Design Aids for

Limit State Design

of
Reinforced Concrete Members
U.H.Varyani A. Radhaji

Khanna Publishers
 19
Design of Pile Foundations for Buildings

19.1. Introduction
Weak soils with heavy column loads
require either rafts or piles. Aran, in general, is more
economical than piles. But, when rafts become
very large, then piles have to be used for
restricting both cost and settlement. When piles and raft are both equal in cost, then piles are
preferable to rafts, as the settlement for piles is considerably less than that of a raft. Thus,
pile foundations have to be used when raft foundations are not suitable on grounds ofeconomy
or settlement considerations.
Cast-in-situ driven piles of diameter 300 mu to 600 mm are quite common for medium
city piles of 40 to 120 tonnes. Cast-in-situ bored piles are available for high capacities of
150 to 300 tonnes and these piles cause no vibrations to the existing adjoining buildings unlike
the driven piles which are noisy and disturb structures in the immediate vicinity. Cast-in-situ
under-reamed piles of 200 mm to 450 mm diameter of depth varying from 3.0 m to 6.0 m are
low capacity piles of 20 to 40 tonnes which are ideal for foundations of lowrise buildings in
black cotton soils, as they provide good resistance to uplifting forces caused by expansion of
black cotton soil.
Economy of pile foundations is achieved when the cost of pile caps is minimised. This is
possible ifa few high capacity piles are used under each column. The high capacity of a pile is
given by increasing either the diameter or the depth of a pile. By increasing the diameter, pile
spacing (equal to three times the diameter) increases and this leads to a large pile cap, which
increases the cost. So,pile depth should be increased to get high capacity piles. Thus, economy
requires the use of a few high capacity deep piles under a column rather than a large number
of low capacity shallow piles under it.
Aminimum ofthreepiles is required under a column in order to resist all the column loads
and moments acting on it. If one or two piles are provided under a column, grade beams have
to be provided in one or more directions, which are designed to fully resist column base
moments and piles resist the vertical load only. Further, column shear will also be resisted by
piles, which are assumed to have a horizontal load capacity equal to 5 per cent of its vertical
oad capacity'. It may be noted that horizontal load on a pile is the result of earthquake or
vind loads only, for which 25 per cent excess pile capacity is allowed by codes?.
Design of a pile foundation has two parts.
(a) Design of pile group or pile layout
(6) Desigm of pile capP
 FOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGSs
F O U

P I L E

OF
N
gDesignO ian Of P
Pile
l e Group Or Pile Layout

should
desigmed ththat pile load
e so 317
vertical and the horizontal works out to be less
g r o u p

pile the vertical

Aeidyin both
A
oiecaacity
it oile cap area is as small as
s ot h a t
directions. Also, the pile layoutequal
than or
possible to the
L o a dc a s e s
should be
Thefollowing general loading cases are met with in

P+ Ms M:
+M, Vertical load with
in practice

V+ T:Shear (V) with torque (T) inmornent in each

a a r (V)\
wind loadings only horizontal plane,principal direction
resulting from earthauake or
Pile l a y o u t s

general layouts, one rectangular and the

are two
general
Therfora single column or for a number
There other circular, and there
of columns. are also
grouts
Ptangular layout: for large lift-well rectangular shafts shear walls, or
elarlayout: useful for circular shafts like tall tubes etc
etc.
structures e.g. chimneys, towers.
i) Pile layouts for isolated columns : analogy of an isolated footing.
idPile layouts for a number of columns: analogy of combined footing, strip or raft.

Rectangularlayout:
m =
number of rows of equal number of piles
n = number of columns of equal rumber of p1les.
S Spacing of piles = 3 D (For 100 perecent efficiency of

pile group) that the

S each direction so
arranged on a rectangular grid with equal spacing
in
Ples are

al number of piles equals mn (Fig.l9.1)".

rows
(horizotal)

n columns

vertic al)
3
Layout.
Pile
Rectangular

19.1.
Fig.
Load Cases
i)
Vertical load P alone (on each pile)
P
 A MANUAL. OF LIMIT STATE DESGN
318

) P+ M
My
Pile load Pmn(n 1)S (valid for extreme piles)

My M
Pmn(nt 1)S mn (m + 1)S
u) P+ M, M Pile load 6
(valid for corner piles)

(i) V+ T: Shear per pile V (valid for corner piles)

mn

mnS (mtn-)
where 6 (mn + 2m +2n + 2)
The effect of the torque can be eliminated if the centre of the pile group is made to coincide
with the point of action of the eccentric horizontal shear. Similarly, effects of moments M
and My can be eliminated if the centre of gravity of a pile group is made to coincide with the
point of aetion of the biaxially eccentric load.
Circular Layout
Piles are arranged in concentric circles with pile spacing equal in each circle (Fig. 19.2)

Fig. 19.2. Circular Pile Layout.

Load Cases:
) P+ M, + My : M = VMÝ + M, n = total number of piles

Pile loadt
I = 2nr
where
(ii) V+ T: shear per pile =

where

Both the vertical and the horizontal capacities of the pile must not be exceeded.
 F PILE oUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS
D E S I G NO F

e Layout For: Single Column 319

The cle 1,
load
column load is to act at
the centre of
the
in
1, a
Table along with Z-values in the two pile group. Pile layouts
uts from 1 to 20 piles are
given

L a y o u t s For More
Than One principal directions, for ready 5.6)
Pile
Column use
Thissituationituation arises for two or nmore
ber of columns provided columns
the location of at
arg is toto be supported on a common
in a lift
'Then core. expansion joints or tor
which
pile group. The
a
combined pile cap is too be designed
pile with the centre of
group with
group general principle is to coincide the centre
ofthe the piles. are gravity of all column loads so
ail equally loaded. In each that under the vertical
P)
ed and the pile group is to be checked for principle direction, column base moments 1oau
ile. The same
of pile the maximum pile load to be within the are
load capacity procedure
0le direction separately. Horizontal shear has to be
adopted for eartho vertica
hquake loading in each
p n only and it has to be less than the per pile is the result of
earthquake or wind
horizontal load capacity
195 as 25 per cent exCess of the pile multiplied by
capaCly 1s allowed for
19.3. Design of Pile Caps earthquake or wind loading.
Design of an Isolated Pile Cap
As suggested by IS:456-2000, a
pile cap is
footing on piles. The action of a pile cap is
a
similar to the action of an isolated footing, the
snil pressure in the case of isolated
only difference being that instead of a uniform
footings, pile cap has concentrated pile reactions acting
a
from below. Clause 34 of IS: 465-2000gives the
critical section for moment is the face of column guidance for desigm of footing on piles. The
or
perimeter shear, the critical section lies at d/2 away from pedestal, while for beam shear and
column or pedestal face, whered is
the effective depth of pile cap. IS 29112
column and pile reinforcements and also for
requires adequate depth of pile cap for anchoring
column load equally to the supporting
providing adequate rigidity for distributing the
piles. For pile caps to be rigid, a pile cap has to be quite
deep, with 60 cm as the minimum depth. For perimeter
shouldnot exceed 0.25 vfek in the limit state method and 0.16shear,
the calculated shear stress
of design as per clause 30.6.3.1 of the
Vfek in the working stress method
Code".
The main problem in the
design of pile caps is posed by the beam shear. The design shear
strength of concrete given in Table 19 of the Code should be multiplied a factor
clause 40.2.2 of the Code) by 8 where

-1+AAgPu *1.5)
were Ag = dispersed area at mid depth of pile cap. Table 19 of the Code is based on a formula
walch is related
to pt in sucha way that when pt 0, Te =0. This
appears to be absurd as plainn
=

Concre
rete is known to resist shear without any aid from steel, ACI Code" gives for plain conerete
2 fe where,fe= cylinder strength ofconcrete in psi.
For usual concrete mixes
M
150 kg/em2 or 2130 psi fe 0.8fck 1704 y te =211704 82.6 psi or 5.28 ky/cu?
= = =

M20
4 f o k = 2 0 0 kg/em2 or 2840 psi t =0.8f = 2272 psi t, = 2V2272 = 95.3 psi or 6.70 ky/cni*

4 M25 fok 250 kg/cm2 or 3550 psi fc =0.8 A 2840 psi t = 2v2840 = 106.6 psi or 7.50 kg/em*

These values of te are high. We suggest a minimum value of te = 0.28 N/mm for
will be 9 , when pt> 0.15, Table 19 of the Code should be followed. Multiplying factor 8
e y useful in the design of pile caps for beam shear.
320 A MANUAL OF LIMIT STATE
DESIGN
For pile caps, minimum steel is to be provided at 0.12 per cent of the gross sectional area.
Ast(min)=0.12 bD

AstAst =0.1 0.12 = 0.126

ptbd bD' d 0.95 (say)
For M15, formular (9),
0.85V0.8 fck (T+5ß-1)
6
-C:(*1.0)
6.89 pt
on which Table 19 of the code is
based, gives,
Te 0.26 N/mm2 x (6 factor)
Now this value is quite small and beam shear requires more depth for pile caps. For an
economical design of pile caps, we suggest the following two steps:

Column-
a/2- 300
300-ANL d/2
G.L GL

Pedesta- 150 Critic al secti on

for shear
Steel barss-
Pile cap

50
Piles

Pile
p
,y-
Dp

Fig. 19.3. Design of Pile Cap for Beam Shear.

(a) Provide a column pedestal ; say, 30 cm all around the

column. Provision of a
pedestal of considerable benefit as it shifts critical section
is
of beam shear 30 cm
outwards and gives a reasonable depth of
pile cap. A pedestal will be designed for
bearing stresses which shall not exceed 0.25 fck in the
0.45 feh in the limit state method of working stress method and
design (clause 34.4 of the Code). A minimun
of 0.15 per cent steel shall be provided in the
(b) Provide depth of pile cap in
pedestal (clause 26.5.3.1 of the Code).
such
a way that
the
coincides with the outer edge of the outer-most critical section for beam shear
the design shear works out to be small and pile of the pile
group. In this way
shear stress will be
within,
te
0.26 Nmm* x (ö factor)
Forworking out shear force on account of pile loads, clause
followed. Let the critical section for shear be I' 1'. Step (6) 34.2.4 of the Code is
-
to be
given above, gives,
 cOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS
321

2+30-s,Dp2
Dp known, d can be easily calculated.
With
a ,S .

D =d+ 10 cm
(say)
With t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t ,

Design shear =
shear
at pile
centre O =

In p r a c t i c a l ases, design shear works out to

be either
zero or a small value and
shear stress
stress will be well
within te =
0.26 8 N/mm2. the
IS 2911 (Part IVsec 1)-1979
skulated

1 2 also
guidelines for the design of pile caps. The
gives gui
5.
clause 5.12.1ofthe code gives dispersion method (Fig. 19.4
d in the critical section found ononly a small reliefin the values of bendin
pust
ing moments
the basis of
i s h e a r s ,

n o t worth the trouble.

concentrated column and pile loads
labour is
extra

Column

150
GL
GL
Pedestal
Pile capP-
/ Mid depth
of pile cap
50

Piles
Fig. 19.4. Dispersion Method of Pile Cap Design.
Combined Pile Caps
Combined pile caps are
designed on the analogy of combined or strip footings or slab type
foundations. Governing bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn in each
mmcipal direction and all critical sections are adequately designed as per Code". The general
delines are similar to those given under isolated pile caps.
umerical examples are given to illustrate the of the above
use
principles.
4,
EXample 1 Pile Foundation for a Single Column (45 x 67.5)
OPile layout: Pile capacity = 70 tonnes, pile diameter = 0.45 m
S 3x0.45 =1.35 m
concrete mix M15, fck =
150 kg/m*
Case (i)
Vertical load (VL only):
P = 201 t M45 = 4.8 tm M67.5 = 6.4 tm
A4-pile group (2 x2 grid) is proposed using Table 19.1,
210 4.8 6.4
Pile load
2 x 1.35
2
.x 1.35
= 50.3 t 1.8 t 2.4

= 54.5 t (max.)
322
A MANUAL
Pile cap (Fig. 19.5) self Wt. for pile
LIMTT STATeE DE
2.1x 2.1x 1.2
4
(say) x2.5 = 3.3t

Crade beams effect per pile-(calculations not given here) Total

al
Case (i) VL+ EQ (45)
=
5.5t
P 201 t M45 =4.8
63.3&70.0t sale
+ 32.4 =
37.2 tm
H45 12.4t M675 -664 tm
Load per pile 50.3 t 13.8 t 2.4
=
=
66.5 t (max.)
Pile cap and grade beams 3.3 + 5.5 =
8.8t =

Total- 75.3 < (70 x 1.25 =

87.5t, OK
EQ shear per pile =*=3.1t
4
5x70.1x 1.25 = <
100 4.4t, OK
Case (iü) VL + EQ (67.5):
P
201 t, M45 =
4.8 tm M67.5 6.4 + 40.5 =46.9 tmm
H67.5 11.4 t
Load per pile 50.3 t 1.8 t 17.4
=
=
69.5 (max.)
Pile cap and grade beams = 8.8
Total 78.3 <87.5t
EQ shear per pile =114 2.9 t<4.4 t, O.K
Thus A 4-pile group is adequate.
(6) Check on pedestal stresses
Case (i) VL only:
Column size : 45 cm x 67.5 cm
Pedestal size: 105 cm x 127.5 cm
A = 105 x 127.5 133 87.5 cm2

Z 45-45 127.5 x 2=234281.25 cm3

6
Z 675 67.5 = 105 x Zl.5= 284484.375 em?
6
M45 M67.5
fe z45-45 Z67.5-67.5
201x 1000 4.8x 105 6.4 x 10
+
13387.5 234281.25 284484.376
= 15.0 t 2.1 + 2.2 = 19.3, 10.7 kg/cm*
/133873

0.25 x 150 V4567

fo,p =
0.25 fck V*
A2
(Fig. 19.5) =

=
37.5 x 2.0 =
75 kg/em
 F PILEFOUNDAT
DATIONS FOR BUILDINGs 323
ESGN
OF

Dedestal 30 cm wide on all sides is safe in compression.

oncretepedesta

P l a i nc o n

+EQ (45):
(ii) VL
Case
fe =
15.0 t 16.3 t 2.2 33.5, -

3.5 Kg/cm2
3 - 100 Kg/cm* in compression. As per clause 6.2.2, of the Code, allowable
h = iin plain concrete,

lension
in

f ,p= RX 0.7 fok=x0.7V15 = 1.5 N/mm2 or 15 kg/em

l - 1 5 . 0 x 1.33 = 20 kg/cm", OK, Nominal steel provided in the pedestal.

Case(üi))
VL + EQ(67.5) :
fe 15.0 t+ 2.1 + 16.1 =
33.2, 3.2 kg/cm2 0.K,
-

c)Pilecap design:
Coinciding the critical section for shear with the outerface of the pile gives (Fig. 19.5) in
direction, we get,
ach
0.670.30
2
+0.675 +0.225,
d 0.52 m, D = 0.62 m

0.30+0.675+0.225,
2
d 0.75 m, D = 0.85 m

Provide D=90 cm, d 80

=

cm,=40 cmn
Case (i) VL only P = 63.3 less self wt. of pile cap (3.3)
=63.3-3.3 = 60.0t
M1-1 = 2P (0.675 - 0.525) = 18.0 tm

1.5x 18.0 x 105 _

N/mm2
0.20 N/mm?
210 x (80)x 10
Min. Ast =0.12 x 90 = 10.8 cm2/m

0 375 Piles

675
5Q Pile caP
2.100
X- -675
12-75
Column
-675 Pedestal

0 375 1-05

37506750675 375
2-100

(a) Plan of pile footing

324
A
MANUAL OF LIMITs
sAATEDESK
o40 30 225

GL

015
925 0:30

d 80 D:90

Pi Piles -

25 675

P
0-225
(b) Section X-X
Fig. 19.5. Plan and Section of Pile Footing of Example 19.1.

T 12/100 =11.31 cm/m both ways at bottom

Sr-1'= 0 (Fig. 19.5)
ase (ii) VIL t EQ(67.5)
P 78.3-3.3
= 75.0 t

75
M1-1 e x 18 22.5 tm
0

K 1.2x22.5 x 103
210 x (80)2 x 10
0.20 Nmm2
Min. Ast = 0.12 x 90 = 10.8 as before.

D =
90 cm with 12/100 both ways at bottom adequate

Table 19.1. Pile Layouts for a Single Column

Remarks
No. of Pile layout Zxx Zyy
piles Incapable of
1. 0 t a k i n g moments

either way

Incapableot
2. 1.0S t a k i n g momend

a b o u t . r . r axis

-
(Continuta
 325
FOR BUILDINGSs
PILE
FOUNDATIONS
SIGNOF
DESI
1.74S 1.0S

2x 2 Rectangular
2.0S 2.0S
grid
.
X

This is more closse

3.48S 2.0S
knit than the fol-
5.
lowing arrange-
ment

2.828S 2.828S Alternate sym-

5. metrical arrange-
ment

-X

1414S
3.0S 4.0S 3x 2 Rectangular
6. grid

3.48S 3.00S
1.

5.22S 4.50S
8.

X
 A MANUAL
326
6.67S LIMIT STATE De
B. 4 0S

ternata
a-kiit arrx
nent 4 Roe
tangularg

9. 6.0S
6.0S
33 Rectangalar
grid

10. 5.22S
6.0S 8 Piles 2
more
piles

6.96S 8.0S 7 piles + 4 more

piles

12. 8.0S 10.0S 3 x 4 Rectangular

grid

13 12.18S 7.0S 11 piles + 2 more

4 piles
 oUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS 327
w O FP I L EFOUND

8 piles+ 6
more
12.18S 6.67S
piles

10.0S 15.0S 3x5 Rectangular

grid
1

13.33S 13.33S 4x 4 Rectangular|

grid
16

13 Piles + 4 more
13.92S 10.67S
17.
piles

12.67S 14 Piles +4 more

16.53S
18 piles

13.92S 12.0S 17 Piles+2 more

9.
piles

16.67S 20.0S 4 x5 Rectangular

20.
gTid

-
328 A MANUAL
OF
Example 19.2. Pile Foundation for LIMIT
Fig. 19.6 gives the plan
a
group of Column
olpileloundation of six columns (25
STATE DES
70.0 tonnes, pile dia = 0.45 m, S=1.35 m
x
90) of
=

well Pile capae

670
065 135 35
S 1:35
O65
265 745

0-375
(D
135
99 85 406
222

4 80 140
1:35 P 895

185 120
.132 172
135
|489

I 0375S

2:90 2:20
284 217 394 895
Fig. 19.6. Plan of Pile Foundation of Lift Well Columns (Example 19.2).

(a) Pile layout

Case (i) VL only:
EP = 895t at C.G. of loads as given in Fig. 19.6.
2M25 = 69.6 tm
EM90 = 42.9 tm
Let a 4x 5 rectangular grid of piles be provided.
Using Table 19.1,
Pile Load = 895 69.6 42.9
20 20x 1.35 16.67 x 1.355
= 44.8 2.6 t 1.9 49.3t
Pile cap 6.7 x 4.8 x2.0 x 2.b-8.0 t
20
Wt. of walls per pile (say) 2.0t
59.3t< 70.0 OK
Case (ii) VL +EQ ():
P =895t
2M 25 = 100.0 tm 2 H25 = 12.0 t
M 90 = 42.5t
 OUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS 329
FOUNI

PILE
OF
yGN
4.0 + 1.9 = 50.7
Ple
dz44.8+
load=

walls 10.1
Pile cap plus
=

60.8 < (70 x

1.25) (= 87.5t)
EQ Shear per pile
=
12.0/20
0.6t < 4.4t, O.K
(}):
Case
(üii) VL +EQ
2P = 895 t
M 45 = 69.6 tm

M 90 318 tm 2H 90 = 83.5t
Pile load = 44.8 t 14.0 + 2.6 =61.4
Pile cap plus walls = 10.1

71.5 <87.5t, O.K.

BQ Shear per
pile 88.5
20
4,2t<4.4 t,0.K

EP 895

3-35 335
394
0-45 265 245
025
(a) Loading diagramn

4P 4P 4P 4P 4P

+ 57
+24
(6) Bending moment diagram
201 P 51.3t
103 4P 205.2t

213
0-125-750= 87 110

(c) Shear force diagram

P= 44.8t
4P = 179.0t
179
284

02L CRITICAL SECTION

O FOR SHEAR

Pig. 19.7. Analysis in the longitudinal direction (Example 19.2).

Wissseen that
z0 20 pile
pile groups is required mainly for countering earthquake shear
330
A
MANUAL OF LIMIT
(6) Pedestal stresses: STATE
pedestals are provided tor
these columns, as 250 thick
No
lift pit to keep the earth out. reinforced con
provided for rete *alla ar
(c) Pile cap
desigm:
( ) Longitudinal Direction

Case (i) VL only:

Fie. 19.7 gives the bending imoment and shear force diagrams.
With D = 160 , max. shear at vertical section (Fig. 19.7)
=
105 t, d =
=150 cm, = 75 cm.=

1.5 x 105 x 1000

480480 x 150 x 10 0.22 N/mm2
=
0.26 x & for min steel of 0.12% of
gross area
3Pu 1+ 3x394 x 1.5 x1000
8=1+ fek Ag 150x (25 +
150)(90 + 150) L28
=
0.26 x 1.28 =
0.33 N/mmn2 safe
Max. Mt. = 103 tm, K=- 1.5x 103 x 105 =
0.14
480x (150)2x 10

P 895

2 40 240
L12012014010
489 406

(a) Loading diagram

5P SP 5P

70

(6) Bending moment diagram

max, P = 51.3t, 5P = 256.5t

-218 167
2
12
224

(c) Shear force diagram

P= 44.8t, 5P = 224t

224
265
CRITICAL SECTION
FOR SHE AR

Fig. 19.8, Analysis in the trans verse direction (Example 13.2

 cOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS
F P I L EF O U N D A
331
SNOFA

160 =
19.2 Cm/nm
M i n .
A s t .

0.12x
= 0 . 1 2

20.94 cm top and bottom provided.

F 2 0 1 5 0=

+EQ: Earthquake
not
VL governing the design.
(i)
Transversedirection ()
Case

VL only:
(i)
bending moment and shear force
givesthe diagrams.
Case

19.8
Fgs critical section (Fig. 19.8) 41t =

hearat
Max.
1.5x41 x 1000
Tu 0.06 N/mm2
670x160+10
Te =0.26 x 1.28 = 0.33 N/mm2, OK

tm
K=L5x218 x105 = 0.22
0.22
M= 218
Max. 670 x (150)2 x 10
0.12 x 160 = 19.2 cm/m
Min. Ast
20.94 em/m top and bottom.
20/150clc
=

Case (i) VL EQ:

+ Earthquake not governing
la cau 6.7 x 4.8 x 1.6 with Ù 20/150 bothways top and bottom provided.

95. Conclusions

The general principles of analysis and design of pile groups and pile caps have been
alained in the light ofthe relevant codes. Table 19.1 will be found useful and the steps given
r iesign of beam shear in pile caps will lead to an adequate depth of pile cap which will
Estre its rigidity and also effect economy by saving reinforcement. Batter piles are beyond
a sconpe of the paper, being mostly used in harbour structures where lateral forces are
igmiicant.

6. Notations
A area of cross-section
A1 Supporting area for bearing offooting
A2 = loaded area at the column base
Ast steel area in tension
Ag dispersed area
of concrete section at mid-depth of pile cap
a = side of column
b =
width of pile cap
D = depth of pile cap
Dp diameter of pile
d effective depth of pile cap
EQ = earthquake
fe
concrete stress
fe
=cylinder strength of concrete psi
in
fch characteristic compressive strength ofconcrete
 A
332 MANUALC LIMIT
permissible concrete bearing stress in STATE
fes P
concrete tensile
permissible
stress in
pedestals DESN
ftP = horizontal shear pedestals
H
= moment of inertia
I =
polar moment of inertia of a pile group
M
= i n N/mm

M
=
M+M} =resultant moment of M, and M,
moment about x-x axis
Ms
moment about y-y axis
My
= number of rows of piles in a rectangular grid
m
= number of columns of piles in a rectangular grid or total
of piles in a circular layout numbe
= column load
P
ultimate column load
Pu
c x 100 percentage tension steel area over eflectivecue
Pt concrete
area

= radius of a pile circle or radial distance ofa pile from centreofa

pile group
= radius of the nth concentric pile circle
= spacing of piles
S
ofhorizontal shear in plan
T =
torque due to eccentricity
= permissible shear stress
calculated shear stress
Tu
horizontal shear
V
VL = vertical loading
section modules
Z
section modulus about x-r
axis
Zxx =

section modulus about y-y axis

0.8fck coefficient (*1.0)
6.89 pt

1+ Ag fck=a coefficient (} 1.5)

1+
= a sign indicating summation

Caura

19.7. References Marcou and

o
concrete Halls. J.
.Hilal, M. Design of Reinforced ion o fPle

Egypt, 1975. and

Constructio
tards

Code of Practice for Design

2. n d i a n Standard Bureauo
4)-1979.
Foundations, IS: 2911 (Part 1/sections. to
New Delhi.
 FOR BUILDINGS
FOUNDATIONS
333
=PILE

GNO F

3. Kramrisch, FF. Footings, Hand Book of Concrete Engineering Editor Mark Fintel,
Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York 1974.
Van
Faber,
J and Mead, F. Reinforced Concrete. The English language Book Society
and Mea
& F.N Spon Ltd. 1970.
and E

Teng.
W.C.Foundation Design, Prentice-hall, New Delhi 1976.
5. JE. Foui
J.E.Foundations Analysis and Design, Mec Graw-Hill Book Company, New
Bowles,
6. York 1977.

*Tadian Standard Cord of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (Fourth
7.
uision), IS: 456-2000. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
Revi:
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-77) American
8. Concrete Institute, Detroit.
Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
inforced Concrete IS: 456-1978, (SP:24-1983)Bureau ofIndian Standards, New
Delhi.