TDHT - 03 - Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Steam) 1

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
Joule Brayton, Hirn & Rankine
EXAMPLES
Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

EXERCISE #13
A gas-turbine power plant operating on a Joule-Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8 (for the compressor and
the espansor). The gas inlet temperature at the compressor is 27°C and 1200°C at the turbine inlet. Represent
the cycle on T-s and h-s diagram. Using the air-standard assumptions calculate:
• the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and turbine;
• the thermodynamic efficiency;
• the air mass flow rate for a net power of 120kW
Consider then a compressor and turbine efficiency of 0.8 and recalculate the above quantities.
SOLUTION:
This cycle has 2 adiabatic transformation (1-2 and 3-4) and 2 isobaric (2-3 and 4-1).
The first step is to evaluate the T of each thermodynamic state of the cycle (point 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the diagram).
We’ll do it both for ideal and real transformation.
The transformation from 1 to 2 is adiabatic and ideal. Using the polytrophic equation for T and p: that can be
derived from the polytropic equation and from the ideal gas equation
pvγ = const
pv = RT
T
γ −1
= const (1)
γ
p
Appling eq. (1) to the initial and final state of compression we have:
T1 T2
γ −1
= γ −1
γ γ
p1 p2
γ −1 γ −1
p  γ γ 2
T2 =  2  T1 = (8) T1 = 300 K ⋅ (8) 7 = 543
 p1 
The real outlet compressor temperature comes from the isentropic efficiency:
wtid ∆hid c p ⋅ ∆T id T2 − T1
η=
comp = = =
wtreal ∆h real c p ⋅ ∆T real
T2′ − T1
T −T 543 − 300
T2' =
T1 + 2 1 =300 K + 604 K
K=
ηcomp 0.8
The maximum temperature reached by the cycle is given so T3 = 1473 K.

The last transformation 4-1 is adiabatic, as we did before we consider at the beginning ideal (reversible) with
eq. (1) and then the real using the expander isentropic efficiency.
γ −1 2
p  γ  1 7
T3  4 
T4 =⋅ 1473 K ⋅   =
= 813 K
 p3  8
And the real temperature at the turbine is:
T4' =T3 + ηcomp ⋅ (T4 − T3 ) =1473 K + 0.8 ⋅ ( 813 − 1473) K =945 K
Taking into account that the expander isentropic efficiency is:
wtreal ∆h real c p ⋅ ∆T real T4′ − T1
ηexp
= = = =
wtideal ∆hideal c p ⋅ ∆T ideal T4 − T1
Now we can evaluate the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. In a Joule-Brayton cycle the thermodynamic
efficiency is defined as the ratio between the net technical work (difference between the work done by the
expander and the work absorber by the compressor) and the heat transferred to the air:
t t
wnet wexp − wcomp q2−3 − q4−1 q c p ⋅ (T4 − T1 ) T −T
ηth−cycle = = = 1 − 4−1 =
= 1− 1− 4 1
=
q2−3 q2−3 q2−3 q2−3 c p ⋅ (T3 − T2 ) T3 − T2
where q4-1 and q2-3 are the heat given to the ambient and the heat transferred to air.
q4−1 T −T 813 K − 300 K
ηthid−cycle =
1− 1− 4 1 =
= 1− 44.8%
=
q2−3 T3 − T2 1473 K − 543 K
the efficiency of the real cycle is:

T ' − T1 945 K − 300 K
ηthr −cycle =
1− 4 '
1−
= 25.8%
=
T3 − T2 1473 K − 604 K
The air flow can be computed from the net power produced by the cycle:
t
P= m air ⋅ wnet ( t
= m air ⋅ wexp t
− wcomp )
= m air ⋅ c p ⋅ (T3 − T4 ) − (T2 − T1 ) 

P
=m air =
c p ⋅ (T3 − T4 ) − (T2 − T1 ) 
P
= =
7
R ⋅ (T3 − T4 ) − (T2 − T1 ) 
2 
120 kW
= −1 −1
= 0.286 kg ⋅ s −1
7 8.314 J ⋅ mol ⋅ K
⋅ ⋅ (1473 − 813) − ( 543 − 300 )  K
2 28.9 ⋅10−3 kg ⋅ mol −1 
in the real cycle:
P
=m air =
( ) (
c p ⋅  T3 − T4 − T2' − T1 

'
 )
P
= =
7 
( ) (
R ⋅ T3 − T4' − T2' − T1 
2   )
120 kW
= −1 −1
= 0.53 kg ⋅ s −1
7 8.314 J ⋅ mol ⋅ K
⋅ ⋅ (1473 − 945 ) − ( 604 − 300 )  K
2 28.9 ⋅10−3 kg ⋅ mol −1 
This last part shows how the irreversibility reduce the performance of the power plant, this cause the rise of
the air flow and then of use of combustible.

EXERCISE #14
Steam is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 50 bar and saturated
liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.08 bar. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine for the cycle:
• the thermal efficiency;
• the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg·s-1;
• the rate of heat transfer into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW,
• the rate of heat transfer, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW,
• the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg·s-1, if cooling water enters the condenser at
15°C and exits at 35°C.
Then assume that the pump and turbine efficiency is 90% and recalculate the above quantities.

SOLUTION:
To begin the analysis, we fix each of the principal
states located on the accompanying schematic and T–
s diagrams. We have to find for each of the 4 state the
enthalpy and the entropy using the enclosed h-s
diagram and steam table.
If we have a look the 4 states we can notice that 2 of
them are well defined because they are on the limit
curve (gas bell). This points are the pump inlet (1)
and the turbine inlet (3). So we can start from this two
points to define the principal states.
STATE 1 is saturated liquid at 0.08 bar (= 0.008 MPa), so using the steam table at this pressure enthalpy and
entropy are (see fig. 1):
=h1 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s1 0.5926 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1
=
STATE 3, at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 50 bar (= 5 MPa)and the steam is a saturated vapor, so
from the enclosed h-s diagram (of from the steam table):
=h3 2800 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s=
3 5.95 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1

Fig. 1 – enthalpy and entropy evaluation by the h-s diagram for state 3
STATE 2 is fixed by the boiler pressure p3 and the specific entropy s2 = s1. The specific enthalpy h2 can be
found by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because compressed liquid data are
relatively sparse, it is more convenient to solve the following equation:
wtpump= h2 − h1 (2)
That is the technical work of the pump (open system), the technical work can be calculated from:
2
w t
pump =∫ vdp =v1 ⋅ ( p2 − p1 ) (3)
1
In the previous equation we assume that the specific volume (v) is constant (remember, water is an
incompressible fluid so v = const). With this approach, combining eq. (2) and (3):
wtpump =v1 ⋅ ( p2 − p1 ) =h2 − h1
h2 = h1 + v1 ⋅ ( p2 − p1 )

h2 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 1.0084 ⋅10−3 m3 ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ ( 50 − 0.08 ) ⋅102 =

= kPa 178.91 kJ ⋅ kg −1
STATE 4 is fixed by p4 = p1 = 0.08 bar and by the specific entropy that is constant for the adiabatic,
internally reversible expansion through the turbine. This state could represent a mixture of vapor and liquid,
so we have to calculate the quality of state 4. This state can be also determined using the graph, crossing the
isentropic of state 3 with the isobaric of state 4 (see fig. 2).
Fig. 2 – Enthalpy evaluation of state 4 from the h-s graph
To be sure that state 4 is a mixture (vapor and liquid) we have to verify if the entropy of state 4, that is equal
to entropy of state 3 (being the transformation reversible adiabatic so isentropic), is between the entropy of
the saturated liquid at 0.08 bar and saturated vapor at 0.08 bar.
s3 =s4 =5.95 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1

Being s4 between the two above mentioned extreme, we must evaluate the quality of the state 4, quality
represent the % of vapor in the mixture of water-vapor. All the properties of state 4 are driven by the the
quality (enthalpy, specific volume, internal energy etc.). So:
s4 − sliq 5.95 − 0.5926
=x4 = = 0.7016
svap − sliq 8.2287 − 0.5926
Taking into account that the quality can also be defined using enthalpy:
h4 − hliq
x4 =
hvap − hliq
Where hliq and hvap are the enthalpy of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at the pressure of state 4.
Enthalpy of state 4 is finally:
= hliq ) 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 0.7016 ⋅ ( 2577.8 − 173.88 ) kJ =
h4 hliq + x4 ⋅ ( hvap −= ⋅ kg −1 1860.5 kJ ⋅ kg −1
Before calculating the requested quantities, we’ll calculate all the state values in the real case, considering
the irreversibility. State 1 and 3 being the starting point of the two transformation are not affected by the
irreversibility.
STATE 2’, from the pump efficiency definition:

t
wideal h2 − h1
η=
pump = t
wreal h2′ − h1
h2 − h1 178.91 − 173.88
h2′ =h1 + 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 +
= kJ ⋅ kg −1 =
179.47 kJ ⋅ kg −1
η pump 0.9
STATE 4’, from the turbine efficiency definition:
t
wreal h3 − h4′
η
= turb. =t
wideal h3 − h4
h4′ =h3 − η pump ⋅ ( h3 − h4 ) =2800 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 2800 − 1860.5 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =1954.45 kJ ⋅ kg −1

Now that all the 4 states are fixed both in the ideal and real cycle, we can answer to the problem request.
THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY is the ratio between what you get on what you spend. In a Rankine
cycle, what you get is the net work-power (difference between the work done by the turbine and the work
spent in the pump). What you spend instead is the amount of heat you have to provide to water to convert it to
steam in the steam generator.
Ideal Cycle:
ηthideal =
=
wnet wturb. − w pump
=
( h3 − h4 ) − (=
h2 − h1 )
qsteam gen. q2−3 h3 − h2
ideal
η=
( h3 − h4 ) − ( h2 −=
h1 ) ( 2800 − 1860.5 ) − (178.91 − 173.88 )
= 0.357
= 35.7%
th
h3 − h2 2800 − 178.91
Real Cycle:
ηthreal
= =
wnet wturbine − w pump
=
( h3 − h4′ ) − (=
h2′ − h1 )
qsteam gen. q2′−3 h3 − h2′
η=real ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h2′ −=

h1 ) ( 2800 − 1954.45 ) − (179.47 − 173.88 )
= 0.321
= 32.1%
th
h3 − h2′ 2800 − 179.47
STEAM MASS FLOW RATE, can be calculated from the net power output of the cycle, that is defined as
follow:
t
Pnet = m steam ⋅ wnet = m steam ⋅ ( wturb
t
. − w pump )
t
Ideal Cycle:
ideal
Pnet= m steam ⋅ ( wnet
t
) ideal
= m steam ⋅ ( wturb
t
. − w pump )
t ideal
= m steam ⋅ ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h2 − h1 ) 
ideal ideal
Pnet 100 ⋅103 kW

m ideal
 steam
= = = 107 kg ⋅ s −1
( 3 4 ) ( 2 1 ) (
h − h − h − h  2800 − 1860.5 ) (
− 178.91 − 173.88 )
 kJ ⋅ kg −1
Real Cycle:
real
Pnet = m steam ⋅ ( wnet
t
) real
t
. − w pump )
t real
= m steam ⋅ ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h2′ − h1 ) 
real real
Pnet 100 ⋅103 kW

= real
m steam = = 119.05 kg ⋅ s −1
( 3 4′ ) ( 2′ 1 )  (
h − h − h − h  2800 − 1954.45 ) (
− 179.47 − 173.88 )
 kJ ⋅ kg −1
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN THE STEAM GENERATOR, this is the rate of heat transferred into the
working fluid as it passes through the boiler.
Ideal Cycle:
−3 = msteam ⋅ ( h3 − h2 =
) 107 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2800 − 178.91) kJ ⋅ kg −=1 280.46 ⋅103 kW
ideal ideal
Qsteam gen=
. m steam ⋅ q2ideal  ideal
Real Cycle:
−3= msteam ⋅ ( h3 − h2′ =

) 119.05 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2800 − 179.47=) 311.97 ⋅103 kW
real real
Qsteam gen=
. m steam ⋅ q2real  real
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN THE CONDENSER, this is the rate of heat transfer, from the condensing
steam as it passes through the condenser.
Ideal Cycle:
−1 = msteam ⋅ ( h4 − h1 )= 107 kg ⋅ s ⋅ (1860.5 − 173.88 )= 180.47 ⋅10 kW

ideal ideal −1 3
Qcondenser= m steam ⋅ q4ideal  ideal
Real Cycle:
real
Qcondenser real
= m steam ⋅ q4real
′ −1= m
real
 steam ⋅ ( h4′ − h1 =
) 119.05 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ (1954.45 − 173.88=) 211.98 ⋅103 kW

CONDENSER COOLING WATER, this is the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, if cooling
water enters the condenser at 15°C and exits at 35°C.
Ideal Cycle:
−1= mwater ⋅ c p ⋅ ( Tw − Tw )
ideal ideal
Qcondenser
= m steam ⋅ q4ideal  ideal o i
ideal
m steam ⋅ q4ideal
ideal
m steam ⋅ ( h4 − h1 ) 107 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ (1860.5 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1
m
= ideal
= −1
= = 2153.6 kg ⋅ s −1
c p ⋅ (Tw − Tw ) c p ⋅ (Tw − Tw ) 4.19 kJ ⋅ kg ⋅ K ⋅ ( 35 − 15 ) °C
water o i o i −1 −1
Real Cycle:
real
Qcondenser real
′−=
1
real
m water ⋅ c p ⋅ (Two − Twi )
real
m steam ⋅ q4real
real
m steam ⋅ ( h4′ − h1 ) 119.05 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ (1954.45 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1
= real
m water = ′−1
= = 2529.56 kg ⋅ s −1
c p ⋅ (Tw − Tw ) c p ⋅ (Tw − Tw ) kJ ⋅ kg ⋅ K ⋅ ( − ) °C
−1 −1
o i o i
4.19 35 15

EXERCISE #15
Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the first-stage
turbine at 8.0 MPa, 480°C, and expands to 0.7 MPa. It is then reheated to 440°C before entering the second-
stage turbine, where it expands to the condenser pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output is 100 MW.
Determine for the cycle:
• the thermal efficiency;
• the mass flow rate of the steam;
• the rate of heat transfer, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser;
• the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg·s-1, if cooling water enters the condenser at
15°C and exits at 35°C.
Then assume that the pump and turbine efficiency is 90% and recalculate the above quantities.

SOLUTION:
To begin the analysis, we fix each of the principal states
located on the accompanying schematic and T–s
diagrams. We have to find for each of the 6 states the
enthalpy and the entropy using the enclosed h-s diagram
and steam table.
STATE 1 is superheated vapor at 8 MPa), so using the h-

s diagram at this pressure and at 480°C, enthalpy and
entropy are (see fig. 3):
=h1 3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s=
1 6.65 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1
STATE 2 is fixed by p2 = 0.7 MPa and s2 = s1 for the isentropic expansion through the first-stage turbine.
We don’t know if this state is unsaturated/saturated or superheated vapor, so we have to check if s2 is lower
or bigger than the entropy of saturated vapor at p2 .
Being s sat
p2
−liq
< s2 < s sat
p2
− vap
we must calculate the steam quality.
s2 − sliq 6.65 − 1.9922

=x2 = = 0.987
svap − sliq 6.7080 − 1.9922
h2 − hliq
x2 =
hvap − hliq
h2 = hliq + x2 ⋅ ( hvap − hliq ) = 696.44 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 0.987 ⋅ ( 2572.5 − 696.44 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1 = 2548.1 kJ ⋅ kg −1
STATE 3 is superheated vapor with p3 = 0.7 MPa and =

T3 440°C , so from the h-s diagram (see fig. 3):
=h3 3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s=
3 7.75 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1
STATE 4, is fixed by p4 = 0.008 MPa and s4 = s3 for the isentropic expansion through the second-stage
turbine. We don’t know if this state is unsaturated/saturated or superheated vapor, like state 2, so we have to
check if s4 is lower or bigger than the entropy of saturated vapor at p4 .
Being s sat
p4
−liq
< s4 < s sat
p4
− vap
we must calculate the steam quality.
s4 − sliq 7.75 − 0.5926

=x4 = = 0.9373
svap − sliq 8.2287 − 0.5926
h4 − hliq
x4 =
hvap − hliq
h4 = hliq + x4 ⋅ ( hvap − hliq ) = 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 0.9373 ⋅ ( 2577 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1 = 2426.3 kJ ⋅ kg −1
STATE 5 is saturated liquid at p5 = 0.008 MPa , so:
=h5 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s5 0.5926 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1
=
STATE 6 is fixed by the boiler pressure p=

6 p=
1 8 MPa and the specific entropy s6 = s5 . The specific
enthalpy h6 can be found by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because compressed
liquid data are relatively sparse, it is more convenient to solve the following equation:
wtpump= h6 − h5 (4)
That is the technical work of the pump (open system), the technical work can be calculated from:
6
wtpump =∫ vdp =v5 ⋅ ( p6 − p5 ) (5)
5
In the previous equation we assume that the specific volume (v) is constant (remember, water is an
incompressible fluid so v = const). With this approach, combining eq. (4) and(5):
w t
pump =v5 ⋅ ( p6 − p5 ) =h6 − h5
h6 = h5 + v5 ⋅ ( p6 − p5 )
=h6 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 1.0084 ⋅10−3 m3 ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ ( 8 − 0.008 ) ⋅10=

3
kPa 181.94 kJ ⋅ kg −1
s6 =s5 =0.5926 kJ ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ K −1
Before calculating the requested quantities, we’ll calculate all the state values in the real case, considering
the irreversibility. State 1 and 3 being the starting point of the two transformation are not affected by the
irreversibility.

t
wreal h1 − h2′
ηturbine
= =t
wideal h1 − h2
h2′ =h1 − ηturbine ⋅ ( h1 − h2 ) =3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 3350 − 2548.1) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =2628.29 kJ ⋅ kg −1

t
wreal h3 − h4′
ηturbine
= =t
wideal h3 − h4
h4′ =h3 − ηturbine ⋅ ( h3 − h4 ) =3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 3350 − 2426.3) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =2518.67 kJ ⋅ kg −1

STATE 6’, from the pump efficiency definition:
t
wideal h6 − h5
η=
pump = t
wreal h6′ − h5
h6 − h5 181.94 − 173.88
h6′ =h5 + =173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + kJ ⋅ kg −1 =182.84 kJ ⋅ kg −1
η pump 0.9
Now that all the 4 states are fixed both in the ideal and real cycle, we can answer to the problem request:
THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY is the ratio between what you get on what you spend. In a Rankine
cycle, what you get is the net work-power (difference between the work done by the turbine and the work
spent in the pump). What you spend instead is the amount of heat you have to provide to water to convert it to
steam in the steam generator.
Ideal Cycle:
wnet wturb.1 + wturb.2 − w pump ( h1 − h2 ) + ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h6 − h5 )
=ηthideal = = =
qsteam gen. + qsteam re− heater q6−1 + q2−3 ( h1 − h6 ) + ( h3 − h2 )
ideal ( h1 − h2 ) + ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h6 − h5 ) ( 3350 − 2548.1) + ( 3350 − 2426.3) − (181.94 − 173.88)
η= = = 0.433
= 43.3%
th
( h1 − h6 ) + ( h3 − h2 ) ( 3350 − 181.94 ) + ( 3350 − 2548.1)
Real Cycle:
wnet wturb.1 + wturb.2 − w pump ( h1 − h2′ ) + ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h6′ − h5 )
=ηthreal = = =
qsteam gen. + qsteam re− heater q6′−1 + q2′−3 ( h1 − h6′ ) + ( h3 − h2′ )
real ( h1 − h2′ ) + ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h6′ − h5 ) ( 3350 − 2628.29 ) + ( 3350 − 2518.67 ) − (182.84 − 173.88)
η
= = = 0.397
= 39.7%
th
( h1 − h6′ ) + ( h3 − h2′ ) ( 3350 − 182.84 ) + ( 3350 − 2628.29 )
STEAM MASS FLOW RATE, can be calculated from the net power output of the cycle, that is defined as
follow:
t
Pnet = m steam ⋅ wnet = m steam ⋅ ( wturb
t
.1 + wturb.2 − w pump )
t t
Ideal Cycle:
ideal
t
) ideal
t
t t ideal
= m steam ⋅  ( h1 − h2 ) + ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h6 − h1 ) 
ideal ideal
ideal Pnet
=m steam =
 ( h1 − h2 ) + ( h3 − h4 ) − ( h6 − h1 ) 
100 ⋅103 kW
= = 58.22 kg ⋅ s −1
( 3350 − 2548.1) + ( 3350 − 2426.3) − (181.94 − 173.88 )  kJ ⋅ kg −1
Real Cycle:
real
t
) = m steam
real
⋅ ( wturb
t
t t real
= m steam ⋅  ( h1 − h2′ ) + ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h6′ − h1 ) 
real real
real Pnet
=m steam =
 ( h1 − h2′ ) + ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h6′ − h1 ) 
100 ⋅103 kW
= = 64.73 kg ⋅ s −1
( 3350 − 2628.29 ) (
+ 3350 − 2518.67 ) (
− 182.84 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN THE STEAM GENERATOR, this is the rate of heat transferred into the
working fluid as it passes through the boiler.
Ideal Cycle:
gen.= msteam ⋅ ( q6 −1 + q2 −3 )= msteam ⋅ 

ideal
Qsteam  ideal  ideal ( h1 − h6 ) + ( h3 − h2 ) =
= 58.22 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 3350 − 181.94 ) + ( 3350 − 2548.1)  kJ ⋅ kg=

−1
231.13 ⋅103 kW
Real Cycle:

Q real
= m
steam gen.
real
steam ⋅ ( q6′−1 + q2′−3 )= m
real
steam ⋅ ( h1 − h6′ ) + ( h3 − h2′ ) =
= 64.73kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 3350 − 182.84 ) + ( 3350 − 2628.29=

)  251.73 ⋅103 kW
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN THE CONDENSER, this is the rate of heat transfer, from the condensing
steam as it passes through the condenser.
Ideal Cycle:
−5 = msteam ⋅ ( h4 − h5 =
) 58.22 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2426.3 − 173.88=) 131.14 ⋅103 kW
ideal ideal
Qcondenser
= m steam ⋅ q4ideal  ideal
Real Cycle:
real
Qcondenser real
′ −1= m
real
 steam ⋅ ( h4′ − h5 =
) 64.73 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2518.67 − 173.88=) 151.78 ⋅103 kW
CONDENSER COOLING WATER, this is the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, if cooling
water enters the condenser at 15°C and exits at 35°C.
Ideal Cycle:
−5= mwater ⋅ c p ⋅ ( Tw − Tw )
ideal ideal
Qcondenser
= m steam ⋅ q4ideal  ideal o i
ideal
m steam ⋅ q4ideal
ideal
m steam ⋅ ( h4 − h5 ) 58.22 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2426.3 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1
= ideal
m water = −1
= = 1564.87 kg ⋅ s −1
o i o i −1 −1
Real Cycle:
real
Qcondenser real
′−=
1
real
m water ⋅ c p ⋅ (Two − Twi )
real
m steam ⋅ q4real
real
m steam ⋅ ( h4′ − h5 ) 64.73 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 2517.67 − 173.88 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1
m
= real
= ′−5
= = 1810.42 kg ⋅ s −1
water o i o i −1 −1

Fig. 3 – Enthalpy and entropy evaluation of state 1 and 3 by h-s diagram.


TDHT - 03 - Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Steam) 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TDHT - 03 - Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Steam) 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

The maximum temperature reached by the cycle is given so T3 = 1473 K.

the efficiency of the real cycle is:

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

h2 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 1.0084 ⋅10−3 m3 ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ ( 50 − 0.08 ) ⋅102 =

Fig. 2 – Enthalpy evaluation of state 4 from the h-s graph

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

STATE 2’, from the pump efficiency definition:

h4′ =h3 − η pump ⋅ ( h3 − h4 ) =2800 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 2800 − 1860.5 ) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =1954.45 kJ ⋅ kg −1

η=real ( h3 − h4′ ) − ( h2′ −=

Pnet 100 ⋅103 kW

Pnet 100 ⋅103 kW

−3= msteam ⋅ ( h3 − h2′ =

−1 = msteam ⋅ ( h4 − h1 )= 107 kg ⋅ s ⋅ (1860.5 − 173.88 )= 180.47 ⋅10 kW

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

STATE 1 is superheated vapor at 8 MPa), so using the h-

s2 − sliq 6.65 − 1.9922

STATE 3 is superheated vapor with p3 = 0.7 MPa and =

s4 − sliq 7.75 − 0.5926

STATE 5 is saturated liquid at p5 = 0.008 MPa , so:

STATE 6 is fixed by the boiler pressure p=

=h6 173.88 kJ ⋅ kg −1 + 1.0084 ⋅10−3 m3 ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ ( 8 − 0.008 ) ⋅10=

STATE 2’, from the turbine efficiency definition:

h2′ =h1 − ηturbine ⋅ ( h1 − h2 ) =3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 3350 − 2548.1) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =2628.29 kJ ⋅ kg −1

h4′ =h3 − ηturbine ⋅ ( h3 − h4 ) =3350 kJ ⋅ kg −1 − 0.9 ⋅ ( 3350 − 2426.3) kJ ⋅ kg −1 =2518.67 kJ ⋅ kg −1

gen.= msteam ⋅ ( q6 −1 + q2 −3 )= msteam ⋅ 

= 58.22 kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 3350 − 181.94 ) + ( 3350 − 2548.1)  kJ ⋅ kg=

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

= 64.73kg ⋅ s −1 ⋅ ( 3350 − 182.84 ) + ( 3350 − 2628.29=

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Fig. 3 – Enthalpy and entropy evaluation of state 1 and 3 by h-s diagram.

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

Dr. Gianluigi Bovesecchi gianluigi.bovesecchi@uniroma2.eu 06/72597127

You might also like