTION
# OSHA safety regulation
- every company must identify the hazards and reduce
- control the risk well in advance of an accident.

# Fire hazard are conditions that favor fire development or

growth. Three elements are required to start and sustain fire
which is oxygen, fuel and heat. Because oxygen is naturally
present in most earth environment, fire hazards usually involve
mishandling of fuel or heat.

# Electrical hazards occur when a person makes contact with a

conductor carrying a current and simultaneously contacts the ground
or another object that carrying a conductive path to a ground. People
can be protected from this danger by insulating the conductors,
insulating the people or isolating the danger from the people.
4.1 Job Safety Analysis
• A job safety analysis (JSA) is considered an active
approach to workplace safety.
• A JSA can be referred to as Job Hazard
Analysis.(JHA)

• A JSA is a tool used to improve job safety through:

❑ Identifying the hazards or potential hazards

associated with each step of a job
❑ Finding effective control measures to
prevent or eliminate exposure.
 4.1.1 JSA Steps
Conducting a JSA involves five steps:
1.Select the job to be analysed

The following factors need to be considered when ranking the jobs.

• Accident Frequency: the number of times an accident or injury
is repeated during the performance of a task will determine
priority for analysis.
• Accident Severity: any incident that results in lost time or
required medical treatment will also determine priority for
analysis.
• New Jobs, Non-Routine Jobs, or Job Changes: since these
jobs are new or different, there is a greater likelihood for a high
incident rate because of the unknown variables.
• Repetitive Exposure: repeated exposure to a hazard over a
period of time may qualify the job for a JSA.
4.1.1 JSA Steps

2.Separate the job into basic steps

▪ Each step of the job under consideration is
listed in the first column of a JSA worksheet.
▪ The steps are listed in the order of
occurrence accompanied by a brief
description.
▪ The breakdown should not be so detailed that
a large number of steps result, or so general
that basic steps are omitted.
▪ If there are over fifteen steps, the job should
be broken down into more than one JSA.
 4.1.1 JSA Steps

3.Identify the hazards within each step

▪ Each step is analyzed for any real and potential

hazards.
▪ The hazard is then listed in the second column
of the worksheet corresponding to its job step.
All logical possibilities should be considered
when identifying hazards.
▪ The underlying question to ask in evaluating
each step is, “Could this step cause an accident
or injury?”
 4.1.1 JSA Steps
4.Control Each Hazard
▪ This step identifies the control measures for each
hazard and lists them in the next column. The
control measure recommends a job procedure to
eliminate or reduce potential accidents or hazards.
▪ Consider these five points for each hazard
identified:
➢ Change the way the job is performed
➢ Change the physical conditions
➢ Change the job procedures
➢ Reduce the frequency
➢ Use of personal protective equipment
4.1.1 JSA Steps

5.Revise the Job Safety Analysis

▪ The JSA is only effective if it is reviewed
periodically or after an accident occurs.
▪ Revising the JSA can find safety hazards
that were missed during earlier analysis.
▪ The JSA should be reviewed immediately
after an accident to determine if any new job
procedures or protective measures are
needed.
 4.2 Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment can be divided into two methods;
❑ Qualitative Risk Assessment
❑ Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Qualitative techniques, the details of the probabilities are not

determined. Only some relative figures correspond to the
degree of hazard are given.Example is Dow Fire and
Explosion Index.

• Quantitative techniques, the details probability and

consequences analysis should be included.
The most popular methods that are wide used in in process
industries are Event Tree Analysis (ETA) and Fault Tree
Analysis (FTA).
4.2.1 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
The advantages of Event Tree

• Systematic qualitative techniques that can lead

to quantification of failure probability.
• Show the effect of failure

The disadvantages of Event Tree

• Inaccuracy in failure data results miscalculation

of the probability of the top event.
• Outcome could rise from other causes that
would not be seen
4.2.2 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

The basic step in Fault Tree Analysis

• System identification
• Fault tree construction
• Qualitative evaluation
• Quantitative evaluation
4.3 Risk Control
• After potential hazards are identified and evaluated, the
appropriate control techniques must be developed and
installed. This requires the application of appropriate
technology for reducing workplace exposure.
• The third step of the hazard management process, risk
control, involves dealing with the hazard. There will be
situations where a combination of control measures will
need to be used to control hazards and risks.
• There is generally a hierarchy of controls. In simple
terms, this is a priority order of control measures
ranging from elimination of the hazards and associated
risks to
• providing people with protective equipment. Obviously
it is better to eliminate the hazard if possible. Note that
the lower the level of control implemented, the higher is
the level of risk that is accepted.
4.5 FIRE SAFETY AND EMERGENCIES

4.5.1 Definition of 'Emergency‘

• Emergencies /disasters can strike anyone,
anytime, and anywhere.
4.5.2 Causes and Effects for the
Emergencies
• A workplace emergency is an unforeseen
situation that threatens your employees,
customers, or the public; disrupts or shuts
down your operations; or causes physical
or environmental damage
Emergencies may be natural or manmade and
include the following:-
• Floods
• Hurricanes
• Tornadoes
• Fires
• Toxic gas releases
• Chemical spills
• Radiological accidents
• Explosions
• Civil disturbances
• Workplace violence resulting in bodily harm and
trauma.
 4.5.3 Emergency Plan
Emergency action plan is a good way to protect employees, environment and
building during an emergency.
At a minimum, the emergency action plan must include the following:
• A preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies.
• An evacuation policy and procedure.
• Emergency escape procedures and route assignments, such as floor
plans, workplace maps, and safe or refuge areas.
• Names, titles, departments, and telephone numbers of individuals both
within and outside your company to contact for additional information or
explanation of duties and responsibilities under the emergency plan.
• Procedures for employees who remain to perform or shut down critical
plant operations, operate fire extinguishers, or perform other essential
services that cannot be shut down for every emergency alarm before
evacuating.
• Rescue and medical duties for any workers designated to perform them.
• It is also to consider a designating an assembly location and procedures to
account for all employees after an evacuation.
4.5.4 Fire Extinguishers handling.

1. Do not attempt to extinguish any fire before calling for help. Always leave an exit
to escape before using an extinguisher.

2. Assess the fire. The fire you encounter can be varied in size. Depending on the
amount of fuel, available oxygen, and the heat source present, your fire could be
quite large or very small. You probably won't need a fire extinguisher to put out a
candle and you won't be able to put out an entire home with one fire extinguisher.

3. Assess the type of fire. Fire extinguishers have 3 main classes; A, S, and C as
well as 2 less common classes of fire extinguishers 0 and K. The extinguishing
agent can be water, dry chemical, halon, CO2 or special powder.

• Class A: suitable for wood, paper and regular combustible fires and is usually 2
1/2 gallons of pressurized water.

• Class B: suitable for gasoline or oil fires is usually dry chemical. Extinguishers
smaller than 61bs are not recommended.

• Class C: suitable for electrical fires and can be halon or CO2. Halon 1211 and
1301 is very expensive and depletes the ozone layer as well. Halon is being
replaced by environmentally clean agents such as FM200.

• Class D: used for water reactive metals such as burning magnesium and is in the
form of a powder that must cover the material to extinguish it.
4. Many Fire Extinguishers will work on a combination of fire classes. You will need
to decide what type of fire you have, and ensure that your fire extinguisher is
compatible with the fire you are attempting to extinguish. An all purpose ABC dry
chemical (1 Olb extinguisher) is a safe bet for most fires.

5. Ready the Fire Extinguisher. Almost all fire extinguishers have a safety pin in the
handle, (usually looks like a plastic or metal ring, sometimes colored red, that is
held in place by a plastic seal.) This will vary on the type of fire extinguisher you
have. Ensure that you are familiar with how your fire extinguisher works. You must
break the seal and pull the safety pin from the handle before squeezing the lever
which discharges the fire extinguishing agent.

6. Aim for the base of the fire. Shooting into the flame is a waste of your fire
extinguisher as you are not putting out the source of the flame. It is very important
that you stop the fire at the source or remove the fuel from the fire if possible to
put the fire out. That is why you need to focus your spray at the base of the fire or
the source.

7. Remember (P.A.S.S.): Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep.

• Pull the safety pin from the handle.
• Aim the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the fire.
• Squeeze the handle to discharge the agent.
• Sweep side to side approximately 6' from the fire until expended.
4.5.5 Fire Prevention
Employers covered by these standards must implement plans to
minimize the frequency of evacuations. All fire prevention plans
must:

Be available for employee review.

1. Include housekeeping procedures for storage and cleanup of
flammable materials and flammable waste.
2. Address and ling and packaging of flammable waste. (Recycling
of flammable waste such as paper is encouraged).
3. Cover procedures for controlling workplace ignition sources
such as smoking, welding, and burning.
4. Provide for proper cleaning and maintenance of heat producing
equipment such as burners, heat exchangers, boilers, ovens,
stoves, and fryers and require storage of flammables away from
this equipment.
5. Inform workers of the potential fire hazards of their jobs and
plan procedures.
6. Require plan review with all new employees and with all
employees whenever the plan is changed.
 4.6 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
4.6.1 Introduction to Electrical Safety
• Electricity is widely recognized as a serious workplace hazard,
exposing employees to electric shock, burns, fires, and explosions.
According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics, 289 employees were
killed by contact with electric current in 2002. Other employees have
been killed or injured in fires and explosions caused by electricity.

• OSHA's electrical standards are designed to protect employees

exposed to dangers such as electric shock, electrocution, fires, and
explosions. Electrical hazards are addressed in specific standards
for the general industry, shipyard employment, and marine
terminals.

• Current through the body, even at levels as low as 3 milliamperes,

can also cause injuries of an indirect or secondary nature in which
involuntary muscular reaction from the electric shock can cause
bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions or
falls.
4.6.2 Electrical Accidents and Injuries

• Burns suffered in electrical accidents , three basic types:-

1.electrical burns - the result of the electric current flowing in
the tissues, and may be either skin deep
2.arc burns - result of high temperatures produced by electric
arcs or by explosions close to the body
3.thermal contact burns - skin contacting hot surfaces of
overheated electric conductors, conduits, or other energized
equipment

• If the current involved is great enough, electric arcs can start

a fire. Fires can also be created by overheating equipment or
by conductors carrying too much current. Extremely high-
energy arcs can damage equipment, causing fragmented
metal to fly in all directions. In atmospheres that contain
explosive gases or vapours or combustible dusts, even low-
energy arcs can cause violent explosions.
 4.6.3 Electrical Accidents Prevention

1. Insulation provides a barrier to the flow of current. To be effective,

the insulation must be appropriate for the voltage, and the insulating
material must be undamaged, clean, and dry.

2. Grounding is another method of protecting employees from electric

shock.

3. Protecting electric equipment from over current helps prevent this

from happening.

4. Designing and installing equipment to protect against dangerous

arcing and overheating is also important in preventing unsafe
conditions that can lead to fires, high energy electric arcs, and
explosions.Electric equipment is typically rated for use with certain
voltages and current.
4.6.4 Safety Working Methods with Electrical Equipment
1. Conductors and equipment shall be protected from over current in accordance with
their ability to safely conduct current.
2. Except for motor running overload protection, over current devices may not interrupt
the continuity of the grounded conductor unless all conductors of the circuit are
opened simultaneously.
3. A disconnecting means shall be provided on the supply side of all fuses in circuits over
150 volts to ground and cartridge fuses in circuits of any voltage where accessible to
other than qualified persons so that each individual circuit containing fuses can be
independently disconnected from the source of power.
4. Over current devices shall be readily accessible to each employee or authorized
building management personnel. These over current devices may not be located
where they will be exposed to physical damage or in the vicinity of easily ignitable
material.
5. Fuses and circuit breakers shall be so located or shielded that employees will not be
burned or otherwise injured by their operation. Handles or levers of circuit breakers,
and similar parts that may move suddenly in such a way that persons in the vicinity
are likely to be injured by being struck by them, shall be guarded or isolated.
6. Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they are in the open (off) or closed (on)
position.
7. Where circuit breaker handles on switchboards are operated vertically rather than
horizontally or rotationally, the up position of the handle shall be the closed (on)
position.
8. Circuit breakers used as switches in 120-volt and 277 -volt, fluorescent lighting circuits
shall be listed and marked "SWD”.
9. A circuit breaker with a straight voltage rating, such as 240 V or 480 V, may only be
installed in a circuit in which the nominal voltage between any two conductors does
not exceed the circuit breakers voltage rating. A two-pole circuit breaker may not be
used for protecting a 3-phase; corner grounded delta circuit unless the circuit breaker
is marked.
4.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

Examples of some hazardous materials include:

• Paints
• drugs
• cosmetics
• cleaning chemicals
• degreasers
• detergents
• gas cylinders
• refrigerant gases
• pesticides
• herbicides
• diesel fuel
• petrol
• liquefied petroleum gas
• welding fume.
4.7.1 Classes of Hazardous Materials
The U.S. Department of Transportation in its code of federal regulations defines nine classes of
hazardous materials:

Class 1: Explosives-Materials in this category include projectiles as well as sensitive and insensitive
explosives. All must be handled with extreme caution. They should never be shaken or dropped and
should be kept away from open flames.

Class 2: Hazardous Gases-This class includes flammable and non flammable compressed gasses as
well as poisonous gases.

Class 3: Flammable Liquids-This class includes both flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 140
degrees F and combustible liquids with a flashpoint between 141 and 200 degrees F.

Class 4: Flammable Solids-This includes spontaneously combustible and "dangerous when wet" solids
that become combustible when brought into contact with water.

Class 5: Oxidizers-This class includes organic peroxide. These substances can become catalysts for
fire hazards.

Class 6: Toxic Materials-This includes inhalation hazards, other poisons, and infectious substances.
Swallowing, bodily contact, or inhalation of gases released by toxic substances may cause irritation of
skin and mucous membranes, or in more severe cases, serious illness. Contact a physician
immediately if exposed.

Class 7: Radioactive Materials

Class 8: Corrosive Materials-Corrosive materials can harm living tissue and nonliving matter, such as
steel, on contact.

Class 9: Miscellaneous-This is a catchall category for any other materials that could present a hazard
during shipment.
4.7.2 Storage of Hazardous Materials

•Hazardous materials must be stored based on their compatibility, not simply in

alphabetical order. Store materials of the same hazard together i.e. flammables with
flammables and oxidizers with oxidizers.

•Hazardous substances should be stored in an orderly manner with older products most
accessible and the newer products least accessible. Good housekeeping must be
practiced in areas where hazardous products are stored.

•All hazardous materials must be properly labelled including their exact contents,
hazardous properties, date of receipt, and if appropriate, date of expiration.

•Hazardous substances should be stored in original containers in which they were

packaged at the manufacturing plant.

•Incompatible materials must not be stored such that they may come in contact with each
other.

•If incompatible materials are allowed to mix dangerous conditions will result. Combining
these materials may result in the following:

• heat or pressure;
• fire or explosion;
• violent reaction;
• toxic dusts, mists, vapours, or gases;
• flammable vapours or gases.
4.7.3 Handling Hazardous Materials

Protective Measures

• Whenever it is feasible, engineering controls must be used to reduce employee

exposures to hazardous materials. The two most common engineering controls
are the use of local exhaust and general ventilation. These measures limit an
employee's exposure to airborne contaminants.

• When engineering controls are not available, or they fail to adequately reduce
hazards, other personal protective equipment is required. Examples of
personal protective equipment include: safety glasses, hearing protection,
gloves, respirators, etc.

• Personal protection devices must be provided and worn in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations indicated on the label of the product or as
stated in the Material Safety Data Sheet for the product.
Spill Procedures

Hazardous chemical spills can be handled effectively when plans of action have
been developed. Spill procedures should include the following:
•the potential location of possible spills;
•the quantities of material that might be released;
•chemical and physical properties of the material. This information may be
obtained from the Material Safety Data Sheet or label;
•hazardous properties of the material (consult the MSDS);
•the types of personal protection equipment that may be needed for cleanup;
•location and contents of spill kits that should be made available where
possible. These kits might include the following:
•neutralizing agents such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium
bisulfite
•absorbents such as vermiculite, "super sorb," or absorbent pillows or dikes.
Paper towels, rags and sponges may be used, but caution should be exercised
because some chemicals may ignite upon contact with them;
•plastic scoops and shovels, disposable mops, disposable protective clothing
and containers to receive the spilled material and all items used in the cleanup.
The following general procedure may be used, but should be
tailored to the individual needs of the handlers and the specific
hazard associated with the hazardous material:
• If the spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat
sources.
• Attend to any person who may have been contaminated (see
First Aid).
• Notify individuals in the area about the spill.
• Evacuate nonessential personnel.
• Avoid breathing vapours of spilled material. Establish an
exhaust or ventilation, if it is safe to do so. Air handling units
are not to be used because they re-circulate the hazardous
vapours. Contact EH&S for information about the proper
ventilation or exhaust required.
• If a spill is relatively large, or involves a highly toxic material, a
carcinogen or flammable material, contact EH&S for
assistance in cleaning up the spill and disposing of the
hazardous waste resulting from the cleanup.
4.7.4 Disposal of Hazardous Materials

• The disposal of most hazardous materials is strictly regulated by federal

law. Do not dispose of any hazardous material in the sewer, on the ground
or in the trash.

• The EH&S is responsible for collecting hazardous waste and treating it or

preparing it for shipment to an approved hazardous waste disposal facility.

• Waste products must be clearly labelled with the complete names of the
contents and they must be stored in non-leaking, safe containers. EH&S
may be contacted for pickup and giving the name of the products to be
picked up, the location, the person in charge of the area, his phone number
and the approximate quantity of the materials to be picked up.

• By law, the industry is required to strive to reduce the amount of hazardous

waste it generates; therefore, industry should take the following measures:
•Buy only those amounts of hazardous materials which can be used before
the expiration date of the material.
•Use up the hazardous material by using it for the purpose for which it is
intended.
•Determine if someone else in the department has a legitimate need for,
and can use, the product.
4.8 MSDS
• Material Sheet Data Sheet
• internationally known as Safety Data Sheet (SDS)[1] (also
known as PSDS, Product Safety Data Sheet)
• is an important component of product
stewardship and workplace safety. It is intended to provide
workers and emergency personnel with procedures for
handling or working with that substance in a safe manner, and
includes information such as physical data (melting
point, boiling point, flash point, etc.),toxicity, health
effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective
equipment, and spill-handling procedures.
• MSDS formats can vary from source to source within a
country depending on national requirements.
• SDSs are a widely used system for cataloging information
on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures. SDS
information may include instructions for the safe use and
potential hazards associated with a particular material or product.
These data sheets can be found anywhere where chemicals are
being used.
• There is also a duty to properly label substances on the basis of
physic-chemical, health and/or environmental risk. Labels can
include hazard symbols such as the European Union standard black
diagonal cross on an orange background, used to denote a harmful
substance.
• An SDS for a substance is not primarily intended for use by the
general consumer, focusing instead on the hazards of working with
the material in an occupational setting.
• In some jurisdictions the SDS is required to state the chemical's
risks, safety, and effect on the environment.
• It is important to use an SDS specific to both country and supplier, as
the same product (e.g. paints sold under identical brand names by
the same company) can have different formulations in different
countries. The formulation and hazard of a product using a generic
name (e.g. sugar soap) may vary between manufacturers in the
same country.