Name:----------------------------

Spring 2008
ME210/Advanced Thermodynamics
Final Exam, Tuesday, May 20, 2008
(19:45-22:00, 2 hours and 15 minutes, open book & notes)

Problem # 1 (10 points)

An object of mass 0.8 lbm traveling at velocity 200 ft/sec enters a viscous fluid
and is essentially brought to rest before it strikes bottom. What is the increase in
internal energy of the system, taking the object and the liquid as the system?

Solution:

Neglecting the changes in potential energy, conservation of energy requires that

the sum of the kinetic energy and internal energy remains constant, i.e.,

1 1
m o v i2 + Ui = m o v f2 + Uf
2 2

1 1 1 1
ΔU = Ui − Uf = m o v i2 − m o v f2 = m o ( v i2 − v f2 ) = (0.8)( 200 2 − 0 2 )
2 2 2 2gc

= 497 lbf-ft

1
Problem # 2 (20 Points)

A mixture of ideal gases consists of 2 kmoles of CH4, 1 kmole of N2, and 1 kmole
of CO2, all at corresponding temperatures 293 K and pressure 2x104 Pa. Heat is
added until the temperature increases to 673 K while the pressure remains
constant. Calculate:
(a) the heat transfer
(b) the work done, and
(c) the change in entropy.

Solution:

(a) Assuming constant cp

Q = mmix cp (Tf -Ti)

3
m mix = ∑ NiMi = 2x16 + 1x28 + 1x44 = 104 kg
i=1
3 3
NiMi kJ
c p = ∑ mi cpi = ∑ c pi = 0.3077 x2.254 + 0.2692x1042
. + 0.423 x0.842 = 133
.
i =1 i=1 m mix kg − K
3 3
NiMi kJ
cv = ∑ mi c vi = ∑ c vi = 0.3077 x1735
. + 0.2692 x0.745 + 0.423 x0.653 = 1011
.
kg − K
i =1 i =1 m mix

Q = 104 x 1.33 (673 - 293) = 5.257x104 kJ

(b)

W = Q - Δu = Q - mmix cv (Tf - Ti) = 1.263x104 kJ

(c)

Δs = mmix [ cp ln (Tf/Ti) - (cp - cv )ln (pf/pi)] = 115.05 kJ/K

2
Problem # 3 (15 Points)

An important reaction in the production of sulfuric acid is the oxidation of SO2(g)

to SO3(g):

2SO2(g)+O2(g) ---------Æ 2SO3(g)

At 298 K, ΔG0= -141.6 kJ; ΔH0= -198.4 kJ; and ΔS0= -187.9 J/K

(a) Use the data to decide if this reaction is spontaneous at 250C, and
predict how ΔG0 will change with increasing temperature.
(b) Assuming ΔH0 and ΔS0 are constant with increasing T, is the reaction
spontaneous at 9000C?

Solution:

a)
ΔG0<0, so the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K: a mixture of SO2(g), O2(g), and
SO3(g) in their standard state (1 atm) will spontaneously yield more SO3(g).

With ΔS0<0, the term –TΔS0>0 and becomes more positive at higher T.
Therefore, ΔG0 will be less negative, and the reaction less spontaneous, with
increasing T.

b)
Calculating ΔG0 at 9000C,
ΔG0=ΔH0-TΔS0= -198.4 kJ – [(273+900)K](-187.9 J/K)(1 kJ/1000J) = 22 kJ
ΔG0>0, so the reaction is nonspontaneous at the higher T.

3
Problem # 4 (20 Points)

Assuming the ideal-gas turbine and regenerator shown below, draw the p-v and
T-s diagrams and find Qin and the ratio of compressor to turbine work (i.e., back
work ratio).

2 3 4

1 1660oR

6 5

Solution:

The pressure ratio is:

P2 75
rp = = = 5.102
P1 14.7
k −1 1.4 −1
T1 k 540
η = 1− rp = 1 − 5.102 1.4
= 0.482
T4 1660
o
o W 800 x0.70626 Btu
Q in = out = = 1172.2
η 0.482 sec
Assuming isentropic compression and expansion:

k −1 1.4 −1
⎛P ⎞ k
⎛ 75 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 540⎜ ⎟ = 860.214 o R
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 14.7 ⎠
1−k 1−1.4
T5 = T4 rp k = 1660 x5.102 1.4
= 1042 o R
kj Btu
w com = c p ( T2 − T1 ) = 1(860.214 − 540) = 320.2 = 76.85
kg lbm
kj Btu
w turb = c p ( T4 − T5 ) = 1(1660 − 1042) = 618 = 148.304
kg lbm
w comp 76.85
= = 0.518
w turb 148.304

4
Problem # 5 (15 Points)

A Stirling cycle operates on air with a compression ratio of 10 between low

temperature 660oR and high temperature 1460oR. Given that the low pressure is
30 psia, draw the p-v and T-s diagrams and calculate the work output and the
heat input. [Hint: compressor & turbine have a common shaft]

Solution:

v4 v 1
w out = w 3 − 4 + w 1− 2 = R air T3 ln
+ R air T1 ln 2 = R air T3 ln(r ) + R air T1 ln
v3 v1 r
4
wout = 53.34 (1460)ln(10)+53.34(660)ln(0.1) = 9.826x10 ft-lbf/lb

The ideal efficiency is:

TL T 660
η = 1− = 1− 1 = 1− = 0.548
TH T3 1460

w out 9.826 x10 4

qin = = = 230.47 Btu / lbm
η 0.548 x778

5
Problem # 6 (20 Points)

Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a

pressure of 160 kPa,

(a) Exit temperature

(b) Exit specific volume
(c) The sign of the Joule-Thomson coefficient for this process and if it is
consistant with your answer in (a)
(d) What should we do if we want the opposite of answer in (c) without
changing the upstream and exit pressures?

Solution:

(a) The inlet temperature and enthalpy of R-134a, from the refrigerant tables
(Tables A-11 through 13, pg. 902-905) is:

For P1=0.7 MPa ===Î T1=Tsat=26.69 oC, h1=hf=88.82 kJ/kg

Assuming a throttling process, i.e.,

• •
Q ≅ W = ΔKE ≅ ΔKE ≅ 0

At the final state, P2=160 kPa, the enthalpy is the same, i.e. h=88.82
kJ/kg. Again from the tables @ p=160 kPa:

Tsat= -15.60 oC, hf=31.21 kJ/kg, hg=241.11 kJ/kg

Note that hf <h< hg

Therefore, the refrigerant exists as a saturated mixture at the exit state at

T2 = Tsat = -15.60oC

ΔT=T2-T1= -15.6 - 26.69= -42.3oC

(b)

The quality at this state is determined from

h2 − h f 88.82 − 31.21
x2 = = = 0.2745
h fg 209.9

v 2 = v f + x v fg = 0.0007437 + 0.2745 x (0.12348 − 0.0007437 ) = 0.0344 m 3 / kg

6
(c)
− 15.6 − 26.69
μ= = 0.08 K/kPa
160 − 700

J.T. coefficient is positive, reflecting cooling.

(d) Search for a different fluid.